Intervertebral disc disease is a medical condition in which the disc, a fibrocartilage substance, escapes in the spinal cavity and compresses the spinal cord and it often co-occurs with Chiari-like malformation. A 7-year-old Pomeranian dog was referred for a forelimb ataxia. Disc protrusion at C2 to C3, crowding of the caudal fossa and mild cerebellar herniation into the foramen magnum were confirmed through Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was hospitalized for two weeks and received electroacupuncture along with other rehabilitation therapies. After 2 weeks of inpatient treatment, there was an improvement in the patient's clinical symptoms.

This study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment in stage 2 medication related osteonecrosis of jaw(MRONJ) patients. Retrospective analysis was performed about patients who were treated with medication related osteonecrosis of jaw from 2015 to 2017. 25 Patients were treated by a single surgeon at the Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Hospital, Pusan National University. The treatment methods they received were conservative or surgical. The results of treatment were classified as "fail" and "success" and the prognosis according to the treatment method was compared. Conservative treatment 14.29% (2 cases), sequestrectomy 64.29% (9 cases) and saucerization 21.43% (3 cases) were performed in the MRONJ group, and 2 treatment failures were encountered after conservative treatment and 1 after saucerization. Surgical treatment resulted in better outcomes in stage 2 MRONJ patients. Furthermore, treatments were deemed successful when surrounding necrotic bone containing sequestrum was reliably removed. Therefore, this study suggests that the treatment of "stage 2" MRONJ should actively consider surgical treatment.

Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign tumors of the bone. Although osteochondroma is rarely seen in the facial region, it was reported that the cases occured in the mandibular region, especially around the condyle. Patients complain about malocclusion, temporomandibular disorders and facial asymmetry. The treatments of these cases include total condylectomy or local resection of the lesion. A 48-year-old man visited our hospital. His chief complaints were pain in the left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and deviation of mandible during mouth opening. Panoramic radiograph showed an enlarged left condyle. A bony proliferation with benign sign was also observed in the computed tomography. Surgical treatment was done by removing the bony mass. Histologically, biopsy result was an osteochondroma. After surgery, there was reduced pain and normal mouth opening. Deviation of the mandible was also observed. We report a case of osteochondroma on the mandibular condyle and a review of literature about the surgical treatment.

A two-month-old male calf weighing 70 kg with congenital metacarpophalangeal flexural deformity was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chugbuk National University. The calf could not stand and walk normally that walked with the dorsal surface of the hoof with contraction of fetlock joint. The both forelimbs had been casted two times during 45 days before presentation. Midline of the palmar surface of the feltlock joint was incised to cut superficial flexor tendon, deep flexor tendon and interosseus muscle. Both forelimbs are healed well returned to normal function after tenotomy.

Various treatment modalities for vocal process granuloma include simple observation, antireflux therapy, voice therapy, botulinum injection, and steroid inhalation, but recurrence rates are high. Surgical excision can be considered in refractory and recurrent cases. In this study, the authors report the effectiveness of surgical excision using a carbon-dioxide laser with topical Mitomycin-C for the treatment of recurrent vocal process granuloma. The study included 28 patients with recurrent vocal process granuloma despite various treatments. The vocal process granuloma was excised using a carbon-dioxide laser and 1 cc of 0.4 mg/mL topical Mitomycin-C was applied for 4 minutes. Follow-up duration was 13-33 months (mean, 21.8 months). Of 28 patients, 19 (67.9%) were cured. Two who received surgical excision as a first-line treatment, 2 who used a steroid inhaler as a first-line treatment, and 5 who previously took antireflux medication as initial treatment showed recurrence. Surgical excision using a carbon-dioxide laser with topical application of Mitomycin-C is considered effective for recurrent vocal process granuloma.

Globally, as well as domestically, patients without risk factors for spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) have rarely been reported. SSEH often results from trauma, epidural catheter insertion for anesthesia and invasive spinal procedures. It could also occur in patients with risk factors such as hypertension, coagulopathy, pregnancy, and vascular anomaly. We encountered a case of a 51-year-old female without prior medical history or any risk factors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subacute SSEH at lumbar spine regions. The patient was treated successfully by surgical decompression. Therefore, we report this case with a review of the relevant literature.

The aims of this study are 1) to test oocytes and embryos collected from in-vivo and in-vitro to achieving the valuable protocol by culturing, vitrifying and thawing of oocytes/embryos, and 2) to transfer them to recipient, and finally have resulted in pregnancies from recipient females after surgical or nonsurgical transfer. In vitro maturation and fertilization were performed according to the procedures of Funahashi et al. Fertilized oocytes were cultured in glucose-free NCSU 23 supplemented with 5 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM sodium lactate and 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin for 2 days at 39, and 10% fetal bovine serum was added to the culture medium thereafter. Embryos were treated with 7.5g/ml cytochalasin-B for 30 min, centrifuged at 13,000 g for 13 min and then exposed sequentially to an ethylene glycol (EG) vitrification solution, aspirated into OPSs, and plunged/thawed into/from liquid nitrogen. In vivo embryos were surgically collected from three donors after Al. Forty-six embryos (18, 9 and 19 embryos, respectively) were washed 3 times in mPBS+10%FBS, followed treatments : cultured, centrifuged, vitrified, recovered and transferred to recipients as in vitro prepared embryos. Three recipients received surgically 34(control), 188 and 184 embryos (derived from abattoir), respectively. Another three recipients were received nonsurgically 150, 100 and 150 embryos, respectively. All recipient sows exhibited delayed returns to estrus. To our knowledge, these results suggest that required an improved techniques, more vigorous embryos preparation and cleaner uterous condition(use gilt).