Organic reagent is considered as one of the most promising reductants for deeply removing vanadium (V) trichloride oxide ( VOCl3) from crude titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4). Nevertheless, indeterminate active component and unclearly removal mechanisms appear to be the obstacles to separate VOCl3 from TiCl4 using organic reagent. Herein we conduct the experiment to explore it. Firstly, the organic reagents are obtained from enterprise (noted as EOR1– EOR7), and then it is determined that carbon aromatic ( CA) is the active component for removing VOCl3. Furthermore, modified organic reagents (noted as MOR1– MOR4) are prepared via adding aromatic hydrocarbon oil and stearic acid to EOR7, then indicating that MOR3 is endowed with the best capacity to remove VOCl3. In addition, the residues obtained from distillation experiment are comprehensively analyzed (using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) etc.), revealing that porous amorphous carbon that deriving from MOR, plays an excellent role in removing VOCl3 from TiCl4 system. Therefore, the removal mechanisms can be explained like that porous amorphous carbon reduces VOCl3 into insoluble vanadium (III) chloride ( VCl3) and vanadium (IV) oxide dichloride ( VOCl2), and then they are separated via adsorption process, with the help of porous amorphous carbon.

Ti has received considerable attention for aerospace, vehicle, and semiconductor industry applications because of its acid-resistant nature, low density, and high mechanical strength. A common precursor used for preparing Ti materials is TiCl4. To prepare high-purity TiCl4, a process based on the removal of VOCl3 has been widely applied. However, VOCl3 removal by distillation and condensation is difficult because of the similar physical properties of TiCl4 and VOCl3. To circumvent this problem, in this study, we have developed a process for VOCl3 removal using Cu powder and mineral oil as purifying agents. The effects of reaction time and temperature, and ratio of purifying agents on the VOCl3 removal efficiency are investigated by chemical and structural measurements. Clear TiCl4 is obtained after the removal of VOCl3. Notably, complete removal of VOCl3 is achieved with 2.0 wt% of mineral oil. Moreover, the refined TiCl4 is used as a precursor for the synthesis of Ti powder. Ti powder is fabricated by a thermal reduction process at 1,100oC using an H2-Ar gas mixture. The average size of the Ti powder particles is in the range of 1-3 μm.

One of the greatest challenges for our society is providing powerful electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells are among the most promising candidates in terms of energy and power density. As the starting material, TiCl4·YCl3 solution and dispersing agent (HCP) were mixed and synthesized using ammonia as the precipitation agent, in order to prepare the nano size Y doped spherical TiO2 precursor. Then, the Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized using solid state reaction method through the stoichiometric mixture of Y doped spherical TiO2 precursor and LiOH. The Ti mole increased the concentration of the spherical particle size due to the addition of HPC with a similar particle size distribution in a well in which Li4Ti5O12 spherical particles could be obtained. The optimal synthesis conditions and the molar ratio of the Ti 0.05 mol reaction at 50˚C for 30 minutes and at 850˚C for 6 hours heat treatment time were optimized. Li4Ti5O12 was prepared by the above conditions as a working electrode after generating the Coin cell; then, electrochemical properties were evaluated when the voltage range of 1.5V was flat, the initial capacity was 141 mAh/g, and cycle retention rate was 86%; also, redox reactions between 1.5 and 1.7V, which arose from the insertion and deintercalation of 0.005 mole of Y doping is not a case of doping because the C-rate characteristics were significantly better.

We investigated the effects of leaching concentration (0.1 ~ 1.0 M) and time (1 ~ 120 min) on the phosphorus recovery from ash and dried sewage sludge produced by titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) flocculation by acidic (H2SO4 and HCl) or alkaline (KOH and NaOH) leaching. The extraction efficiencies of dried sludge were 2.7 ~ 12.6% for H2SO4, 2.5 ~ 10.5% for HCl, 3.6 ~ 9.6% for KOH, and 7.1 ~ 9.9% for NaOH with 1 M, and the maximum efficiency was obtained within 45 min. The maximum %P extracted of sludge ash was 83.1 for H2SO4, 80.2 for HCl, 51.2 for KOH, and 51.2 for NaOH with 1 M, obtained within 45 min. The rate constants (min−1) for the leaching of P from sludge ash were found to be 1.199 for H2SO4, 1.026 for HCl, 0.264 for KOH, and 0.622 for NaOH. The P leaching increased with the increase in leaching concentration, and the maximum leaching for ash was obtained within 0.3 M, regardless of acidic or alkaline leaching. The overall results indicate that the ash of TiCl4 flocculated sewage sludge can be treated with H2SO4 to efficiently recover P.