기후변화에 따른 양서류 번식계절학 및 양서류 군집다양성 변동에 대한 연구는 다수 수행되었지만, 개별 종의 번식개 체군 크기의 변동에 대한 연구결과는 여전히 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화가 국내 산간계곡에서 번식하는 무미류인 계곡산개구리(Rana huanrenensis)와 유미류인 도롱뇽(Hynobius leechii) 번식개체군 크기에 영향을 미치는지를 평가하기 위하여 2005년부터 2012년 사이 8년간의 야외개체군 변동과 주변 기후변화 요인들과의 관련성을 분석하였다. 야외에서 두 종은 각각 약 3.5년을 주기로 번식개체군의 크기가 증감하고 있었다. 특별히, 도롱뇽 번식개체군의 크기는 8년에 걸쳐 유의하게 감소하였다. 기후요인들 중, 기온은 계곡산개구리, 강수량은 도롱뇽 번식개체군의 크기와 더 밀접한 관련성을 가지고 있었다. 특별히, 해당지역에서는 8년에 걸쳐 년간평균최고기온 및 봄철평균일교차가 일관되게 감소하였으며, 후자는 도롱뇽 번식개체군 크기의 의미 있는 감소와 관련되었다. 이러한 결과는 최근의 기후변화가 산간계곡에서 번식하는 국내 양서류, 특별히 도롱뇽, 번식개체군 크기의 감소로 직접적으로 이어질 수 있음을 보여준다.

The land-cover of two regions of South and North Korea included in one Landsat TM scene was investigated by comparing different seasons and different band data over the multiple land-cover types. The relationships between the intensities of two bands in the 2-D plot are mainly linear in band2 versus band1 and band3 versus band1, polygonal sporadic in band5 versus band1 and band7 versus band1, and almost tri-polarized in band4 versus band3. The 2-D plot of band4/band3 shows the best capability to discriminate different main land-cover such as water, vegetation and dry soil. Some discriminations are not clear between city and dry field, or mountain and plain field in the scene of September. The digital number data of band4 from vegetated zones show stronger reflectance in September rather than April, while other band values tend to be lager in April than in September over each land-cover. NDVI presents high value in both regions in September. However the image of Wonsan area in April suggests weak vigor of vegetation in comparison with Cholwon area. Band ratios are very effective in eliminating the influence of the complex topography. The proper pairing of the band ratio improved the discrimination capability of the land-cover; band5/band2 for dry soil, band4/band3 for vegetation and band1/band7 for the water. The RGB combination of the three band ratio pairs showed the best results in the discrimination of the land-cover of Wonsan, Cholwon and even the Demilitarized Zone.

Many Korean and Western church historians and church leaders regarded the Pyongyang revival in 1907 was the first great revival in Korea, so that many events that celebrated the centennial anniversary of the Pyongyang great revival were held in Korea in 2007. However, the first great revival in Korea started not in Pyongyang but Wonsan in 1903. In this paper, the writer points out some misunderstandings in terms of the early Korean revivals and then investigates why the Wonsan revival in 1903 was a great revival with two standards of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). Even though Yong-Kyu Park’s book, The Great Revivalism in Korea: Its History, Character, and Impact 1901-1910 was often evaluated as a fine work for the Korean revival study, some points of Park should be reconsidered for the better study for the early Korean revivals. First of all, Park used “undong” which means “movement” for the early Korean revivals. However, the early revivals in Wonsan and Pyongyang from 1903 to 1907 were not movements because they occurred not by people’s activities, but by the strong work of the Holy Spirit. Second, the Million Souls Movement from 1909 to 1910 was not a revival but an evangelical campaign. Third, rapid church growth phenomenons were not revivals. Last, but by no means least, Park made a decisive mistake by regarding the Wonsan revival as a general revival after separating it from the Pyongyang revival without any sufficient proof. For the reliable as well as persuadable criteria of great revival, two elements of the great awakening by Jonathan Edwards are significant. In his 1737 work, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, Edwards described the First Great Awakening in Northampton in 1734-1735, and offered two reasons why this awakening may be considered great: 1) all kinds of people, and 2) diffusing to other places. When we evaluate the Wonsan revival with the two standards, people can understand the Wonsan revival was a great revival. It is not only because various kinds of people (e.g., missionaries, missionary kids, old and young Koreans, and Korean men and women) explained the baptism of the Holy Spirit or revival, but also because the Wonsan revival fire swept over almost all places in the Korean peninsula. Therefore, the Wonsan revival from 1903 was a great revival.

한반도의 동쪽에 위치해 있는 삼척(venus clam from Samcheok; VCS)과 원산(venus clam from Wonsan; VCW) 지역에서 채취된 민들조개(Gomphina aequilatera)에서 genomic DNAs(gDNAs)를 분리 추출하였다. 증폭산물은 primer agarose 전기영동법에 의해서 생성되었고, EtBr에 의해서 염색된 이후에 자외선에 의해서 확인되었다. 150 bp에서 2,400 bp에 해당되는 shared