2017년 국내 육성 사과 ‘아리수’ 품종에서 노린재류에 의한 피해와 유사한 반점 증상이 확인되었다. 사과 과실 전면에 발생하는 이 반점 증상은 크기가 2∼4 mm이며 진한 갈색, 짙은 고동색으로 반점 중심부가 약간 함몰되는 형태를 가진다. 이 연구는 이러한 반점증상의 원인이 노린재에 의한 피해인지 여부를 알기 위해 수행하였다. 노린재류는 접종 전 채집하였고, 6월 초순부터 ‘아리수’ 사과에 약 15일 간격으로 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재를 각각 접종하였다. ‘아리수’ 사과의 수확기인 9월 초순까지 총 5회(6월 상순, 7월 상순, 7월 중순, 8월 상순, 8월 중순) 접종하였으며, 접종후 접종시기별로 피해 양상을 확인하였다. 6월 상순에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 과실은 비대하지 못하거나 낙과하였다. 다른 시기에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 접종 1~2일후 흡즙구멍을 확인할 수 있었고, 5일 후부터는 가해 받은 부위 주변이 붉게 착색되는 halo 증상이 나타났다. 노린재류에 의한 ‘아리수’ 사과의 피해양상은, 기 보고된 ‘후지’ 품종에서의 피해양상과 거의 유사하였다. 실험결과 2017년 ‘아리수’ 사과에 발생한 반점증상은 노린재에 의한 것이 아님을 확인할 수 있었다.

Halyomorpha halys(Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is a recent invasive pest in America and Europe. It originated from East Asia such as Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) which is regarded as important species for biological control of H. halys, was described 6 species previously in Korea. But biology and taxonomic character of this genus is poorly known in Korea. Herein, we report two species from Korea, T. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 and T. plautiae Watanabe, 1954. We have investigated the morphological characters and COI sequence, and conducted an experiment about parasitic preference on BMSB's egg. Morphological key and picture of two species, and result of sequence investigation and experiment will be presented.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species from Asia causing major economic losses in agricultural production in the United States. H. halys is also well known for nuisance problems as massive numbers of adults often invade human-made structures to overwinter inside protected environments. However, overwintering ecology of H. halys in natural landscapes is virtually unknown. We explored forested landscapes in the mid-Atlantic region to locate and characterize natural overwintering structures used by this invasive species. We also confirmed the identified overwintering structures by training and using detector canines in the natural landscapes. Overwintering H. halys were recovered from dry crevices in dead, standing trees with thick bark, particularly oak (Quercus spp.) and locust (Robinia spp.); these characteristics were shared by 11.8% of all dead trees in surveyed landscapes. Dispersal ecology of H. halys were evaluated in the laboratory and field to understand how this pest disperses among its overwintering sites, cultivated crops and wild hosts. In the laboratory, we evaluated the baseline flight capacity of H. halys using flight mill systems. Both foraging and overwintering populations flew on average 2.5 km over a day with some exceptional individuals flying >20 km. In the field, direction observations indicate that H. halys are not likely to initiate flight when temperatures are below 17oC. In addition, H. halys did not initiate flight even under very mild wind (2.4 m/s). We also evaluated the potential of using a portable harmonic radar system to individually track H. halys movements in the field. Our study demonstrates that a portable harmonic radar can be used to track adult H. halys without affecting its survival, walking mobility or flight capacity. In diverse semi-field settings, the success rates of locating radar-tagged H. halys were >85%. The knowledge of overwintering and dispersal ecology reported here would serve as baseline to develop and enhance the management programs of H. halys at landscape levels.

Understanding of dispersal ecology is a critical component to build robust and practical simulation model for insect populations. In this study, we report multifaceted approaches to examine dispersal capacity, behavior and ecology of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). We first evaluated the baseline flight capacity of adults using flight mill systems in the laboratory. The results indicates that this species has strong flight capacity: adults were found yielding flight distances of >2 km in 24 hours with a small portion of the BMSB population capable of flight into double digits. In the field, we made direct observations on BMSB flight to examine free flight capacity and diurnal patterns. BMSB made flight when ambient temperature was >15 oC and flew with the speed of 3 m/s under field conditions, yielding its prevailing flight directions away from the sun’s position over a day. Dispersal capacity and behavior of nymphal stages (2nd through 5th) were also studied. In the laboratory, video image analysis indicates that all nymphal stages have strong walking capacity comparable to adults. In the field, the walking distance of 3rd and 5th instar nymphs on mowed grass was quantified based on direct observation of individuals. Under these conditions, 5th instars moved nearly two-fold greater distances compared with 3rd instars, but surface temperature affected both nymphal stages similarly. Shorter bouts of movement were common at surface temperatures below 25 oC, whereas individuals showed longer walking distances above 25 oC. These baseline knowledge on BMSB dispersal will be key to building and improving simulation model in order to predict spatiotemporal dynamics of the pest populations.

The completely sequenced mitochondrial genome of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a circular molecule of 16,518 bp with a total A+T content of 76.4%. Nucleotide composition and codon usage of this genome are near the means observed in other 12 hemipteran mitochondrial genomes; however, the initiation codon for CO1 gene appears to be TTG, dissimilar to what has been seen in the 12 mitochondrial genomes. In this genome, the A+T rich region between srRNA and tRNAIle gene includes two extensive repeat regions, in which each region includes 4 and 12 tandem repeats of a 73 bp sequence, respectively. The gene content, order, and structure of the H. halys mitochondrial genome are consistent with that of Triatoma dimidiata, belong to the same suborder Heteroptera, but different from two suborders, Auchenorrhynca and Sternorrhyncha, including various gene rearrangements. Analyzing phylogenetic relationship and comparing gene order and content of the 13 hemipteran mitochondrial genomes of three suborders, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhynca, and Sternorrhyncha, supported the morphology-based current hypothesis that both Auchenorrhynca and Sternorrhyncha are a monophyletic group.