The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distributional and functional differences among ‘caki, casin, and caki casin’ in the Korean sentences. In general, Korean reflexive ‘caki’ is known to be capable of both short-distance and long-distance binding, while ‘casin and caki casin’ seem to have a higher tendency to short-distance binding (Yang 1986, Hong 1986, Kim 2003 and others). On the other hand, it has been researched that ‘caki’ can be used to represent an antecedent such as a ‘statue’ depicting someone, but it can not be replaced by ‘casin, and caki casin’ (Lim 1987, Jackendoff 1992, Lidz 2001) In this paper, I discuss these issues in comparison with the characteristics of se-anaphor and self-anaphor in European languages. After these discussions, I will try to directly examine the examples cited in the research. Experiments were conducted with about 12 students who major in Korean language and 8 students do not, to examine whether the interpretations of the sentences in this study are correct.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the properties of the reflexive caki, the pronoun ku and pro in Korean. The dual properties of the pronoun is known to be reference and bound variable. According to Choi (2013, 2014), Korean reflexive caki is not an anaphor (reflexive) but a bound-variable pronoun which functions as the pronoun, and the pronoun ku is not a pronoun but a nominal phrase which is composed of a demonstrative ku and a null category pro having a feature [+human]. In order to identify whether his argument is on the right tract or not, the properties of pro is investigated together with the ones of caki and ku because the pro is claimed to have the inherent and instinct properties of the pronoun in Korean. The result of this research is as follows: caki functions as an anaphor inside the local domain and a bound variable pronoun outside the local domain. Ku acts as reference and a bound variable pronoun, not as an anaphor. Pro, as expected, has the dual properties of the pronoun.

The purpose of the paper is to suggest a licensing condition of caki based on Distributed Morphology. The economical burden caused by selecting a single syntactic object and interpreting the same object can be alleviated by reducing the process of computation. Merger of the ROOT of 'caki' and N, with the late lexical insertion can explain the complex distribution of caki.

This study investigates Korean speakers' interpretations of the Korean polymorphemic reflexive caki-casin with respect to interactions between its traditionally assumed syntactic requirements and pragmatic conditions for its interpretational preferences. Despite the fact that caki-casin is poly-morphemic, the study on the interpretations of caki-casin in this paper shows that the behavior of caki-casin differs from that of the English poly-morphemic himself in that it is sensitive to the pragmatic information for its interpretations. With manipulation of pragmatic information, Korean speakers showed a tendency to choose a non-local antecedent or even a non-c-commanding one despite the presence of syntactically legitimate local or c-commanding potential antecedent.

It has been a common view in the literature since Yang (1984, 1988) that caki ‘self' is a long distance anaphor, subject to parameterizaton of the binding domain across languages. I suggest that caki ’self' is a local anaphor with a DP structure including pro. I also suggest that a null argument in Korean has a DP structure with pro, too, based on the wide range of similarities with caki ‘self.' The present proposal for caki ’self' and the null argument has a nontrivial theoretical implication for anaphors and null arguments in languages typologically akin to Korean.

ent-Kaurane- and ent-pimarane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the methanol extract of Siegesbeckia pubescens by column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated as ent-16α H,17-hydroxy-kau­ran-19-oic acid (1), ent-4,17-dihydroxy-16α -methyl-kau­ran-19-oic acid (2), ent-16β ,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid (3), kirenol (4) and ent-16β ,17,18-trihydroxy-kauran­19-oic acid (5) by spectral analysis. The cytotoxicity of these compounds in Caki cells was assayed by a cell counting kit. Only one group treated with kirenol (4), an entpimarane-type diterpenoid, showed the inhibition of the cell growth in Caki cells.