Global warming and changes in ecosystems are either causing a rapid decline in insect diversity on earth or, on the other hand, are increasing the likelihood of unexpected insect pests emerging. This study summarizes and reports the followings: Introduction to the Insects of Red Data Book of Korea and Nationally Protected species, the establishment of monitoring strategy for exotic insects by the investigation of species distribution range through field surveys and others, the dispersal of exotic insects, and with the expansion of exotic insects and development of ecosystem impact prediction model.

유기농 생태농업단지 논에서 출현하는 수서곤충의 생태자원 분포 특성을 비교하고자 유기농 단지 논에 둠벙 이 있는 조건과 둠벙이 없는 조건에서의 수서곤충상을 조사하여 관행 논의 분포 특성을 비교하였다. 수서곤충 출현은 둠벙이 있는 유기농 논 5목 15과 26종 413개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 5목 14과 22종 236개체, 관행 논 5목 11과 16종 155개체로 유기농 논에서 관행 논에 비해 수서곤충의 출현 과, 종 및 출현 개체수가 많았고, 유기농 논에서도 둠벙이 있는 조건에서 종수 및 개체수가 많음을 확인하였다. 특히 잠자리목의 경우 유기농 논 4과 8종 134개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 3과 5종 35개체, 관행 논 2과 4종 12개체로 전체 출현 종의 발생특성과 유사한 경향을 보였는데, 유기농 재배의 특성상 농약의 피해로부터 수서곤충에 안전한 환경이 조성된 점과 둠벙의 담수 및 다양한 수서생물의 발생으로 수서곤충의 서식조건에 유리하게 작용되었다고 보인다. 반면 파리목에서는 둠벙이 있는 유기농 논 3과 3종 18개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 3과 3종 25개체로 관행 논 2과 2종 24개체보다 발생양상이 다른 수서곤충에 비해 상대적으로 낮고, 관행 논보다 깔다구류의 개체수 19개체보다 각각 6개체, 12개체로 적게 출현한 점에서 유기농 재배유형과 둠벙의 서식처 제공이 수서곤충의 출현 및 분포에 건전성을 조장하는 방안이라고 판단된다.

Seasonal occurrence and distribution of insect pests and their natural enemies were investigated in several Paprika greenhouses(different pest control histories). Even in the environmental-controlled greenhouses with natural enemies for controlling insect pests, there were differences in occurrence and distribution of insect pests and natural enemies by season. From March after planting, aphids and whiteflies(Myzus persicae and Bemisia tabaci) had partially occurred in all experimental greenhouses. During summer season, whiteflies and leaf mites primarily occurred and insect pest species occurred in this season were more diverse than the winter season. In the winter season, whiteflies predominantly occurred in both natural enemies and pesticide-treated Paprika greenhouses. Predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii was difficult to maintain their populations under an average temperature below 18℃ and relative humidity below 60%.

The community temperature index (CTI) reflects the temperature and environmental preferences of the community. We investigated the distribution patterns of major aquatic insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; EPT) based on CTI in streams of South Korea. We selected unpolluted 151 study sites at upper streams (less than 3rd) with less than 1.5 mg L-1 of biochemical oxygen demand. Study sites were clustered into six groups based on the similarities of their EPT composition. All three orders showed a continuous decrease in the number of species as CTI increased, especially in Plecoptera. In addition, the functional feeding groups were also significantly changed according the CTI changes. Temperature tolerance range of each group’s indicator species varied according to the CTI of the group. Finally, changes of CTI reflected differences of EPT assemblages according to the differences of environmental condition including temperature. Therefore, CTI can be applied to the evaluation and preservation of stream ecosystems and prediction of community changes due to climate change.

This study was conducted to provide basic data on controlling boring insect pests by identifying the damage and the occurrence ecology of beetles, which are boring insect pests that seriously damage Castanea crenata, an income tree of mountain farms. By location, the damage rate was 62.5% at the foot of mountain, 61.4% at the mountain range, and 61.3% at the mountain peak. By region, the damage rate was the highest in Hapcheon at 65.3%, followed by 62.5% at Hadong and 58.1% at Jinju. The total number of adult fables was 171, followed by 49.1% (84) for Moechotypa diphysis, 39.2% (67) for Batocera lineolata, and 11.7% (20) for Anoplophora malasiaca. As for the male and female ratio of imago, Moechotypa diphysis had 51.2% (43) female and 48.4% (41) male. The percentage of emergence of beetles, which are boring insect pests appearing in the specimen collected by the survey area, was 46.0% in Hapcheon, 32.9% in Hadong, and 21.1% in Jinju. As for the prevalence of beetles, Batocera lineolata appeared from June 22 which is the first day of the emergence period to August 30, and the amount of emergence by the prevalence period was 3.0% in June, 46.2% in July, and 47.8% in August. Anoplophora malasiaca appeared from May 20 to July 20, and the amount of emergence by prevalence period was 5.0% in May, 10.0% in June, and 75.0% in July. Moechotypa diphysis first appeared from August 10 to September 30, and the amount of emergence by prevalence period was 1.2% in July, 51.2% in August, and 46.4% in September. As for the number of eggs laid by beetles, Anoplophora malasiaca laid 90±6, Batocera lineolate laid 75±5, and Moechotypa diphysis laid 60±6.

일반 시설재배지는 겨울을 포함한 저온 시기에 외부의 온도 변화에 영향을 가능한 적게 받기 위한 형태였다면, 최근에는 환경제어기술이 발달하면서 온도, 습도, CO₂, 광량 등을 제어할 수 있는‘스마트팜(Smart-farm)’이 농가에 보급되고 있다. 한편, 토마토 시설재배지에서 많이 발생하는 대표적인 미소해충인 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리는 유묘나 창문과 출입문의 개폐과정 중에 유입되어 피해를 입히는 것으로 알려져 있다. 스마트팜 내의 해충 발생밀도는 시설재배지 내부의 미소환경에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 미소환경의 패턴을 조사하면 좀 더 정확한 해충 발생예찰이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 지역에 위치한 4개의 스마트팜에서 온도와 습도, 그리고 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 해충밀도를 황색 끈끈이 트랩을 이용하여 1주일 간격으로 조사하여 스마트팜 내의 환경변화에 따른 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 수평적, 수직적 밀도분포를 분석하였다.

황색점착트랩의 설치각도에 따른 고설재배 딸기의 주요 해충종들의 부착 특성을 확인하기 위해 수직, 수평 앞면 및 뒷면, 45도 앞면 및 뒷면 등으로 달리 트랩을 설치하여 점착트랩내의 부착위치를 조사하고, 각 트랩에 포획된 곤충종의 다양성을 분석하였다. 설치각도에 따른 점착트랩 내의 포획 위치는 진딧물류와 총채벌레류가 유사하게 모든 각도에서 상부에서 유살수가 많았으나 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 수직, 45도 윗면 트랩에서 종수와 총포획수가 유의하게 높았으나 각 처리별 Shannon 지수의 차이는 없었다. 45도 윗면 트랩에서만 Shimpson 지수가 높게 나타나 소수 종에 집중된 포획양상을 보였으며 모든 트랩에서 공통적으로 초파리와 총채벌레류가 우점하여 포획되었으나 총포획수가 적은 45도 아랫면 트랩의 경우 이들 우점종의 검출도가 낮았다.

비래해충 개체군은 중국 남쪽에서 제트기류를 타고 한국으로 유입되는 해충이다. 애멸구(Laodelphax striatellus), 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens), 흰등멸구(Sogatella furcifera), 멸강나방(Mythimna separata), 혹명나방(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)은 주요 비래해충 5종으로 주요 작물인 벼에 피해를 주기에 중요하다. 이 연구는 2016년 7월 하순에서 9월 상순, 2017년 7월에서 8월까지 전라도의 벼논에서 하였다. 멸강나방과 혹명나방은 페로몬 트랩을 사용하여 채집하였고, 벼멸구, 흰등멸구, 애멸구는 육안 조사, 포충망 조사, 끈끈이 트랩을 사용하여 채집하였다. 비래해충을 분석 하기 위해 공간통계학 중 SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs)를 사용하였다. SADIE는 사용하여 공간분포 및 집중지수 Ia를 분석 하였고, 클러스터지수 Vi, Vj를 사용하여 공간분포를 조사하였다. 또한, 클러스터지수는 red-blue plot를 사용하여 지도 위에 나타내었다. 멸강나 방과 혹명나방은 SADIE 공간 집중 분석, red-blue plot 분석에서 다른 분포를 보였다. 애멸구와 다른 멸구의 초기 공간분포는 표본 추출 위치와 시간이 다르게 나타났다.

Sampling insect pest population is often a necessary component of a proposed pest control strategy. Insect populations are poikilothermal animal and readily applied to model systems in several ways. When insect population immigrate to new possible habitats, they should be related with biotic and abiotic environments for survive and settle down. Based on climate change scenario, invasive insect species would be overcome its geographical limitation as well as local distribution of well-known species should be changed in near future. In this study, Species distribution modeling of native and invasive species were developed, compared and discussed for developing sampling strategies for invasive insect pest populations.

토마토는 어느 정도 높은 온습도에서 잘 자라기 때문에 주로 비닐하우스에서 재배되어왔다. 최근에는 정보통신기술 (ICT)의 발달로 온도, 습도, CO₂등의 환경요소를 원격으로 조절하여 힘과 시간을 덜 소모하고도 작물의 생육환경을 편리하게 관리할 수 있는 스마트팜(Smart farm)이 늘어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토마토 비닐하우스 및 스마트팜에서의 위치별 온․습도와 토마토의 주요 해충인 담배가루이와 작은뿌리파리의 발생량 및 시설 내 발생분포를 조사하였다. 조사결과, 시설재배지 내의 위치에 따라 온․습도 및 해충 발생량에 차이가 나타났으며, 작은뿌리파리의 경우 시설의 가장자리 및 낮은 위치에서, 담배가루이는 시설의 중앙부 및 높은 위치에서 밀도가 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

Five major migratory insect pest populations (Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Laodelphax striatellus, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Mythimna separata) migrate from the southern China to Korea through jet streams. This study was conducted from July 2017 to August 2017 in rice paddy of Jeolla-province. C. medinalis and M. separata collected using pheromone traps, while N. lugens, S. furcifera and L. striatellus collected using 3 methods (visual surveys, sweeping surveys, sticky traps). Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) was used to analyze spatial distribution and index of aggregation Ia, index of clustering Vi, Vj were used to investigate the spatial distribution. Also, the clustering indices were mapped as red-blue plot.

Insects reflect climate change dramatically because insects are poikilotherm and have huge biodiversity. Also, the prediction of insect distribution is very significant due to the position of this group giving diverse ecological services including their extraordinary economic importance. Accurate modeling of geographic distributions of insect species is crucial to various applications in ecology and conservation. The best performing techniques often require some parameter tuning, which may be prohibitively time-consuming to do separately for each species, or unreliable for small or biased data sets. The purpose of this study is to introduce and compare several models to predict insect distribution under climate change in Korea. This work would be helpful to researchers or decision makers by giving practical advice, for example, kinds of input/output data, applicability to GIS, to select appropriate model to predict insect distribution.

Earth’s average temperature has risen by 0.78°C over the past century, and is projected to rise another 1.1 to 6.4°C over the next hundred years based on recent announced RCP8.5 climate change scenario. Small changes in the average temperature of the planet can translate to large and potentially dangerous shifts in biosphere. Based on climate change scenario, local distribution of well-known species should be changed in near future. Models, if applied appropriately, give useful and rapid predictions of the potential distribution of the target species. CLIMEX is one of modeling systems that may provide insights into the climatic factors that limit the geographical distribution of a species in different parts. Climatic parameters and the climate matching function of CLIMEX enable the risks of an exotic species as well as well-known species to be assessed by directly comparing the climatic condition of a given location with any number of other locations without knowing the full distribution of a species. However, CLIMEX supports only three locations in Korea (Seoul, Pusan and Kangnung province). We generated detail weather database of Korea for CLIMEX, and simulated using the data of American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), a key pest and well-known species in Korea for application of future risk assessment under possible climate change condition in Korea.

본 연구는 금강 수계의 환경요인을 이용한 서식지 유형분류와 그에 따른 수서곤충 섭식기능군의 분포특성을 규명하기 위한 것으로 2007년부터 2008년까지 금강 수계에서 총 38개 지점에 대하여 봄과 가을에 걸쳐 년 2회씩 총 4회 조사를 실시하였다. 38개 조사지점별로 15개의 환경요인들을 현장 측정한 후 서식지 유사도 분석을 실시한 결과, 거리 척도값 4를 전후하여 상류구간(HD)은 C1과 C3그룹, 중류구간(MS)은 C2와 C4 그리고 C5그룹, 하류구간(LR)은 C6과 C7그룹으로 서식지 유형이 분류되었다. 서식지 유형분류에 있어 영향을 끼치는 주요한 환경요인은, 물리적 환경요인의 경우 하폭과 고도, 화학적 환경요인의 경우 수온과 전기전도도 그리고 DO, 하상재료의 경우 모래와 실트 그리고 잔자갈의 함량으로 분석되었다. 조사시기 동안 출현한 수서곤충은 총 9목 46과 142종으로 조사되었고, 서식지 유형별 종수 및 개체수 현존량 증감과 높은 상관성을 보인 주요 환경요인은 유속과 모래의 함량으로 나타났다. 또한 섭식기능군과 환경요인 사이의 상관성 분석결과, (1) 걸러먹는 무리(FC)는 유속, 수폭, 실트 (2) 주어먹는 무리(GC)는 유속 (3) 잡아먹는 무리(P)는 고도, 유속, 큰돌, 전기전도도, 모래 (4) 뚫어먹는 무리(PP)는 수폭, 실트 (5) 긁어먹는 무리(SC)는 유속, 전기전도도 (6) 썰어먹는 무리(SH)는 고도, 큰돌, DO, pH, 전기전도도, 수온과 각각 상관성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과, 단계적 다중회귀분석(SMRA)에 의해 도출된 금강 수계의 환경요인 중 고도, 하폭, 유속, 전기전도도, 수온 그리고 모래 등 6개의 요인은 생물군집의 서식과 상관성(r≥q0.600, P〈0.01)이 있는 것으로 나타나 금강 수계 섭식기능군 분포에 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인으로 제시되었다.

Almost all insect species possess two different acetylcholinesterases (AChE1 and AChE2) but it still remains unknown which AChE plays a major role in synaptic transmission. To predict the evolutionary distributions of functional AChE, relative amount and activity of two AChEs were investigated by native-PAGE in conjunction with Western blotting using AChE1- and AChE2-specific antibodies. Among 39 insect species examined, AChE1 was expressed as the main enzyme in 26 insect species across diverse taxa, suggesting that AChE1 likely plays a more crucial role in these insects. In contrast, AChE2 was predominantly expressed in remaining insect species, including paleopteran insects, suggesting that the replacement of AChE1 function with AChE2 is an old event. As expected, only AChE2 was detected in Cyclorrhaphan flies, supporting the notion that AChE2 in Cyclorrhapha has completely replaced the physiological functions of AChE1 during the evolution of Diptera. Taken together, contrary to the common belief that AChE1 is the major enzyme in most insects, many insect species across various taxa employ AChE2 as the main AChE, suggesting that functional transition from AChE1 to AChE2 has occurred rather universally and randomly with multiple independent origins within the class Insecta. This finding should provide valuable insights into which AChE has evolved to undertake the synaptic function and how functional diversification of AChE has occurred.

In many cases over the years, we failed to forecast accurately outbreak of Rice stripe virus (RSV) disease using population density of overwintering small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus. What is the source of error in this viral disease assessment? For answering the question, spatial distribution of RSV in paddy fields was investigated in relation to the yield of rice grain, and the population density of overwintering SBPH in ridge of paddy fields. Total 14 paddy fields in 5 regions were surveyed in June, 2008. Disease assessment was carried out with each of 30 rice plants in the one of the borders, 5th, 10th line from ridge, and 90 rice plants in diagonal line for conventional method. The ears of rices from 18 plants in the same surveyed line were collected in the late of August for the weights of 100 rice grains. The infection rate of RSV was decreased by the distance from ridge; on the contrary, the increase tendency was shown in the yield of rice grains in the middle of paddy field. It is suggested that the border effect of viral distribution between ridge and paddy field is caused by the spatial distribution of the vector insect. Thus, in this case, the narrow border effect could represent that the SBPH migrated short distance from the ridge to paddy field. The conventional method, observing the disease in middle area of diagonal line, showed no correlation to the population density of overwintering vector generation in ridge. It might cause underestimation of the regional disease rate. The counting of RSV-diseased plant in border line only overestimated it also. However, the RSV infection rate in the near border had highly positive linear relationship (R2=0.91) to the regional average values by regression analysis. Therefore, the near border sampling method can improve the RSV disease risk assessment.