Beta-titanium alloys are used in many industries due to their increased elongation resulting from their BCC structure and low modulus of elasticity. However, there are many limitations to their use due to the high cost of betastabilizer elements. In this study, biocompatible Ti-Mo-Fe beta titanium alloys are designed by replacing costly betastabilizer elements (e.g., Nb, Zr, or Ta) with inexpensive Mo and Fe elements. Additionally, Ti-Mo-Fe alloys designed with different Fe contents are fabricated using powder metallurgy. Fe is a strong, biocompatible beta-stabilizer element and a low-cost alloying element. The mechanical properties of the Ti-Mo-Fe metastable beta titanium alloys are analyzed in relation to the microstructural changes. When the Fe content increases, the tensile strength and elongation decrease due to brittle fracture despite a decreasing pore fraction. It is confirmed that the hardness and tensile strength of Ti-5Mo-2Fe P/M improve to more than 360 Hv and 900 MPa, respectively.

In an aquatic environment, toxicity of metals to organisms depends on external factors (type of metal, exposure concentration and duration, environmental parameters, and water quality) and intracellular processes (metal-binding sites and detoxification). Toxicity of copper (Cu) on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica was investigated in this study. Dose-dependent (Cu concentration dependent) inhibition of growth and cell division, as well as, variation of intra- and extra-cellular Cu, Fe and Zn content was observed. T. suecica was sensitive to Cu; the 96 h EC50 (concentration to inhibit growth-rate by 50%) of growth rate (μ) (21.73 μM L-1), cell division day-1 (18.39 μM L-1), and cells mL-1 (13.25 μM L-1) demonstrate the toxicity of Cu on this microalga. High intra- (19.86 Pg cell-1) and extra-cellular (54.73 Pg cell-1) Cu concentrations were recorded, on exposure to 24.3 and 72.9 μM L-1 of Cu.

We investigate the change of leaf chlorophyll content according to iron content in brown rice when cultivated on the iron limited solid MS medium. By cultivating wild-type and transgenic brown rice in a solid MS medium, we confirmed that iron deficiency chlorosis did not occur in MS media which were contained over 20% of iron content compared to normal MS condition. After selecting twenty kinds of Korean rice varieties, those brown rice were cultivated in solid MS media which were contained from 0 to 15% of iron content compared to normal MS condition then the leaf chlorophyll content was measured. The leaf chlorophyll content was changed according to iron content in brown rice when cultivated in solid MS medium which was contained 0 and 5% of iron content,. There was a strong correlation between iron content in brown rice and leaf chlorophyll content cultivated in solid MS medium with 5% of Fe content. Therefore we expect that analysis of leaf chlorophyll content after cultivated on MS medium with 5% iron content compared to normal MS media condition will be more simple and effective method to screening high iron content brown rice without measurement of iron content.

세계 제강산업의 연간 생산량은 약 1,600만 톤이며 이 중 약 40%가 폐철을 원료로 하는 전기제강로(Electric Arc Furnace)에서 생산된다. 이 전기로에서 발생하는 전기로 제강분진(Electric Arc Furnace Dust)은 카드뮴, 납 등의 유해중금속을 포함하고 있어 지정폐기물로 분류되어 고비용으로 처리하고 있다. 반면 철, 아연 등 재활용가능 금속 또한 30~60% 정도로 다량 함유하고 있어 재활용 공정에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. EAFD는 원료의 특성 상 다양한 성상으로 존재하며, EAFD 내 원소의 광물학적 존재 형태에 따라 공정 변수가 달라진다. 따라서 최근은 EAFD 성상을 고려하여 아연과 철의 회수율을 높이는 다 단계 습식공정에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 본 연구에서는 전기로 제강분진 내 아연과 철의 분리 회수를 위한 다단계 공정 중 산 용출을 통해 아연을 회수한 후 남은 잔여물(residues)을 대상으로 자석을 이용하여 철 성분의 선택 분리 효과에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 아연 회수 후 잔여물의 철 함량을 높일 수 있다면 전기제강로로 재투입하여 제강원료로의 재사용이 가능하다. 자석분리 공정을 통하여 분리된 고체물질에는 고액비에 관계없이 85%의 철이 회수되는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 반해 칼슘은 고액비에 영향을 받았으며 고액비(kg/L)가 20일 때 약 85%의 칼슘이 분리되었다. 또한 자석분리공정은 황산칼슘 및 황산납의 분리에도 효과적임을 확인하였다. 이 공정을 통해 아연 회수 후 분진 잔여물의 철 순도를 높여 전기제강로로 재투입하여 아연 회수 뿐 아니라 분진 중 철의 재활용 또한 가능하게 할 것으로 보인다.

철을 포함한 비정질 규산염 용융체의 원자 구조 규명은 지표 환경의 화성활동 및 맨틀 심부의 초저속도층의 속도구조에 이르는 광범위한 지질과정의 미시적인 원인에 대한 단서를 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 철을 포함한 비정질 규산염의 원자 구조 규명에 가장 적합한 고상 핵자기공명분광분석(NMR)을 이용하여 최대 16.07 wt%의 Fe2O3가 포함된 비정질 알칼리 규산염(iron-bearing alkali silicate glasses)의 철의 함량 변화가 원자구조에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 29Si 스핀-격자 완화시간(T1)을 측정한 결과, 철의 함량에 따라 스핀-격자 완화시간이 짧아지는데 이는 철이 가지고 있는 홀전자(unpaired electron)와 핵 스핀(nuclear spin)간의 상호작용으로부터 기인한다. 29Si MAS NMR 실험 결과, 철이 포함되지 않은 시료의 경우 Q2, Q3 그리고 Q4의 환경을 지시하는 피크가 분리됨에 반하여, 철이 포함된 시료의 경우 NMR 신호의 급격한 감소와 피크 폭이 넓어짐으로써 각각의 규소 환경이 거의 분리되지 않았다. 그러나 철의 함량에 따라 스펙트럼이 넓어지고 화학적 차폐값(chemical shift)이 높아지는 현상을 확인하였는데, 이는 Q4의 규소 환경을 나타내는 방향으로서 철 주변의 Qn이 불균질하게 분포하고 있음을 지시한다. 17O MAS NMR 실험에서도 철이 포함되지 않은 시료에서는 연결산소(Si-O-Si)와 비연결산소(Na-O-Si)가 부분적으로 분리되지만, 철의 함량이 증가하면서 각각의 산소 환경이 거의 분리되지 않는다. 이러한 연구결과는 고상 핵자기공명분광분석이 철을 포함한 비정질 규산염의 상세한 구조 연구에 효과적인 도구임을 지시한다.

The germplasm of 246 rice cultivars was analysed 　for iron and zinc contents using a Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICP) at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Philippines. Iron contents ranged from 2.0 to 12.0, and zinc ranged from 10.0 to 33.0 (mg/kg), showing with the mean values of 4.3 and 22.8 (mg/kg), respectively. In genotypes tested, there was approximately a two-fold difference in iron and zinc concentrations, suggesting a genetic potential to increase these micronutrients in rice grain. A highly significant positive correlation (r2=0.503) was found between iron and zinc contents. Iron contents decreased drastically as polishing time increased, whereas zinc decreased only slightly. In the interaction between genotype and environment on iron contents, genotype (G), environment (E), and the G × E interactions accounted for 69%, 5% and 26% of the sums of squares, respectively. Indicating that genotype is would be the most significant factor for the to improve iron contents of rice in rice breeding, suggesting that therefore identifying genotypes with relatively stable performance across various environments is important as staple food crops.

To improve the iron content of red pepper, we have transferred the entire coding sequence of the ferritin gene(Fpl) into Capsicum annuum (L. cv. Chungyang and Bukang) by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Transformants were found to contain the Fp1 gene at up to three loci, increased distinct iron content changes. In transgenic plants, iron content was as much as 7-fold to 8-folds greater than that of their untransformed counterparts. Furthermore, the Rl progenies from transformant(A7, A8) co-segregated into a 15:1 ratio for both Kanamycin resistance and genotype of high iron.

Total iron content and ferritin distribution have been determined in red pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) during development stage under conditions of iron nutritional status from hydroponic culture. Color of the leaves become chlorotic on iron deficient and high concentration. The plant height on each iron concentration had retarding effect at concentration lower than 25μM and greater than 12525μM. In normal green leaves. Total iron content was almost constant with a mean value of 2.5μmole of iron/mg of dry matter, except at 63day, for which it increases slightly to 4μmole. Howere, iron content of chlorotic plants grew on iron free medium was not almost detectable. Also in post chlorotic leaves(++Fe), iron content was evidently increase unitl 7days after transfer on liquid medium, but decreased from after 14days. Also, ferritin protein analysed total protein extracts prepared from leaves of different ages using antibodies raised against ferritin protein. Ferritin protein deereased progressively during the first week of germination and was not detectable in vegetative tissues. Ferritin protein in post chlorotic leaves wasevidently strongly cnhanced until 11days after transfer on liquid medium but decreased until the leves became chlorotic.