꽃매미는 약충과 성충이 무리지어 식물체 흡즙하거나 그 과정에서 감로를 배출하여 그을음병을 유발시킴으로서 포도 등에 피해를 주는 외래해충이다. 본 연구는 경기도내 주요 포도 재배지에서 꽃매미의 발생특성과 월동기 극저온이 꽃매미 월동난괴의 생존율에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 2010년부터 2013년까지 수행하였다. 경기지역에서 꽃매미 월동난괴는 5월 상순부터 부화하기 시작하여 5월 중순에 가장 높은 약충 밀도를 보이고 있으며 7월 하순부터 출현한 성충은 11월 상순까지 산란하는 특성을 보였다. 동절기 온도가 꽃매미 월동난괴 생존율에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 1월 중 극저온 출현일수(x)와 생존율(y) 간 관계를 선형회귀모형으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 예측치와 실측치 간 잔차자승합(residual sum of square) 가장 낮은 모형은 –11℃를 임계 극저온으로 취급한 y = -1.0486 x + 94.496 (R2 = 0.7067) 이었다. 본 연구 결과는 월동 중 꽃매미 알의 생존율 예측과 봄철 발생시기 정보를 제공함으로써 꽃매미 관리전략 수립에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Anatatus orientalis is an important natural enemy parasitizing eggs of lanternfly Lycorma delicatula White. In order to effectively utilize this parasitoid, the parasitism rates of lantern-fly and emergence of its parasitoid were surveyed in different areas. Results showed that the emergences of wasp Anatatus orientalis from different areas had significant differences. Those parasitoids emerged from lantern-fly eggs collected from Yangling of Shaanxi province, Qinhuangdao of Hebei province, and Dagang District of Tianjin City came out focus on May only, while wasps from Yantai of Shandong province showed 2 obvious emergence peaks in May and September respectively. Wasp populations with emergence asynchrony in Yantai area were analyzed by different periods. Results revealed that the emergence percentages in spring (May) were significantly lower than that in fall (September), but the sex ratios did not differ significantly between the two seasons. The emergence asynchrony of parasitoid may be induced by the diapause of species, which is a long-term coevolutional outcome of parasitoid with host for maintaining its population. These findings provided some scientific bases for the rational utilization of this parasitoid in practice.

꽃매미 날개의 형태적 변이가 지역에 따라 차이가 있는지 확인하기 위해 형태계측학 분석을 실시하였다. 꽃매미 개체는 한국, 중국, 일본 10개 지역에서 채집되었고, 꽃매미 앞날개로부터 선발된 14개의 형태계측학 형질을 분석하였다. 결과로 국내 지역 개체들은 중국 양쯔강 이남보다는 이북 지역 개체들과 형태적으로 가까웠다. 서울과 부안 개체는 상하이 개체와 형태적으로 매우 유사하였다. 점무늬의 경우 베이징 개체가 상대적으로 작았고, 중국 남부의 린안 개체가 크게 나타났다. 날개의 크기는 일본 개체가 상대적으로 큰 것으로 분석되었다.

Anatatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is aparasitic natural enemy of the lantern-fly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera:Fulgoridae) in China. It can complete 6 generations from April to December in a year under laboratory conditions. It takes 18-28 d for development of one generation at about 25℃. Under the room temperatures of 23-25℃, the developmental duration of eggs is 1-2 days, 10 days for larvae, 4 days for prepupae and 7 days for pupa stage. A. orientalisis a mono-parasitic wasp in the eggs of L.delicatula and its female can oviposit 9.18 eggs on average. The oviposition period is 5-20d. The adults can survive 4-7d on average without supplying any nutrition. While feeding with 20% honey solution, the female adult longevity can reach 25 days on average.

This study was performed to investigate attraction effect of spearmint oil and to confirm their EAG response against lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula nymphs and adult. In dose responses to spearmint oil, 2nd ∼ 4th nymphs and adult were significantly attracted at a dose of 5㎕. Attraction effect was showed highest (84.8%) at a 4th instar nymph, and mild effect (approximately 60%) was observed at 2nd∼3rd instar nymphs, but the others are not showed the significance. At a dose of 10㎕, 4th instar nymph and adult were significant and only 4th instar nymph was significantly attracted at a dose of 2.5㎕ but the others are not. Carvone, a constituent of spearmint oil, exhibited significantly attraction effect on nymphs and adult except 1st and 2nd instar nymphs. But limonene did not show any attraction effect. The attraction assay of L. delicatula to the mixtures of constituents appeared to be efficient additively. In EAG response to spearmint oil which exhibited attraction effect, antennae of 4th instar nymph and adult responded to only carvone. In conclusion, attraction effect of spearmint oil was more effective in 4th instar nymph and adult than 1st ∼ 3rd instar nymphs.

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) were analyzed using GC and GC-MS, and compared with developmental stages of the Lycorma delicatula. Total Carbon numbers on all developmental stages are 21-36, and composition numbers are 51. On the whole, Carbon numbers increased as passed times on developmental stages. Except for eggs, Lycorma delicatula consisted of n-heptacosane on almost all developmental stages, and followed by n-nonacosane. Eggs, however, consisted of 9-; 11-; 13- methylheptacosane. From the above results, CHCs on developmental stages of the Lycorma delicatula consisted of n-alkane with saturated hydrocarbons (36%), followed mono- (34%) or di- (21%) methylalkanes. Above this, CHCs consisted of tri- methylalkanes (3.9%) and olefines (2.3%) that have double bond. The major constituents of CHCs on the developmental stages of Lycorma delicatula is differently proportioned, but hardly showed the difference in their composition.

This study was performed to investigate attraction effect of six plant essential oils and to confirm their electrophysiological response against Lycorma delicatula. Among the tested oils, spearmint oil (94.1%) significantly attracted L. delicatula at a dose of 1.25㎕/cm2 by using an olfactometer. In dose response to spearmint oil, a dose of 2.5㎕/cm2 was very effective. GC-MS analysis revealed that the active components responsible for the effective attraction effect of spearmint oil were carvone (70.6%) and limonene (54.8%). Of the two active components, carvone was more significant than limonene with reference to attraction activity against L. delicatula. Analysis by GC-EAD showed, major components of spearmint oil that elicited response in L. delicatula antennae, indicating the potential role of the essential oil as attractant that determine the choice of the attraction material. In the field test, spearmint oil exhibited attraction effect up to 5 days. This effect was different in accordance with test places and treatment dose.

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We studied the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field and investigated the effects of residence and size asymmetries on contest outcome. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs won 84.2 % of the agonistic encounters, and nymphs with bigger body size won 63.2 % of the agonistic encounters. The result of the logistic regression analysis revealed that residence was a significant factor for contest outcome, but body size was not

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We investigated effects of residence and size asymmetries on the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs had a winning rate of 84.61% in agonistic encounters, and the winning rate increased to 87.5% when residents had bigger body sizes than intruders. Bigger individuals had won 61.54 % of agonistic encounters. The behavioral analyses of the agonistic encounters suggested that asymmetry in residence had a strong effect on the outcomes of agonistic encounters, with asymmetries in body sizes producing a weaker effect.