Ischemic stroke is caused by a blockage of the cerebral artery, which leads to a severe neurological disorder. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic acid found mainly in plants such as coffee beans, eggplants, and carrots. It exerts a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic damage. Bcl-2 family protein is a representative apoptosis regulatory protein. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL act as apoptosis inhibitors, while Bax and Bad act as apoptosis inducers.The interaction of Bcl-2 family protein plays an important role in determining cell fate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chlorogenic acid modulates the interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins during ischemic injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was performed to induce cerebral ischemia. Chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline was intraperitoneally injected to adult male rats 2 h after MCAO surgery. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of chlorogenic acid 24 h after MCAO injury, and immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to investigate the interaction of Bcl-2 family protein. MCAO damage showed signs of severe neurological disorders, while chlorogenic acid improved these disorders. Results of immunoprecipitation analysis were as follows. Interaction between Bax and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL was decreased in MCAO injury, chlorogenic acid prevents these decreases. In contrast to Bax, Interaction between Bad and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL was increased in MCAO injury, chlorogenic acid prevents these increases. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid attenuated MCAO-induced increase of capase-9. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that chlorogenic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic injury by modulating interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins.

The purpose of this study was to investigate male adult' appearance management behavior according to objectified body consciousness. The subjects were 648 male adults aged from 20 to 59 and measuring instruments consisted of objectified body consciousness, appearance management behavior, and subjects' demographics attributions. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's α, factor analysis, cluster analysis, multiple response analysis, cross tabs analysis, χ2 test, and t-test. The results were as follows. First, 3 dimensions (body shame, body surveillance, and control belief) were emerged on objectified body consciousness, and subjects were divided into 2 groups (objectified group, and non-objectified group) by this variable. Second, male adults were deeply aware of the need of appearance management, and showed the high level of intention to perform appearance management behavior. Third, objectified group showed much more active appearance management behavior than non-objectified group. This results concluded that objectified body consciousness is a very useful variable to understand male adult' appearance management behavior.

본 연구는 성인남성 수형자 208명과 가정폭력사범 103명을 대상으로 성장기 의 지역사회폭력과 가정폭력의 피해경험, 고위험 환경이 정신건강과 범죄행위 에 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 수형자와 폭력남편들의 정신건강 부 적응 양상을 비교하고, 정신건강 부적응 수준에 과거의 어떤 형태의 외상이 영 향을 주는지 조사하였다. 또 수형자 집단을 대상으로 소년범죄력 유무에 따라 정신건강과 성장기 외상경험이 어떻게 다른지 확인해 보았다. 나아가 수형자와 가정폭력 행위자의 재범행위와 관련된 요인은 무엇인지 찾아보았다. 끝으로 지 역사회폭력 노출의 예측요인을 탐색하였다. 수형자들의 정신건강 부적응에 영 향을 주는 요인은 고위험 환경인 것으로 나타났다. 반면 폭력남편들에게는 지 역사회폭력의 피해경험이 정신건강에 역기능적으로 작용하고 있었다. 소년범죄 경력이 있는 수형자들과 없는 수형자들은 성격특질에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 소년사건에 연루되었던 수형자들은 상대집단에 비해 반사회성, 건강염려증, 분 열증, 강박증, 히스테리, 우울증이 높았고, 성장과정에서 겪은 외상도 더 심각하 였다. 지역사회나 가정에서의 폭력노출은 수형자들의 실형재범에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 대신 소년범죄력이 실형재범과 밀접하게 관련되어 있었 다. 가정폭력사범들 경우, 지역사회폭력 피해경험이 폭력범죄를 되풀이하게 하 는데 기여하고 있었다. 지역사회폭력 피해의 예측변수는 자녀폭력 피해경험으 로 조사되었다. 수형자 집단에서는 고위험 환경이 또 다른 예측변수로 발견되었 다. 지역사회폭력 목격을 예견하는 요인은 수형자, 가정폭력 행위자 모두에게서 고위험 환경인 것으로 확인되었다.

Nonylphenols (NP) are used in manufacturing antioxidants and lubricating oil additives, which are considered to be as potent endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of NP on reproductive system in adult male mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups; (1) tap water (CON group), (2) 50 μg/L (NP50), (3) 500 μg/L (NP500) and (4) 5000 μg/L (NP5000) of NP via the drinking water for 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed and the reproductive organ weights were measured. The caudal epididymal sperms were count to assess the toxicity on germ cells. Histopathological changes of tissues were observed by using hematoxylin/eosin staining. The weights of testis in NP5000 group were significantly lighter than those in CON group (104.9±2.9 mg vs 90.7±5.1 mg, p<0.05). And weights of epididymis significantly increased in NP500 group (44.2±2.6 mg vs 54.42±3.44 mg, p<0.05). As concentration of NP increased, the number of sperms significantly decreased (NP50 and NP500, p<0.01; NP5000, p<0.001). In histopathological analyses, the sperms in seminiferous tubules showed a concentration-dependent decrease in mice treated with NP. In epididymis, treatment with NP resulted in empty space and the reduced sperm numbers in dose-dependent manner. Our results confirmed the dose-dependent decrease in the number of sperm and histopathological abnormality of testis and epididymis in mice exposed from 50 μg/L to 5000 μg/L of NP for 4 weeks. The present study suggests that oral exposure of NP might have negative effects on reproductive function, particularly on germ cells, in adult male mice.