This paper is the sequel of a companion paper (I. Performance Evaluation) evaluating the relation between the seismic performance of steel intermediate moment frames (IMFs) and the rotation capacity of connections. The evaluation revealed that the seismic performance of IMFs having the required minimum rotation capacity suggested in the current standards did not meet the seismic performance criteria presented in FEMA 695. Therefore, thepresent study evaluates the causes of the vulnerable seismic performance for steel IMFs and proposes alternatives to satisfy the seismic performance suggested in FEMA 695. To that goal, the results of nonlinear analysis, which are the pushover analysis and the incremental dynamic analysis, are examined and evaluated. As a result, high-rise IMF systems are seen to have the lower collapse margin ratio after connection fracture than row-rise IMF systems and, the actual response isfound to compared tothedesign drift ratio acting on design load design. Finally, the minimum design load values are proposed to meet the seismic performance suggested in FEMA 695 for IMF systems having vulnerable seismic performance.

The current AISC341-10 standard specifiesa value of 0.02 radian for the minimum rotation capacity of connections for the intermediate steel moment frame system. However, despite of the advances realized in the domains of performance evaluation method and analysis method, research onthe minimum rotation capacity of the intermediate steel moment frame systemsatisfying the seismic performance has not been conducted in detail. In this study, the intermediate moment frame systemisdesigned with respect to current standards and the seismic performance in accordance with the rotational capacity of connections is evaluated using the seismic performance evaluation method presented in FEMA-P695. The minimum rotation capacity of intermediate steel moment frames required to satisfy seismic performance as well as the major design values affecting the seismic performance of moment frame areestimated. To that goal, the design parameters are selected and various target frames are designed. The analysis models of the main nonlinear elements are also developed for evaluating seismic performance. The resultsshow that the 20-story structure doesnot meet the seismic performance even if it satisfies the rotation capacity of 0.02 radian.

안전한 내진설계를 위해서는 각 부재에 요구되는 소성변형 요구량을 정확히 예측하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 등가정적내진설계에 쉽게 활용할 수 있도록, 복잡한 비선형해석 없이 탄성해석을 사용하여 모멘트골조 부재의 소성변형을 평가하는 방법을 개발하였다. 각 부재의 소성변형은 부재 강성과 탄성해석 결과로부터 직접 결정되는 층간변위비 요구량 및 모멘트 재분배 등의 설계 변수로부터 결정된다. 제안된 방법을 8층 2경간의 모멘트골조에 적용하고, 비선형해석을 통하여 제안된 방법의 정확성을 검증하였다. 검증결과, 제안된 방법은 비선형거동에 의한 층간변위비 요구량과 각 부재의 소성변형 요구량을 정확히 평가하였다. 제안된 방법은 부재연성설계와 같은 신축건물의 내진설계에 활용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 기존건물의 내진성능평가에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

현행 내진설계에서 반응수정계수는 탄성 밑면전단력을 저감하여 설계하중 수준을 정의하기 위한 주요 계수로 사용되고 있다. 이제까지 반응수정계수는 공학자들의 경험적인 합의에 의하여 정성적으로 설계기준에 반영하고 있다. 구조시스템에서 반응수정계수와 접합부의 가용 회전능력은 매우 밀접한 관계가 있으며, 본 논문에서는 이러한 접합부의 회전능력과 비선형 푸쉬오버 해석에 기초하여 반응수정계수를 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 IBC 2000에 따라 설계된 R3S 골조를 대상으로 제안 방법을 적용하였다. 또한, 다양한 지진파에 대한 비선형 시간이력 해석을 병행하여 가용 회전능력에 의거하여 산정된 반응수정계수의 타당성을 평가한 결과, 본 제안방법에 따라 정의된 반응수정계수가 충분히 보수적임을 확인하였다.

There are two models that explain the rotation curves of galaxies: dark matter, which gives the missing contribution to the gravitational potential of the standard theory of gravity, and modified theories of gravity, according to which the gravitational potential is created by ordinary visible mass. Both models have some disadvantages. The article offers a new look at the problem of galactic rotation curves. The author suggests that the moment of inertia creates an additional gravitational potential along with the mass. The numerical simulation carried out on the example of fourteen galaxies confirms the validity of such an assumption. This approach makes it possible to explain the constancy of gas velocities outside the galactic disk without involving the hypothesis of the existence of dark matter. At the same time, the proposed approach lacks the disadvantages of modified theories of gravity, where the gravitational potential is created only by the mass of visible matter.

This paper presents a structural analysis method for moment-rotation capacity evaluation of press-braked steel girders and its application. The material-properties may be affected significantly due to the press-braking manufacture. Since strain-hardening induced by press-braking generally reduces the moment-rotation capacity, such the effects have to be thoroughly reviewed. The effects of the cold-working on the material properties, geometric imperfections and residual stresses were properly included into the analytical modeling. A series of nonlinear analyses were conducted for the Z-section girder models with the SM490 steel plates of 24mm thickness by using the Newton-Raphson method and the modified Riks method provided by the ABAQUS.