Using Social Network Analysis methodology, specifically the Network of Similarity and Response Time Testing as a survey method, we measured and examined, based on conviction strength, the relationships between beliefs in various conspiracy theories. We employ Social Network Analysis (SNA) to uncover conspiracy thinking patterns. SNA facilitates the disclosure of interdependencies among variables and intricate direct and indirect relationships. The network of conspiracy convictions is mapped and scrutinized to discern the clustering of variables, which is achieved using greedy-modularity algorithms. Structural properties, such as nodal and subgroup density, are subsequently calculated to assess the quality of the clusters. A qualitative evaluation explores the semantic meanings underlying the observed patterns. Our analysis revealed strong correlations between the items, indicating that individuals who believe in one conspiracy theory are highly likely to believe in others. Furthermore, Response Time Testing allowed for measuring the level of people's conviction in these beliefs. We discuss the implications of these findings, suggesting that conspiracy theories may serve as a means for individuals to confirm their positions and feelings in society. This insight calls for a reassessment of strategies to address the spread and impact of conspiracy theories, focusing on understanding the psychological and social factors driving belief in multiple conspiracies and the strength of these convictions.

본 연구는 아동의 놀이 대상과 놀이의 유형별 소요시간이 사회성 발달의 기본이 되는 친사회적 기술과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 알아보는 것이다. 연구 대상은 전남지역 초등학교에 다니는 4학년, 5학년, 6학년 아동 172명이다. 아동의 놀이와 친사회적 기술의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 선행연구를 기초로 설문 문항을 작성하였고 아동의 친사회적 기술의 측정은 MESSY 척도를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 놀이 대상에 따른 친사회적 기술은 놀이대상이 친구나 가족에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 가족 중 어머니와 함께 놀이하는 아동보다 아버지와 많이 놀이하는 아동의 친사회적 기술이 높았다. 둘째, 놀이가 직업탐색에 영향을 주는가에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 인식한 아동의 경우가 친사회적 기술이 더 높았다. 셋째, 아동이 가장 많이 하는 놀이유형은 주중과 주말 모두 미디어놀이이며 다음으로 야외활동놀이, 사교놀이, 오락놀이, 취미교양놀이의 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 주중에 비해 주말에는 미디어놀이, 사교놀이, 야외활동놀이를 더 많이 하였다. 넷째, 주말에 하는 놀이유형별 놀이시간은 아동의 친사회적 기술에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 SNS나 컴퓨터, 핸드폰, 게임, TV보기와 같은 미디어놀이에 보내는 시간이 많을수록 친사회적 기술은 낮았다.

본 연구는 비콘 기반의 웨어러블 디바이스를 통해 Social Distance로부터 감성 상호작용을 인식하기 위한 기술을 개발하였다. 인식된 상호작용은 Photoplethysmogram(PPG)로부터 추정된 심혈관 동시성과 비교하여 평가되었다. 상호작용은 Social Distance가 일정 시간 이상 유지되었을 경우 인식되었으며, 심혈관 동시성은 PPG로부터 계산된 Beats Per Minute(BPM) 간의 상관분석을 통해 추정되었다. Social Distance로부터 유효한 상호작용을 인식하기 위한 유지시간을 결정하기 위해 상호작용 대상일 때와 아닐 때의 심혈관 동시성에 대해 Mann-Whitney U test를 실시하였다. 15개 집단(집단 당 2명)이 실험에 참여하였으며, 이들은 일상생활에서 비콘 및 PPG 웨어러블 디바이스를 착용하도록 요청받았다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 인식한 상호작용 대상은 더 높은 심혈관 동시성을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 유효상호작용 시간은 통계적 유의차를 보이는 11초로 결정되었다(p=.045). 결과적으로 실 공간에서의 사회관계망에 대한 실시간 측정과 평가를 할 가능성을 높였다.

Background and Purpose of Study: Social commerce refers to a form of electronic commerce based on Social Networking Service (SNS) and has grown substantially since the advent of Groupon in 2008. The growth of social commerce was accelerated with the increased popularity of SNS, where consumers share product information and reviews and the information is spread to others through SNS in real time (KB financial group, 2015). Social commerce can be divided into three types: (1) online group buying, (2) online shopping linked with the SNS, and (3) online shopping in SNS. The first type of social commerce is the most common type in Korea and the current study conducted an experiment based on the online group buying format. In the group buying social commerce, consumers gather together to purchase a product with a cheaper price. Placing a large order facilitates price promotion, (Yuan, & Lin, 2004) and buyers benefit from the cheaper price through the group buying (Zeng, Huang, & Dou, 2009). Group buying websites provides consumers with two types of information: time left for the promotion (time pressure) and the number of product sold (product popularity), and the overall purpose of this study is to examine the effects of time pressure, product popularity and website reputation on purchase intention. Hypotheses Development: Consumers make a purchase on social commerce websites because they can get a product with a cheaper price through group buying. Thus, this study is based on the assumption that all products are under price promotion. According to prospect theory, consumers are more likely to be sensitive to losses than gains. Consumers initially perceive a price promotion as a potential gain, but as the expiration approaches, they are more likely to perceive the promotion as a potential loss, which consequently increase purchase intention (Inman & McAlister, 1994). Also, a statement indicating product popularity, such as ‘the best-selling item’ increases purchase intention (Jeong & Kwon, 2012). Signaling theory provides a useful insight into understanding the effects of website reputation. Since consumers use a website reputation as an indicator of quality (Kirmani & Rao, 2000), they generally respond more positively to well-known websites than unknown websites (Shamdasani, Stanaland, & Tan, 2001). Therefore, based on the literature review, the following hypotheses are developed.H1: High time pressure has a greater impact on purchase intention than low time pressure. H2: High product popularity has a greater impact on purchase intention than low product popularity. H3: Well-known website has a greater impact on purchase intention than unknown website. H4: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of product popularity. H5: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. H6: The effect of product popularity on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. Method: This study’s design is a 2 (time pressure: high vs. low) x 2 (popularity: high vs. low) x 2 (website reputation: well-known vs. unknown) between-subjects factorial design. This study includes three pretests: (1) to select high versus low time pressure, (2) to select the number of product purchased (product popularity), and (3) to select well-known and unknown social commerce websites. Based on the results of the pretests, eight mock websites simulating social commerce websites were developed for the main experiment. The data were collected via a research company. Invitation emails with a URL were sent to potential participants, and they were guided to shop the website and answer the questionnaire. The measure of purchase intention was adopted from the existing literature with adequate reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha >.70), and the scale items used a 7-point scale. Manipulation checks showed that manipulations of time pressure, product popularity, and website reputation were successful. Results: A total of 453 female online shoppers participated in the online experiment. An exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor of purchase intention, and the reliability.93, indicating adequate internal consistency of the scale. Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed main effects for product popularity [F (1, 445) = 10.34, p < .05] and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 72.03, p < .05] on purchase intention, supporting H2 and H3. With regard to H4 to H6 predicting interaction effects, ANOVAs showed significant interaction effects of time pressure by product popularity [F (1, 445) = 5.53, p < .05], time pressure and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 4.59, p < .05], and product popularity and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 9.15, p < .05] on purchase intention. Thus, H4 to H6 were supported. Conclusions and Discussion: The study offers academic and managerial implications. The findings of the study provide empirical support for the signaling theory and prospect theory. The results suggest that high popularity and high reputation are significant factors influencing purchase intention. When consumers perceive a product as being popular on a social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they do not perceive the product popularity. Also, when consumers shop on a well-known social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they shop on an unknown website. When the product popularity is high, high time pressure is an important factor enhancing purchase intention. When a website is well-known, high time pressure increased purchase intention. However, when a website is unknown, high product popularity increased purchase intention. These findings of the study contribute to the literature in social commerce. Based on the website reputation, social commerce websites need to incorporate appropriate marketing tactics, such as time pressure and product popularity to increase consumers’ purchase intention.

With the highest suicide rate among OECD countries, South Korea is facing serious problems regarding social integration. While many previous studies have focused on the meso or micro level factors responsible for suicide, this paper will discuss macro levelchanges affecting modes of solidarity within Korean society. In the 1950s and 1960s, Koreans shared the common goal of rebuilding the nation. Following that, the 1970s and1980s can be viewed as the era of democratization, during which the development discourse and theses on equality predominated in equal parts. Since the mid-1990s, however, South Korea has been facing an unprecedented level of uncertainty. Each shiftin the societal climate has created a different way for citizens to feel a sense of collectivebelonging. It is argued that as we enter an era where individual isolation can only get worse, research on suicide and on social integration in general should take into consideration national historical trends and their impact on individuals.

This study is designed to demonstrate reorganization of the social and religious time in the later Roman empire through legislation of Christian feasts by the Theodosian Code. It first examines the social rhythm of Roman society in the middle of the 4th century with recourse to the Codex-Calendar of 354. Then it proceeds to demonstrate how the imperial laws in the fourth and fifth centuries had changed traditional Roman time into Christian time. The legislation of Sundays/Lord’s days as feriae publicae introduced weekly holidays into Roman society. Subsequent laws designated Christian feasts such as Easter, Epiphany, and Christmas as public holidays, while they abolished feriae connected with pagan gods, thereby making them workdays. Creation of many imperial anniversaries may be understood as a process of modifying a pagan Roman society into a Christian one. Reorganization of the social time can also be seen in imperial legislation which prohibited spectacles on Christian feast days. Many imperial laws which abrogated pagan cults and superstitions and strove to preserve and keep spectacles demonstrate secularization of public entertainment. Furthurmore, prohibition of spectacles, even those linked to imperial anniversaries, on Christian feast days as well as conceptual distinction between “time for prayer” and “time for entertainment” displays a process of separation between religion and festivals. Other imperial laws emphasized humanitarian concerns on Christian feasts. They demanded Easter amnesty, prohibition of tortures during Lenten seasons, and visitation of prisoners on every Sunday. This study corroborates that the process of Christianization of the later Roman empire included reorganization of the social and religious time through imperial legislation.