한국에서 2010년 즈음부터 “엄벌주의” 형사정책이 지속되고 있다는 주장은 더 이 상 새롭지 않다. 일반적으로 한국에서 “엄벌주의”로 사용되는 영어 “punitiveness”는 미국을 비롯한 ‘선진’ 민주주의 국가에서 1970년대 이후 등장한 형벌 전개를 설명하 는 역사적 단어다. 이는 규범화(normalization)를 핵심으로 하는 근대적 형벌성 (modern penality)이 여전히 존재하면서도, 이와 구분되는 과도한 처벌적, 침해적 성격의 형벌 동향을 설명하기 위한 용어다. 해외 이론을 참조의 틀로 활용해 현재 한국 형벌을 부분적으로 설명하려는 시도는 충분히 의미 있는 작업이 될 수 있다. 특히, 단순히 기존 이론들의 개념적 정의만을 취하는 것이 아니라, 그것들은 어떤 사회적/지적 맥락 속에 위치하며, 그 핵심 기제 및 특징은 무엇인지, 그리고 이들의 유사점과 차이점은 무엇인지 등을 충실히 이해한 다면 더욱 유용할 것이다. 이 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다: 1. “엄벌주의”와 “punitiveness”라는 두 용어를 간 략히 살펴본다; 2. 엄벌성(punitiveness)을 포함하여, 1970년대 이후의 형벌 전개를 설명한 해외 이론들은 구체적으로 어떤 현상을 말하고자 했던 것인지 다양한 논자들 의 핵심을 기술한다; 3. 동 시기 형벌을 설명한 대표 이론인 O’Malley의 뉴라이트 형 벌성(New-right penality)과 Pratt의 문명과 형벌(Civilization and punishment) 이론을 살펴본 후, 그 맥락 속에서 형벌 포퓰리즘 이론에 대해 논의한다.

This study addresses the lack of comprehension data in second language acquisition research by focusing on English existential there-constructions (ETCs) with a locative extension (e.g., there is an X on the Y). The post-copular noun X used in the present study consisted of two types: actual and nonsense. Participants included 40 native speakers, as well as 40 advanced and 40 intermediate Korean learners of English, who completed an online picture selection task. In one picture, X was placed on the nearby Y; in another picture, X was placed on the far Y. The choice of both pictures was the correct response because ETCs are used to describe the existence of something regardless of its distance. There was a statistically significant relationship between English proficiency and the interpretation of ETCs. However, there was no relationship between the noun type and the interpretation of ETCs. In the Korean English curriculum, the distinction between expletive there and locative there must be emphasized.

By the time the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) entered into force, there had been numerous bilateral and multilateral agreements between the parties regarding its rules on dispute settlement. However, the WTO dispute settlement system currently remains the most requested. The present article provides a comparative analysis of the procedures of dispute settlement under the CPTPP, the WTO DSU, and some RTAs. Among the novelties of the CPTPP mechanism compared to the WTO DSU are that it extends its scope to measures not yet introduced, offers more transparency, including the use of electronic means of communication, simplifies access for third parties, and provides financial compensation as a temporary remedy. Although the authors conclude that many of the CPTPP provisions repeat those of the WTO DSU and other RTAs between the CPTPP partners, there may be a desire to test the CPTPP mechanism in practice due to crises of the WTO Appellate Body.

본 논문의 목적은 토니 모리슨의 『재즈』에서 일어나는 의문의 살인사건을 통해서 한 사람의 죽음과 그 의미를 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 에마뉘엘 레비나스의 ‘대속’의 개념을 원용하여 소설에서 묘사된 죽음을 ‘타자’를 위한 ‘대속적 죽음’으로 정의한다. 살인사건의 가해자는 중년의 남자 조 트레이스이고, 피해자는 그의 애인인 열여덟 살 소녀 도카스이다. 도카스는 조에게 흔적만 남은 어머니의 ‘대체물’이며 어머니를 향한 욕망의 대상이다. 도카스 또한 ‘내면의 공허’를 채우기 위해 유부남 조와 성적인 일탈을 감행한다. 그러나 그녀는 삶의 마지막 순간, 그를 위해서 스스로 죽음을 선택한다. 그녀는 그가 쏜 총에 맞고도 그가 도망갈 수 있도록 그의 정체를 밝히지 않는다. 도카스의 죽음은 ‘자신보다 다른 어떤 것,’ ‘자신 밖에 있는 어떤 것’을 더 사랑한 결과로서, 바로 타자의 잘못을 제 죽음을 무릅쓰고라도 책임지는 죽음이다. 도카스가 조에게 유언으로 남긴 ‘하나뿐인 사과’는 그녀 자신을 가리키는 것으로, 그녀는 ‘대속적 죽음’을 통하여 ‘대체물’이 아니라 독특하고 유일한 존재, 즉 ‘대체 불가능한 자’가 된다. 결론적으로, 『재즈』가 형상화하는 ‘대속적 죽음’은 타자를 위한 책임과 대속이라는 철학적 요구에 대한 하나의 문학적 응답으로 읽을 수 있다.

Background: Due to aging, blood flow rate decreases, also posture and chewing habit may be changed. Objective: To identify that changes in blood velocity in the common carotid arteries (CCAs) in old persons with unilateral chewing habit (UCH) and forward head posture (FHP) in the elderly. Design: An observational cross-sectional study. Methods: Chewing habits, FHP, and CCAs velocities were assessed in 85 elderly subjects. Chewing habits were measured by visual observation. CCAs measured the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), minimum diastolic velocity, and resistivity index. The subjects were divided into UCH and bilateral chewing habit groups depending on chewing habit. The subjects were also divided into >49 degrees and <49 degrees for comparison of blood flow between the left and right CCAs. Results: In the UCH, the chewing side had significantly higher EDV (P=.003), PSV (P=.023) than the non-chewing side. There was no significant difference in velocity between the CCAs in the FHP. Conclusion: This study shows that the blood flow velocity of the chewing side of UCH was higher, and unilateral chewing affects the CCAs velocity and thus highlight the importance of chewing habit in the elderly than head posture.

예이츠의 종말론적 작품들을 보면 여성의 역할이 명확히 그려져 있다. 계시적 역할은 여성의 일이지, 여성이 영감을 주는 것을 (흔히 불완전하게) 해석하도록 요구받는 남성의 일은 아닌 것으로 나타난다. 이 구분은, 「재림」과 「하룬 알라쉬드의 선물」에서 표현되어 있는데, 자동기술 원고, 꿈의 노트북, 카드 자료, 그리고 원고 자료에 보존되어 있는 것처럼, 『환상록』의 참고자료를 거쳐 남편과 부인이 공동창출한 두 사람의 관계에서뿐만 아니라 1925년과 1937년 판의 나타난 『환상록』의 체계에 뿌리를 두고 있다.

예이츠는 21개월 동안 가까운 친구며 시인이자 예술가인 T. 스터지 무어와 매혹적인 서신 교환을 하며 철학 논쟁을 한다. 철학 서신을 통해 그는 초판 󰡔환상록󰡕의 바탕이 되는 인식론 및 존재론적인 토대를 재점검한다. 무어와의 논쟁이 이어지는 동안 예이츠는 지각된 대상이 존재하는 곳이 마음속인가 밖인가에 대해 명확하게 밝힐 것을 끊임없이 요구받는다. 그는 버클리를 참조하면서 존재하는 것은 지각된 것이며, 물질적인 것은 없으며, 오직 정신적인 사건과 그것을 지각하는 사고방식이 있을 뿐이라는 사실을 재확인한다.

Reports indicate that in 2017, social commerce had become a 20 billion dollar industry. Given the developing world’s fatigue with social media, social commerce growth will likely be fueled by consumers from developing economies. While literature has investigated social commerce in the context of established brands in developed economies (e.g. Kim and Ko, 2012), it cannot yet explain consumers’ engagement with the uniqueness of social media commerce in developing economies. Social commerce in Southeast Asian economies are largely conducted amongst individuals or micro businesses. Since social media platforms largely do not provide commerce security nor support, consumers are more vulnerable to fraudulent practices. What factors motivate these purchases despite such risks? This study offers insights into how consumers’ motivated reasoning influences their willingness to purchase over social media. We focus on the social media store’s ease of use and perceived security as antecedents of trust. Specifically, we argue that perceiving a lack of ability to purchase from other channels would induce higher trust towards a social media store, despite low perceptions of ease and security of transaction. Data was collected from 224 Indonesian social media users who have been exposed to social media stores on Instagram. The findings suggest that when consumers perceive high control of how they could obtain desired goods, trust becomes a logical function of the perceived safety and ease of use of the shops. However, under low perceived control, consumers display high trust in social media shops despite not being convinced that they are safe nor easy to use. The findings extend our understanding about the antecedents of value creation in social commerce (Stephen and Toubia, 2010). Our results enrich prior literature by showing how motivated reasoning leads to biases in judgment to be in favor of desired goals (Blanton and Gerrard, 1997), and extends it in the novel context of social media commerce. Furthermore, by incorporating the literature on perceived behavioral control and motivated reasoning, the current study provides important empirical evidence for the presence of perceived control over alternate channels as a significant driver for trust towards social media shops. The current research also has a number of implications for social commerce providers in developing economies. This study shows that it is advantageous for managers to cultivate trust using interactivity and reliability to elicit a sense of security and ease of use. However, our findings also offers a caution for firms to not be lulled into a false sense of comfort by taking consumers’ trust at face value.

Virtual Reality (VR) is no longer only a buzzword, but pronounced to be the next revolutionary platform after PCs and smartphones (Bellini et al., 2016). Up to this point research on VR has been primarily focusing on virtual product experiences (e.g.Klein, 2003; Li, Daugherty, & Biocca, 2002) or brand experiences (e.g.Van Kerrebroeck, Brengman, & Willems, 2017), whereas no research using a VR in conjunction with service concepts or provider-consumer relationships could be found. However, with service characteristics such as intangibility and a high uncertainty in purchase decisions the new technology could prove very useful in supporting customers in their purchase decisions (Lovelock & Wirtz, 2011). VR is able to simulate the consumption more similar and closer to a direct experience than other media and is hence be able to support the customer in his decision decision. Furthermore, and induced by the feeling of telepresence or spatial presence customers are transported to the virtually created service environment and hence enabled to familiarize with the service and connect with the service provider prior to the actual consumption (Balasubramanian, Konana, & Menon, 2003). The theoretical foundation lies with the Construal Level Theory (CLT) and the concept of psychological distance. As Trope and Liberman (2010) induce, objects that are closer to one’s direct experience (low psychological distance) are mentally construed on a lower (more concrete) level and thus perceived with a lower psychological distance or in other words close from the self, here, and now (Liberman & Trope, 1998; Trope & Liberman, 2010). The study at hand shows a direct positive relationship between the level of telepresence and the participants’ construal level, enabling service providers to reduce the level of psychological distance to their consumers with the help of VR. Further, the positive relationship between construal level and participants’ level of trust, risk and perceived firm knowledge could be proven as significant with the data at hand. This is both supporting and extending the existing literature (Darke, Brady, Benedicktus, & Wilson, 2016; Edwards, Lee, & Ferle, 2009). The results contribute to an increasing interest of the potential of construal level theory application in a service environment and offer great potential for service practitioners to reduce psychological distance to their customers and in the following increase trust and reduce risk, both being very central challenges when it comes to the purchase decision for services.

It is not easy to detect East Asia’s presence in the field of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), despite its large economy. In addition to having less active foreign direct investment (FDI) relative to GDP and fewer investment treaties, East Asian economies and societies seem to possess certain characteristics that have contributed collectively to the dearth of ISDS cases in East Asia. Examples are the short history of international arbitration, the avoidance of litigation, the high proportion of state-owned enterprises in outward FDI from China, and the concentration of FDI in industries in which investor-state disputes are less likely to occur. This trend, however, is likely to change gradually with the ongoing socioeconomic changes in the region, including the increase in both outward and inward FDI, the increasing number of investment treaties, the growing familiarity with international (investment) arbitration among legal experts, the diversification of FDI, and the decreasing fear of administrative litigation.

The prices of premium brands of Single Malt Whisky have risen during the last years and the demand as well. The objective of this research is to check if a trading-up phenomenon can be observed within the industry and in which circumstances the clients are willing to pay more for premium brands of Single Malt Scotch Whisky given (1) situation of purchase (for yourself; for the birthday of a good friend; for a nice dinner to share with friends; for a present for your boss; for a party with friends who are non-connoisseurs); (2) distribution channels used to sell those premium brands (duty-free; Specialty Store and Super-market); (3) socio-demographics variable; (4) level of expertise and (5) for specific whisky attributes (among 14). The main results show that a consumer is willing to pay a higher price premium for his boss than for his friends. Attributes used to select whiskies are not the same depending the channels. In a specialty store, the premium factors the industry should develop to charge price premium are the cask number, bottling by independent or for commemorative event and bottles coming from closed distilleries whereas in duty-free, independent bottling, vintage and cask's origin and bottling for a specific country are key attributes. For Supermarket, private label is a way to charge higher price. Level of alcohol should not be too high. Level of expertise is strangely not influencing the willingness-to-pay price premium.

Storytelling has become increasingly of interest for marketing and management in the last years and promises both aesthetic design and effecting consumers’ perception of fashion brands positively. Nevertheless, the complexity of story design, still being rather focussed by the humanities, and its effective adaption for luxury fashion brands regarding value perception and related behavioural consequences are still poorly understood and have not been explored so far. We seek to fill this research gap. In our study, we chose a luxury brand’s existing story and applied story concepts of narratology to rearrange plot, characters, and style first. In a second step, we examined the effect of applying the story concepts by testing the perception of three different groups (no story, original story, and rearranged story). Using PLS path modelling, we proved our hypotheses empirically. Our examination suggests that an application of narrative concepts for creating fashion brand stories has a measurable impact on consumer’s reception and behavioural outcome. On the one hand, this involves dimensions of luxury value, such as financial, functional, individual, and social consumer perceptions as well as an overall likability perception of the brand. On the other hand, this perception obviously impacts consumption habits regarding luxury fashion as much as it is related to recommendation behaviour, willingness to pay a premium price, and purchase intentions. Our findings strongly advice to consult established theories, concepts, and models of the humanities for storytelling in marketing and management. While measuring specific elements already proves their applicability, it will be a major task for theoretical and qualitative research to discuss existing material for the demands of marketing and management as well as (fashion) brands. Even for professionals in brand management, our study advices to have a closer look on traditional storytelling concepts to create effective campaigns. The particular value of our study is to present and empirically verify design elements of storytelling with respect to theoretical narrative approaches, which may have specific impact on certain luxury values and their causal effects on luxury fashion consumption. Our results reflect remarkable implications for luxury brand management as well as future research in luxury fashion, brand management, and marketing storytelling. A luxury company may stimulate purchase behaviour with a storytelling campaign. Nevertheless our study proved that a rather appropriate design, respecting research approaches of narratology, is able to increase the impact on consumers’ perception and behavioural outcome.

In the initial genetic studies about pancreatitis in Korea, gene mutations were thought to be rare. However, the recent findings of PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR mutations in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis or inherited cases of chronic pancreatitis are much more common than originally predicted. Therefore, it is important to identify underlying genetic background in idiopathic chronic pancreatitis to avoid progression and development of complications. In addition, concentrated and strict follow-up must be given to the patients because of very high risk of pancreatic cancer. However, it is also true that studies about genetics in pancreatitis were not enough to compare with Western studies. Accordingly, further large scale studies are necessary to find other unknown possible genes that could be related to the chronic and hereditary pancreatitis.