The Toothbrush radio relic associated with the merging cluster 1RXS J060303.3 is presumed to be produced by relativistic electrons accelerated at merger-driven shocks. Since the shock Mach number inferred from the observed radio spectral index, Mradio  2:8, is larger than that estimated from X-ray observations, MX . 1:5, we consider the re-acceleration model in which a weak shock of Ms  1:2 - 1:5 sweeps through the intracluster plasma with a preshock population of relativistic electrons. We nd the models with a power-law momentum spectrum with the slope, s  4:6, and the cutoff Lorentz factor, e;c  7-8104 can reproduce reasonably well the observed proles of radio uxes and integrated radio spectrum of the head portion of the Toothbrush relic. This study conrms the strong connection between the ubiquitous presence of fossil relativistic plasma originated from AGNs and the shock-acceleration model of radio relics in the intracluster medium.

The basic instrument for oral hygiene is toothbrush. Many patents that are announced to enhance efficiency and convenience by changing shape and using new material. There are also patents regarding its various functions. This study, the purpose of study, was surveyed the toothbrush patents from 2005 to 2014. The patent search was done in site 'kipris' using keyword ‘toothbrush’. Among sorts of administrative measure, enrollment and extinction patents was searched, followed by classified patents into its shape, materials, function and electronic toothbrush. For the patents with function, detailed analysis was done. Total numbers of toothbrush patents decreased in 2006 to 2008, lowest in 2008, and steadily increased to 2014. The patents regarding shape was outnumbered material. Shape and material patents could be divided by handle portion and head portion patents, which patents of head portion is more than handle portion. The patents of function could be classified into certain situation or combinate functions to its natural function. Function patents increase with the ratio of total patents. For brush patents, they have a tendence of increase. In addition, from a shape and function, toothbrush patents going to be more variable. It choose small quantity batch production. From a shape of toothbrush, patents regarding head portion are going to increase. And it has a tendency to change the shape rather than the development of materials for efficiency of toothbrushing. Electronic toothbrush will be placed certain position, however, conventional toothbrush also will place large portion by estimating patent number and there be more progressive. Some patents will catch popularity like combination of brush and paste, replacement of brush head, attraction for toothbrushing, and hygiene tooth brush. Also disposable toothbrush and portable toothbrush are getting popularity along with social phenomenon.

어린이집 유아들이 사용하는 칫솔 및 양치 컵의 미생물오염도와 분리된 식중독 미생물의 독소 유전자 및 독소생산능력을 분석하여 칫솔과 양치 컵에 의해 발생할 수 있는 식중독을 예방하고자 칫솔 75개, 칫솔걸이 29개, 양치 컵 65개를 실험하였다. 일반세균수는 평균 5.3 log CFU 검출되었고 칫솔은 평균 6.7 log CFU 검출되어 가장 높은 오염도를 나타내었다. 대장균군은 칫솔 75건 중 41건 (54.7%), 칫솔걸이 29건 중 13건 (44.8%), 양치 컵 65건 중29건 (44.6%)에서 검출되었으며 진균수는 평균 3.2 log CFU 검출되었고 칫솔이 평균 4.6 log CFU 검출되어 칫솔의 대장균군, 진균 오염도가 가장 높게 나타났다. Salmonella spp.는 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았으나 B. cereus는 칫솔 75건 중 1건 (1.3%), 양치 컵 65건 중 2건 (3.1%)에서 검출되었고 S. aureus는 양치 컵 65건 중 1건 (1.5%)에서 검출되었다. 칫솔에서 분리된 B. cereus의 경우 nheA, nheB, nheC, hblC, hblD, hblA, entFM 등 7종의 설사독소 유전자가 검출되었고 양치 컵에서 분리된 B. cereus 2균주는 nheA, nheB, nheC, entFM 설사독소 유전자만 검출되었다. 칫솔에서 분리된 B. cereus의 경우 HBL, NHE 설사독소를 생산하였고 양치 컵에서 분리된 B. cereus 2균주는 모두 NHE 설사독소만을 생산하였다. B. cereus는 β-lactam계 항생제에 내성을 나타내었고 S. aureus는 ampicillin과 penicillin에만 내성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 대부분의 칫솔과 양치 컵이 양치 후 젖은 상태로 화장실에 보관되거나 젖은 상태로 자외선 살균고에서 살균되는 등 부적절한 보관가 살균방법이 주요 원인으로 분석되었다. 따라서 면역력이 취약한 어린이집 유아가 사용하는 칫솔 및 양치컵을 건조한 후 자외선 살균고 등을 이용 살균하여 상대습도가 낮은 건조한 곳에 보관하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Toothbrushes play an essential role in oral hygiene. However, they can be significant in microbial transmission and can increase the risk of infection, since they can serve as a reservoir for microorganisms in healthy, oral-diseased and medically ill adults. This study was conducted to evaluate toothbrush contamination in six toothbrushes donated from four people. Two participants each supplied two toothbrushes - one used in the bathroom and one used in the workplace. The other two people each donated two toothbrushes used in the workplace. Polymerase chain reaction was used to construct a 16S rRNA clone library. Sequences of cloned DNA were compared with those from the reference organisms provided by GenBank. A total 120 clones, representing 20 clones for each toothbrush, were analyzed. They are composed of six pylum, 46 genera and 79 species. The most dominant species were Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Enterobacter and Escherichia were recovered from toothbrushes used domestically. Toothbrushes used in the workplace did not contain Enterobacteria.

The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of tooth brushing patterns before and after education with a newly invented toothbrush. All participants performed toothbrushing on left lower first molar teeth for 10 seconds, using Modified bass method with the Newly invented toothbrush before education. After recording the brushing pattern, the participants were randomly classified into 1) Tell, 2) Tell-Show and 3) Tell-Show-Do group. After their education, toothbrushing patterns were recorded again. A comparative statistical analysis with a professional group was done by a one sample t-test. Each motion of toothbrushing was represented by Roll, Pitch and Yaw directions and pressure. After toothbrushing education, the Pitch, Roll direction and the value of pressure in all groups showed significantly similarity to the professional group. The Yaw direction appears to be improved after education, but the delineated motion was not considered to represent the Modified bass method. The patterns of each group were similar to the professional group as follows; Tell < Tell-Show < Tell-Show-Do. There was general evidence of higher educational effects by telling, monitoring and practical training. Finally, toothbrushing patterns were able to be analyzed by the Newly invented toothbrush correctly and quickly. This will contribute to the establishment of correct toothbrushing habits through public use.