Composite resins are developed as restorative materials to improve esthetics and mechanical properties. To improve the physical properties of resin material, resin filler have to be added. However, no imaging method is adopted for resin filler distribution. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a optical imaging technique to delineate microscopic structures within biological tissue. The OCT application to dental composites resin and its filler is not described yet. So, this new and advanced optical method is needed for clinical application for evaluation of dental composite resin. To analyze the spatial distribution of dental composite resin and to evaluate the resin restoration in cavity, frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) was used for their analysis. Resin restored tooth was prepared. For morphological observation, serially sectioned teeth, conventional X-ray taking and micro computed-tomography (CT) images were compared with OCT images. The experiment has done to evaluate the success of the resin restoration using 3 dimensional structure OCT image. In this research, OCT is evaluated as a new technique to image resin restoration. The evaluation of resin restored tooth was performed by OCT. Inappropriate restoration such as marginal adaptation, large porosities, internal integrity and poor contour could be detected. Resin filler also could be checked by OCT. The distribution, number, regularity and size of resin filler can be differentiated from several commercial products. Considering the characteristics of the OCT, it can be used to evaluate the defects of resin restoration, resin filler distribution, and internal integrity between resin material and tooth structure. The OCT can be considered to be a new and advanced method for the evaluation of resin restorations.

The basic instrument for oral hygiene is toothbrush. Many patents that are announced to enhance efficiency and convenience by changing shape and using new material. There are also patents regarding its various functions. This study, the purpose of study, was surveyed the toothbrush patents from 2005 to 2014. The patent search was done in site 'kipris' using keyword ‘toothbrush’. Among sorts of administrative measure, enrollment and extinction patents was searched, followed by classified patents into its shape, materials, function and electronic toothbrush. For the patents with function, detailed analysis was done. Total numbers of toothbrush patents decreased in 2006 to 2008, lowest in 2008, and steadily increased to 2014. The patents regarding shape was outnumbered material. Shape and material patents could be divided by handle portion and head portion patents, which patents of head portion is more than handle portion. The patents of function could be classified into certain situation or combinate functions to its natural function. Function patents increase with the ratio of total patents. For brush patents, they have a tendence of increase. In addition, from a shape and function, toothbrush patents going to be more variable. It choose small quantity batch production. From a shape of toothbrush, patents regarding head portion are going to increase. And it has a tendency to change the shape rather than the development of materials for efficiency of toothbrushing. Electronic toothbrush will be placed certain position, however, conventional toothbrush also will place large portion by estimating patent number and there be more progressive. Some patents will catch popularity like combination of brush and paste, replacement of brush head, attraction for toothbrushing, and hygiene tooth brush. Also disposable toothbrush and portable toothbrush are getting popularity along with social phenomenon.

Along with toothbrushes, toothpaste has been used for a long time to improve the personal oral hygiene. Toothpaste was firstly introduced to Korea through as a form of powder by the Japanese company Lion Corporation in 1889 and in 1954, the LakHee Chemistry company released Korea’ s first ever tube type cream toothpaste called lucky toothpaste, and afterwards we got to where we are today in terms of toothpaste. As a variety of products are released and customer choices become more diverse, there needs to be a development of toothpaste that can fulfill customers’ needs and requests. Therefore, this study analyzes toothpastes and related patents submitted to the Patent Office from 1962 to June 2015, thereby examining the changes in toothpaste development trends up to the present day. This study was searched using the keyword ‘toothpaste’ in the patent, utility model search engine at Kipris(www.kipris.or.kr), a patent search site, and categorized a total of 2,465 patents, which excluded those rejected by the Patent Office and those unrelated to toothpaste, using titles, full texts of publications and announcements. Research results showed that in the past, from 1960 to 1989, patents related to toothpaste containers took up the highest ratio of 35%. However, after 1990, patents pertaining to toothpaste composites and functionality made up the highest percentage of 54%, and from 2010 to 2015, it occupied 72% of the whole; therefore, we analyzed in detail the patents related to composites and functionality. Taking a look at the objectives and effects of patents having to do with composites and functionality, we found out that from 1964 to June 2015, patents related to Base, a basic component of toothpaste, and those having to do with periodontal disease took up the highest percentages of 25% each, and from 2010~2015 in particular, patents concerning periodontal diseases were submitted 3% more than those about Base. Composites aiming to prevent and treat periodontal diseases can be divided into four different categories, based on components; among those, there were a total of 171 (57%) patents related to living organism and herbal medicine extracts, 107 (36%) patents using compounds, 16 (5%) patents using bamboo salt as well as salt, and 5 (2%) patents using mineral components such as gold, silver. Looking at these investigation results, it can be thought that with the increasing development of toothpaste related to periodontal diseases, there’ s a great amount of interest about toothpaste of effective periodontal disease prevention and treatment purposes. Along with this, we thought that research about how effective periodontal disease toothpastes actually are is also necessary.

cording to histopathological characteristics. One is composite tumor, and the other is collision tumor. Composite tumor is a lesion showing the combined histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized tumor and/or cysts of different categories. Two constituent parts are mixed with each other, and histological transition is often observed. On the other hand, collision tumor is a lesion showing the independent histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized tumor and/or cysts of different categories. Two constituent parts are separated each other by connective tissue, and histological transition is not observed. Their origin is still unclear. In this study, a collision tumor was reported. 77-year old woman was referred to CNUH with a neck mass in right submandibular area. Incisional biopsy was carried out, and the patient was diagnosed as collision tumor of squamous cell carcinoma and neurofibroma. After reviewing studies reporting collision tumor from head and neck area, formation of a collision tumor was most frequent from a cervical area and average age is 59.6. A collision tumor commonly lead to misdiagnosis, and the prognosis is not always transparent. The variety symptom of collision tumor has to be kept in mind in the diagnosis and treatment of the lesions in head and neck area.

Korea represents high suicide rate by poisoning. Especially, since a lot of people died by high concentrated paraquat which has extremely high fatality rate, paraquat sales were prohibited in 2012. We investigated to find out how the prohibition of sales affected occurrence of pesticide poisoned patients and what kinds of influences did it have for severity and death rate. By targeting patients who visited emergency room by pesticide poisoning from 2010 to 2014, we researched insecticides poisoned patients and herbicidal poisoned patients grouped into 9 categories. Before and after 2012, We compared A term (2010, 2011) and B term (2013, 2014)’s pesticide occurrence, especially distribution of herbicide occurrence and compared hospitalization rate, hospitalization period, length of stay in ICU (Intensive Care Unit), severity, and death rate. The number of insecticide patients was 219 (37.4%) and the number of herbicide patients was 367 (62.6%) who visited emergency room in five years and the rate was similar every year. In case of paraquat, there was 70.5% decrease by 105 people for A term and 31 people for B term and increase of double for glyphosate, glufosinate, and other herbicides. The death rate was decreased but hospitalization was increased. There weren’t any difference of rate in ICU admission, intubation and ventilator therapy. By prohibition of using paraquat, the death rate by pesticide poisoning was decreased. However, patients who poisoned by other herbicides were increased, so hospitalization rate increased and there weren’t any difference at patient’s severity rates.

Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a wild medicinal plant commonly consumed in South Korea due to its beneficial health effects. In this study, the antimutagenic and immunological activities of E. koreanum Nakai extracts were investigated for their use in food. In the immunomodulating activity, the effects of E. koreanum Nakai on the B cell (Rhamos) and T cell (Molt-4) were investigated. The results showed that the growth and viability of the B and T cells were increased and activated more in the ethylacetate (1.35 and 1.48 times) and water fraction (1.30 and 1.40 times), respectively. In the Ames test, none of the fractions produced a mutagenic effect on Salmonella. typhimurium TA98 and TA 100. The ethylacetate fraction showed a strong antimutagenic effect (98%) on and a high butanol fraction (84%) of B(α)P in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. In 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), all the solvent fractions showed an over 70% antimutagenic effect, except for the chloroform extract. Especially, ethylacetate and butanol showed strong inhibition of the mutagenic effects (80 and 90%) on 4NQO in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. These results provide preliminary data for the development of E. koreanum Nakai as an edible food material.

예로부터 삼지구엽초는(Epimedium koreanum Nakai)는 한방에서 강장, 강정, 이뇨 등의 약재로 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는, 삼지구엽초의 주성분인 icariin의 함량에 따른 항돌연변이 및 면역활성을 탐색하여 향후 기능성 식품소재로서 활용하고자 하였다. Ames test 결과, icariin 함량에 따른 삼지구엽초 추출물은 TA98 및 TA100 균주 모두에서 집락수가 음성대조군에 비하여 농도 변화에 따른 집락수의 큰 변화를 나