Purpose: This study aims to improve nursing students’ competency through evidence-based nursing simulation education. Simulations included blood transfusion care for cancer patients, pneumothorax post-op care, and blood pressure control for hypertension care. Moreover, the study investigated the effects of simulations on anxiety, self-confidence, and student satisfaction with the learning experience. Method: Participants completed a survey on student satisfaction, self-confidence, and anxiety. A prospective, one-group, pre- and post-test design of 135 fourth-grade nursing students was used. A simulation scenario was developed according to the design. It consisted of pre-briefing, practice, serial tests, and debriefing. A simulation of three scenarios comprised blood transfusion care for cancer patients, pneumothorax post-op care, and blood pressure control for hypertension care. Twenty hours of evidence-based nursing simulation practicum consisting of three scenarios dealing with major adult diseases was conducted. Result: Students showed significant improvements over time in self-confidence (t=4.67, p<.001), student satisfaction (t=3.94, p<.001), and anxiety (t=-4.63, p<.001) after the evidence-based nursing simulation. Conclusion: Simulation of evidence-based education may be a useful and effective learning strategy. Nursing educators can design evidence-based simulation programs to improve educational effectiveness.

The main purposes of this study were to identify the factors affecting the supercooling property and to improve the possibility of supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables. Freezing point and nucleation temperature, moisture content, hardness, sugar content, and pH of nineteen fruits and vegetables were measured and Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Freezing point showed a statistically significant correlation with moisture content and sugar content (p<0.01), while ice nucleation temperature showed a correlation (p<0.05) only for sugar content. In particular, the water content and sugar content did not show any correlation with the freezing supercooling difference (FSD). From the correlation analysis between FSD, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold, FSD showed a correlation (p<0.01) with aerobic bacteria. The experiments of the saline solutions inoculated with aerobic bacteria at different concentrations showed FSDs of about 2 for saline inoculated with 9.4 log CFU/mL and about 6 for saline inoculated lower than 5 log CFU/mL. Therefore, the aerobic bacteria concentration was determined to be a key factor affecting the supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables.

The variations of internal temperature, relative humidity (RH) and gas concentration in the pallet modified atmosphere package (MAP), using polyamide (PA) film and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film, were investigated to extend the shelf life of tomatoes and paprikas. The temperature and RH inside the MAP were higher than that in the cold room, but there was no water condensation inside the MA film. The ethylene concentration in the MAP was maintained below 10 ppm. Oxygen level was stabilized at 2 to 5% during the storage and carbon dioxide level was also stabilized at 15 to 20%. The weight loss of the MAP tomatoes and paprikas was lower than that of the control because the RH in the pallet MAP was higher than that of the cold room. The fungal decay rate in the pallet MAP was also lower than that in the control due to a low oxygen concentration rate. There were no significant differences in the soluble solids, titratable acidity and Hunter’s color, but differences did exist in the hardness between the MAP and the control. So, this pallet MAP method was effective at extending the shelf life of tomatoes and paprikas considering the weight loss, fungal decay and hardness.

The quality and the nutritional ingredients and the functional activation of Nypa fruticans flower stalk was evaluated in this research. It consisted of 7.5% of water, 13.56% of crude protein, 0.84% of crude fat, 9.25% of crude ash, and 68.85% of carbohydrate. 12 kinds of minerals were identified, where the top 3 of them being K, Cl, and Na in order. There were a total of 15 types of amino acid analyzed, with the main amino acids of arginine 30.25%, aspartic acid 26.90%, and glutamic acid 17.12%. Total polyphenol content was 20,190.73 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid content was 71.73 mg/100 g. The IC50 for DPPH radical scavenging ability was 0.017±0.00 mg/mL for Nypa fruticans Wurmb flower stalk, 0.672±0.01 mg/mL for blueberry, and 1.282±0.03 mg/mL for ginseng. The IC50 for ABTS radical scavenging ability was 0.070±0.00 mg/mL for Nypa fruticans Wurmb flower stalk, 2.918±0.13 mg/mL for blueberry, and 4.131±0.24 mg/mL for ginseng. For this reason, it is considered that containing plenty of polyphenol and antioxidant, Nypa fruticans Wurmb is related to antiinflammation. This research will contribute to production of functional foods and high value materials using Nypa fruticans Wurmb.

In modern Chinese, nouns act as adverbials, which are very special grammatical phenomena. Nouns as adverbials refer to the question of whether or not the adverbials mark "de(地)". By means of syntactic and semantic analysis, common nouns of table time, place and position are used as adverbials without markedness. By the constraints of context, weaker means the meaning of reference expression tools and compares. The common names of people, animals and objects, This is the ancient Chinese syntax structure of the results of the grammaticalization. In modern Chinese, abstract nouns act as adverbials, which are related to the "subjectivity" of linguistic typology. These abstract nouns carry the semantical case of mark "de(地)" to express subjective meaning. In particular, it was manner adverbial that the common nouns are expressed in the form of juxtaposition, and the quantity structure is expressed by the reduplication structures. Nominal component modified action behavior whether there is mark divisded into two kind of meanings in the semantic for the objective and subjective sense. Objective meaning refers to the speaker has nothing to do and Subjective meaning refers to the speaker's subjective beliefs and attitudes associated with the significance. The reduplication structure and the noun juxtaposition structure express the subjective meaning, while the preposition structure does not have the subjective and objective points. It only expresses the semantic meaning of the prepositive markings which have been completely grammaticalization.

Composite resins are developed as restorative materials to improve esthetics and mechanical properties. To improve the physical properties of resin material, resin filler have to be added. However, no imaging method is adopted for resin filler distribution. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a optical imaging technique to delineate microscopic structures within biological tissue. The OCT application to dental composites resin and its filler is not described yet. So, this new and advanced optical method is needed for clinical application for evaluation of dental composite resin. To analyze the spatial distribution of dental composite resin and to evaluate the resin restoration in cavity, frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) was used for their analysis. Resin restored tooth was prepared. For morphological observation, serially sectioned teeth, conventional X-ray taking and micro computed-tomography (CT) images were compared with OCT images. The experiment has done to evaluate the success of the resin restoration using 3 dimensional structure OCT image. In this research, OCT is evaluated as a new technique to image resin restoration. The evaluation of resin restored tooth was performed by OCT. Inappropriate restoration such as marginal adaptation, large porosities, internal integrity and poor contour could be detected. Resin filler also could be checked by OCT. The distribution, number, regularity and size of resin filler can be differentiated from several commercial products. Considering the characteristics of the OCT, it can be used to evaluate the defects of resin restoration, resin filler distribution, and internal integrity between resin material and tooth structure. The OCT can be considered to be a new and advanced method for the evaluation of resin restorations.

The basic instrument for oral hygiene is toothbrush. Many patents that are announced to enhance efficiency and convenience by changing shape and using new material. There are also patents regarding its various functions. This study, the purpose of study, was surveyed the toothbrush patents from 2005 to 2014. The patent search was done in site 'kipris' using keyword ‘toothbrush’. Among sorts of administrative measure, enrollment and extinction patents was searched, followed by classified patents into its shape, materials, function and electronic toothbrush. For the patents with function, detailed analysis was done. Total numbers of toothbrush patents decreased in 2006 to 2008, lowest in 2008, and steadily increased to 2014. The patents regarding shape was outnumbered material. Shape and material patents could be divided by handle portion and head portion patents, which patents of head portion is more than handle portion. The patents of function could be classified into certain situation or combinate functions to its natural function. Function patents increase with the ratio of total patents. For brush patents, they have a tendence of increase. In addition, from a shape and function, toothbrush patents going to be more variable. It choose small quantity batch production. From a shape of toothbrush, patents regarding head portion are going to increase. And it has a tendency to change the shape rather than the development of materials for efficiency of toothbrushing. Electronic toothbrush will be placed certain position, however, conventional toothbrush also will place large portion by estimating patent number and there be more progressive. Some patents will catch popularity like combination of brush and paste, replacement of brush head, attraction for toothbrushing, and hygiene tooth brush. Also disposable toothbrush and portable toothbrush are getting popularity along with social phenomenon.

This study is a theoretical research to investigate a methodological framework for analyzing the representation of women in fashion photography. For this study, this article attempts to develop a conceptual framework of the visual representation system through Lacan’s gaze theory, and analyze the representational aspects of women configured by gendered characteristics in the visual representation system. Structuralizing the visual representation system based on that theory, the gaze, the image/screen, and the subject of representation in the Lacan’s triangle diagram are replaced by the camera as the signifier of gaze, the representational image, and the seeing subject respectively. In the visual representation system, the camera creates a male-oriented visual field and structures a relationship of gendered power between male gaze as the seeing subject and female eye as an object to be seen. Looking into the representational aspects of women in this visual representation system structuralized by male gaze, women are represented in a way that reflects male desire through masquerade to comply with the patriarchal gaze, or differences that emphasizes the uniqueness and autonomy of women released from a patriarchal discourse. This study would be significant in that it provides theoretical basis for an analytic approach to the representation of women in fashion photography which we accept as a fixed one through the ideology of naturalization.

Reduplication is a important way to coumpound words. The two kinds of redupli cation in the Chinese and Korean. are namely morphological reduplication and pho nological reduplication. These two kinds of reduplications does not affect each oth er. Reduplication can be divided into total reduplication and partial reduplication, it 's found in every language，samely existent both in Chines and Korean. As well kn own, Korean basic word order has agglutinatiing languages, partial reduplication ha s a number of ways, but Chinese basic word order has isolating languages, redupli cation is very simple. senses of nouns reduplication includes plurality and distributi on. senses of verbs reduplication include continuity and repeat, senses of adjects r eduplication include affecton and derogatorysence/contempt. Other than the senses of adjects and adverbs reduplication include intensity. However, more attention sho uld be paid that partial reduplications comes from total reduplications.

This study is a survey of regulatees' perception on main contents and enforcement effect of the Act, the retailers at food stores within Green Food Zone, for the effective enforcement of “The Special Act on the Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life” legislated in 2008. Percentage, frequency analysis, and T-test are derived from the survey carried out to the 175 retailers at food stores within Green Food Zone, across the country except Jejudo, for the two months March and April of 2011. The survey results are as follows. Over 80% of the respondents are aware of comprehensive policy for child food safety and the enforcement of 'the Special Act' and considering the rate of satisfaction on food safety information provided by government, over 90% of the respondents, virtually most of them, are satisfied. The rate of awareness of Green Food Zone is about 80% and that of outstanding business for children is about 50%, showing little perception of it. The comparison of the survey result of 2011 with that of 2010, which have the same questions to the retailers within Green Food Zone, still indicates a need for enhancement of understanding on absolute standard, though it showed fairly better improvement in general. Several proposals are given in this study based on the survey results, which will contribute to the children food safety and health improvement in the end.

본 연구는 차세대 에너지원으로 주목 받고 있는 직접메탄올연료전지(Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC)에 대해 mutiscale 기법을 사용하여 DMFC의 MEA부분에 대한 상세 모델링 및 전산모사를 통한 이론적 고찰을 시도하였다. 본 연구에서 이용한 multiscale 모델링 방법은 공정시스템 공학의 kinetic 중심의 모델링 방법과 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)의 유동중심의 모델링 방법을 유기적으로 결합하여 모사 중간에 필요한 데이터 교환을 함으로써 정확한 모델링 및 전산모사 결과를 얻었다. CFD 모델링으로 유체 이동현상을 3차원으로 해석하였고, 동시에 복잡한 비선형 대수방정식으로 표현되는 반응속도, 전기화학반응을 DAE (Differential & Algebraic Equation) solver로 계산하였다. 모델은 메탄올의 산화반응과 산소의 환원반응을 중심으로 MEA (Membrane Electorde Assembly)부분에서 물리화학적, 전기적 현상 현상을 규명하고, 반응 메커니즘을 구성하였다. MEA 모델은 3차원 공간에서 변위를 가지는 3차원 모델로 구성하였으며, 정상상태 및 등온공정의 조건하에 수립되었다. 이를 통해 channel을 포함한 MEA 부분에서 발생되는 물리적, 화학적, 전기적 현상을 정확히 예측 할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 수행된 결과는 DMFC의 실험계획 및 운전조건을 도출함에 있어 매우 유용한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 추가적인 연구를 통해 DMFC의 상용화에 크게 이바지 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

교정교육은 수형자의 성공적인 사회복귀를 위해 이루어지는 일련의 교화활동을 의미한다. 그러나 교정교육은 수형자 개개인이 가지고 있는 문제의 다양성과 문제해결에 요구되는 기법의 다양성 등으로 그 어느 교육보다 어렵고 힘들며 효과 또한 쉽게 나타나지 않는다는 특성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 교정교육이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 문제행동 특성을 중심으로 실행 가능한 다양한 교육 프로그램이 개발되어야 한다. 이와 관련하여 상습적으로 규율을 위반함으로써 수용질서를 문란하게 하고 출소 후에는 재범을 반복하는 고위험 수형자를 위한 집중 프로그램을 개발, 실시하였다. 교정심리검사, 수용생활 파일, 설문조사 등을 통하여 상습규율위반자 특성을 조사해 본 결과, 이들은 대부분 높은 공격적 성향과 낮은 자존감을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자존감향상을 목적으로 하는 교육 프로그램을 실시해 본 결과 비합리적 신념에 유의미한 변화가 있었고 교정심리검사에서도 T점수가 낮아지는 등 효과가 예고되었다. 현장경험을 기초로 개발된 이러한 집중교육 프로그램은 상습규율위반자의 심리적 문제해결과 향후 유사한 프로그램 개발에 많은 기여를 할 것이다.

교정교육은 수형자의 성공적인 사회복귀를 위해 이루어지는 일련의 교화활동을 의미한다. 그러나 교정교육은 수형자 개개인이 가지고 있는 문제의 다양성 과 문제해결에 요구되는 기법의 다양성 등으로 그 어느 교육보다 어렵고 힘들며 효과 또한 쉽게 나타나지 않는다는 특성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 교정교육이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 문제행동 특성을 중심으로 실행 가능한 다양한 교육 프로그램이 개발되어야 한다. 이와 관련하여 상습적으로 규율을 위반함으로써 수용질서를 문란하게 하고 출소 후에는 재범을 반복하는 고위험 수형자를 위한 집중 프로그램을 개발, 실시하였다. 교정심리검사, 수용생활 파일, 설문조사 등을 통하여 상습규율위반자 특성을 조사해 본 결과, 이들은 대부분 높은 공격적 성향과 낮은 자존감을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자존감향상을 목적으로 하는 교육 프로그램을 실시해 본 결과 비합리적 신념에 유의미한 변화가 있었고 교정심리검사에서도 T점수가 낮아지는 등 효과가 예고되었다. 현장 경험을 기초로 개발된 이러한 집중교육 프로그램은 상습규율위반자의 심리적 문제해결과 향후 유사한 프로그램 개발에 많은 기여를 할 것이다.

This paper tries to find out the historical development of news reporting styles of the New York Times (1851-2005) by investigating the types and frequencies of reporting verbs and quoting methods. In the 1850s, when the New York Times was first founded, the reporting style was close to that of personal narratives. Starting from the 1880s, however, the frequency of quoting increased and so did the number of types of reporting verbs. Three methods of quoting were identified from the database: direct speech, indirect speech, and partial quoting. Overall, indirect speech (or, indirect quoting) increased more than direct speech (or, direct quoting) and partial quoting began to be utilized later than the other two quoting methods, peaking its frequency between 1945 and 1975. Evaluation verbs were widely used as reporting verbs in the press release report of political and diplomatic affairs. The use of evaluation verbs is interpreted as an instance of overt involvement in the narrative of the reporter. In addition, the reporter used the partial quoting method as a way of covert involvement. And resources for involvement have been continuously developed and sophisticated. In particular, use of evaluation verbs and partial quoting seems to be a major tool for reporters' involvement in the news narrative.

This study intended to review the historical changing procedure of zai on a same format and different utilities, All those different usages are coded as zai₁ zai₂, zai₃, zai₄. zai₁ is part of predicate as existent verb; zai₂ is typical " unaction verb; zai₃ used as a proposition accompany with place, time and condition. zai₄ roles s as an adverb in front of the verb-function. his paper studied how these various functions of zai occurred by what types of grammaticalization and reanalysis. That is, the grammaticalization of zai₂ from zai₃ reveals from unaction verb to preposition: Reanalysis of zai₃ to zai₄. By searching whether the remained meaning of zai still exsit during the procedure, concluded that not only the meaning but also the composition of VP also affects to the change of grammatic structure.