Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was one of widely used per- and poly substances(PFAS) in the industrial field and its concentration in the surface and groundwater was found with relatively high concentration compared to other PFAS. Since various processes have been introduced to remove the PFOA, adsorption using GAC is well known as a useful and effective process in water and wastewater treatment. Surface modification for GAC was carried out using Cu and Fe to enhance the adsorption capacity and four different adsorbents, such as GAC-Cu, GAC-Fe, GAC-Cu(OH)2, GAC-Fe(OH)3 were prepared and compared with GAC. According to SEM-EDS, the increase of Cu or Fe was confirmed after surface modification and higher weight was observed for Cu and Fe hydroxide(GAC-Cu(OH)2 and GAC-Fe(OH)3, respectively). BET analysis showed that the surface modification reduced specific surface area and total pore volumes. The highest removal efficiency(71.4%) was obtained in GAC-Cu which is improved by 17.9% whereas the use of Fe showed lower removal efficiency compared to GAC. PFOA removal was decreased with increase of solution pH indicating electrostatic interaction governs at low pH and its effect was decreased when the point of zero charges(pzc) was negatively increased with an increase of pH. The enhanced removal of PFOA was clearly observed in solution pH 7, confirming the Cu in the surface of GAC plays a role on the PFOA adsorption. The maximum uptake was calculated as 257 and 345 μg/g for GAC and GAC-Cu using Langmuir isotherm. 40% and 80% of removal were accomplished within 1 h and 48 h. According to R2, only the linear pseudo-second-order(pso) kinetic model showed 0.98 whereas the others obtained less than 0.870.

This study measured the quality characteristics of Yulmu-added kimchi with different manufacturing methods to present primary data for the food development of kimchi and the optimal Yulmu manufacturing method. pH, salinity, and soluble solids tended to decrease during the storage period in all sample groups. The chromaticity differed depending on the mixing ratio of the material, and WYS showed the highest values for all L, a, and b values. Total polyphenol content and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were higher in the Yulmu-added sample groups than in the control group. Citric acid was reduced in range in the control group and all sample groups during the storage period, and lactic acid tended to increase in content in all sample groups. The dietary fiber content was higher in the Yulmu-added sample group than in the control group during storage. As a result, it was found that Yulmu-added kimchi had higher total phenol content, antioxidant properties, and dietary fiber content than the control group. YFF, YF, and WYF were found to be excellent, confirming their nutritional value, and are considered suitable for developing healthy and functional food materials for kimchi.

This study measured coffee’s quality and antioxidant properties by adding sweet sapphire grapes with different extraction conditions to develop materials for a new, healthy, functional coffee menu. As for pH, the control group showed a higher value than the sample group, and ES-SP was the highest at 11.47±0.06oBrix in the soluble solid content. As for organic acids, ES-SP showed the highest values in shikimic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid. In glucose and fructose, ES-SP showed high contents of 19236.80 mg/ml and 24578.21 mg/ml among sample groups. Trigonelin and chlorogenic acid showed the highest values of ES-SP at 1349.44±0.50 mg/mL and 1132.58±0.51 mg/mL. In caffeine, the control group and ES-SP showed high content. In DPPH, all sample groups showed higher values than the control group. The total phenol content was the highest in the control and ES-SP groups. As a result of the above espresso extraction conditions, coffee has high organic acid, free sugar, trigonelin, chlorogenic acid, antioxidant, and total polyphenol content, providing suitable manufacturing method for developing coffee menus using sweet sapphire.

The consumption of ready-to-eat side dishes is rapidly growing in South Korea. These foods are particularly vulnerable to microbiological contamination as they are often cooked without any treatment, such as heating or stored at room temperature after cooking. Hence, in 2022, we analyzed the ready-to-eat side dishes sold in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea for microbiological contamination. We collected 100 samples from supermarkets in 7 cities, and then examined them for presence of food-borne pathogens and sanitary indicator bacteria. In the analysis of the food-borne pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens were isolated from 51 samples (51.0%) and 3 samples (3.0%), respectively. However, both quantitatively met the Korean Food Standards Codex. Genes of five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin were analyzed from the 51 isolated B. cereus strains. We detected enterotoxin entFM (100.0%), nheA (94.1%), hblC (58.8%), cytK (56.9%), and bceT (41.2%) in 51 isolates, and emetic toxin gene, CER, in only one (2.0%) isolate. We did not detect C. perfringens toxin gene (cpe) that causes food poisoning in any one of the three C. perfringens isolates. In the case of sanitary indicator bacteria, Kimchi had the highest levels of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms, followed by Saengchae, Jeotgal, Jeolim, Namul, and Jorim, respectively. We counted total aerobic bacteria at two different storage temperatures (4oC and 20oC) to determine the effect of storage temperature. When stored at 20oC, total aerobic bacteria count increased in most of the ready-to-eat side dishes, except for Jeotgal. This result conclusively shows the need for refrigerating the ready-to-eat side dishes after purchase. Further research is needed to assess the risk and safety of the ready-to-eat side dishes available in the market and determine appropriate safety management practices.

본 연구의 목적은 여자 대학생 태권도 선수들의 선수 경력, 대회 참가빈도가 운동몰입에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 데 있다. 본 연구의 대상은 여자 대학 태권도 선수 20명이다. 선수 경력과 대회 참가빈도 는 4점 척도로 조사하였고, 1점에서 4점으로 점수가 높으면 높을수록, 선수 경력과 대회 참가빈도가 높음 을 의미한다. 운동몰입에 대한 평가는 운동몰입척도를 활용하였다. 운동몰입척도는 총 8문항으로 행위 몰 입 4문항과 인지 몰입 4문항으로 구성되어있고, 5점 리커트 척도를 활용하여 평정하며, 점수가 높으면 높 을수록 운동몰입 수준이 높음을 의미한다. 그 결과 대회 참가 빈도와 운동몰입 간에 정적 (+) 상관관계와 인과관계가 나타났다. 선수 경력은 부적 (-) 인과관계를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 대회 참가빈도가 높을수록 운동몰입 수준이 증가하며, 선수 경력이 길수록 운동몰입 수준이 감소한다고 설명할 수 있다. 따라서, 여자 대학 태권도 선수들의 운동몰입 수준을 향상시키기 위해 대회 참가 빈도와 선수 경력을 고려해야 할 것이 다.

본 연구는 여대생을 대상으로 코로나19 스트레스가 월경전증후군에 미치는 영향과 우울과 월경 전증후군 대처의 매개효과를 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자는 S시에 소재한 C대학에 재 학 중인 여대생을 대상으로 2021년 11월 11일에서 11월 30일까지 20일간 온라인 설문조사를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 총 161부에 대한 자료를 분석한 연구결과 코로나19 스트레스는 월경전증후군(r=.383, p<.001), 우울(r=.436, p<.001)과 양의 상관관계가 있었으며, 월경전증후군 대처는 월경전증후군에서만 상 관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다(r=.190, p=.016). 코로나19 스트레스와 월경전증후군 사이의 우울 및 월 경전증후군 대처의 매개효과를 확인한 결과 코로나19 스트레스는 월경전증후군(β=4.907, p=.002), 우울 (β=6.780, p<.001)에 대한 직접효과가 유의하였으며, 우울은 월경전증후군에(β=.383, p=<.001), 월경전 증후군 대처는 월경전증후군(β=4.292, p=.030)에 각각 직접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 코로나19 스트 레스와 월경전증후군의 관계에서 매개작용을 검증하기 위한 간접효과에서는 우울을 경유하는 경로에서만 통계적으로 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다(95% CI, 1.282-4.140). 따라서 코로나19 등의 신종 전 염병 유행 및 팬데믹 상황을 대비하여 코로나19 스트레스와 같은 관련 스트레스를 관리하여 우울을 감소시 키고 월경전증후군 증상을 완화하기 위한 중재전략 개발이 필요하다.

선박의 안전운항을 도모하기 위한 필수적 요소 중 하나인 복원성 확보에 대한 항해사의 해기지식은 선박의 대형화 및 자율운 항선박 출현 등 선박 기술의 진보와 더불어 향상되고 개선되어야 한다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 항해사를 대상으로 복원성에 관한 설문 조사를 수행하였고, 일반적 특성을 이용하여 경험적 인지도를 통계분석하였다. 분석 결과, 복원성 기준의 이해도에서 상위직급에서는 높 은 이해도를 갖고 있었으며, 특정 선종에 대한 특별 기준에 대한 이해는 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 전체 응답자의 87.6%가 복원성 평가의 수단으로 Loading computer를 활용하고 있었다. 현장에서 복원성 평가 방법으로 GM 활용이 평균 3.891/5.000점으로 가장 높았으며, 주로 GM과 복원성 기준으로 복원성 확보여부를 판단하였다. 복원성 부족 시, 항해사는 주로 평형수 보충을 통하여 개선하였으며, 소각도 타각 사용으로 안전을 확보하는 운항적 경향도 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 선박 복원성에 대한 항해사의 경험적 인지도를 평가함으로써, 향후 운 항자 중심의 복원성에 관한 교육 개선 및 연구에 중요한 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

우리나라는 기상 악화 속에서 감항성이 확보된 선박만이 항해할 수 있도록 선박출항을 해사안전법에 근거하여 통제하고 있으 나 통제 대상선박 지정에 대한 과학적 평가 결과 및 정량적 근거가 미비하여, 항행안전의 확보와 합리적 출항통제 운영을 위한 개선 의견 이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 풍랑 주의보 발효 시 주요 통제대상 선종인 예인선의 실선계측을 통해, 현행 출항통제 기준의 적정성을 평 가하고 현실성 있게 개선될 수 있도록 정량적 근거를 제시하는 것에 연구 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 예인선에 선박의 3축 운동과 선체가속 도를 측정하는 Sensor를 설치하여 유의파고 3m인 해역 내에서 운항하여 선체운동 성능을 계측하였고, 계측된 수치를 내항성능 평가요소 및 한계 값 기준을 바탕으로 비교 분석하였다. 실측 선박은 톤수에 따른 현행 통제기준에서 제외되었으나, 분석 결과 Pitch 값이 Operation 기준을 넘어 항행안전에 위험성이 존재하였다. 본 연구 결과는 선박 출항통제 대상에 대한 검토와 다양한 선종 및 제원을 대표할 수 있는 추가적 실측연구가 필요함을 시사한다.

Boron carbide (B4C) is highly significant in the production of lightweight protective materials when added to aluminum owing to its exceptional mechanical properties. In this study, a method for fabricating Al-B4C composites using high-energy ball milling and directed energy deposition (DED) is presented. Al-4 wt.% B4C composites were fabricated under 21 different laser conditions to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties at different values of laser power and scan speeds. The composites fabricated at a laser power of 600 W and the same scan speed exhibited the highest hardness and generated the fewest pores. In contrast, the composites fabricated at a laser power of 1000 W exhibited the lowest hardness and generated a significant number of large pores. This can be explained by the influence of the microstructure on the energy density at different values of laser power.

The Ag/WC electrical contacts were prepared via powder metallurgy using 60 wt% Ag, 40 wt% WC, and small amounts of Co3O4 with varying WC particle sizes. After the fabrication of the contact materials, microstructure observations confirmed that WC-1 had an average grain size (AGS) of 0.27 μm, and WC-2 had an AGS of 0.35 μm. The Ag matrix in WC-1 formed fine grains, whereas a significantly larger and continuous growth of the Ag matrix was observed in WC-2. This indicates the different flow behaviors of liquid Ag during the sintering process owing to the different WC sizes. The electrical conductivities of WC-1 and WC-2 were 47.8% and 60.4%, respectively, and had a significant influence on the Ag matrix. In particular, WC-2 exhibited extremely high electrical conductivity owing to its large and continuous Ag-grain matrix. The yield strengths of WC-1 and WC-2 after compression tests were 349.9 MPa and 280.7 MPa, respectively. The high yield strength of WC-1 can be attributed to the Hall–Petch effect, whereas the low yield strength of WC-2 can be explained by the high fraction of high-angle boundaries (HAB) between the WC grains. Furthermore, the relationships between the microstructure, electrical/mechanical properties, and deformation mechanisms were evaluated.

Miae Ahn (2023). “A Study of the /ㅜ/ Replacement of /ㅗ/ in Korean Messenger Corpus”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(2), 157-176. This study examines the realization of the /ㅜ/ replacement of /ㅗ/ observed at the end of words in the messenger conversation corpus(MCC), comparing it with the results from the “Seoul Corpus(SC; Yoon Y. K. 2020)”. In the "MCC", the frequency of /ㅜ/ replacement of /ㅗ/ was investigated in the following order: postposition, connection ending, and adverbs. Among these, adverbs exhibited the highest realization rate for the /ㅜ/ replacement. In contrast, connection ending and surveys in the SC showed similar frequencies (43.8%, 52.1%). The /ㅜ/ replacement rate for connection ending was found to be 43.8%, while for surveys and adverbs, it was 52.1% and 51.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the /ㅜ/ replacement rate of /ㅗ/ was consistently high in all linguistic contexts in the "SC" However, the text-based "MCC" exhibited a lower realization rate for the /ㅜ/ replacement of /ㅗ/ compared with to the natural speech. This discrepancy is attributed to the influence of text-based conversations, which incorporatesphonetic notation consciousness reflecting linguistic norms and the phonetic preferences of the conversation participants. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the realization patterns of the /ㅜ/ replacement in different linguistic contexts, shedding light on the variations between text-based and natural speech corpora.

우리나라는 무기질비료 사용량이 많은 나라 중 하나이다. 그러나 1980년 이후 지속가능농업에 대한 필요성에 의해 1997년 친환경 농업육성법이 제정되었고 지속가능한 농업을 위한 연구로 논, 밭, 시설 및 과수에 대한 비료사용실태조사가 실시되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 과수 중 대표되는 7작물(배, 포도, 사과, 복숭아, 대추, 단감, 키위)을 대상으로 각 도에서 805농가를 선정하여 실시하였으며, 조사내용은 사용하는 비료의 종류, 사용량 등에 대해 농가를 방문하여 면접 청취조사하였다. 국내 과수작물의 성분별 평균 비료사용량(N-P2O5-K2O)은 30.0-23.8-24.3 kg 10a-1이었으 며 비료 종류별로 구분하였을 때 퇴비 > 유기질비료 > 무기질비료 순으로 사용하고 있었다. 단위면적당 가장 많은 비료를 사용하고 있는 과수는 대추로 질소, 인산 및 칼리를 평균 53.3-42.0-49.5 kg 10a-1을 사용하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 앞으로 지속가능 농업과 농업환경의 보전을 위해서는 농가에서 사용하는 비료의 장기간 모니터링 뿐만 아니라 농업인에게 무기질비료, 유기질비료 및 퇴비의 적정사용방법에 대한 교육 및 홍보를 지속적으로 실시해야 될 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to select target fish species as baseline research for accumulation analysis of major hazardous chemicals entering the aquatic ecosystem in Korea and to analyze the impact on fish community. The test bed was selected from a sewage treatment plant, which could directly confirm the impact of the inflow of harmful chemicals, and the Geum River estuary where harmful chemicals introduced into the water system were concentrated. A multivariable metric model was developed to select target candidate fish species for hazardous chemical analysis. Details consisted of seven metrics: (1) commercially useful metric, (2) top-carnivorous species metric, (3) pollution fish indicator metric, (4) tolerance fish metric, (5) common abundant metric, (6) sampling availability (collectability) metric, and (7) widely distributed fish metric. Based on seven metric models for candidate fish species, eight species were selected as target candidates. The co-occurring dominant fish with target candidates was tolerant (50%), indicating that the highest abundance of tolerant species could be used as a water pollution indicator. A multi-metric fish-based model analysis for aquatic ecosystem health evaluation showed that the ecosystem health was diagnosed as “bad conditions”. Physicochemical water quality variables also influenced fish feeding and tolerance guild in the testbed. Eight water quality parameters appeared high at the T1 site, indicating a large impact of discharging water from the sewage treatment plant. T2 site showed massive algal bloom, with chlorophyll concentration about 15 times higher compared to the reference site.

This study was conducted to obtain basic data on domestic wild Lanopila nipponica K specimens collected in Jeollanam-do from 2015 to 2017 to investigate the characteristics of fruit bodies and analyze their nutritional components. L. nipponica K. was mainly found near hills, such as in persimmon fields around hills, on mountain trails, and in bamboo fields. L. nipponica K. occurred from July to mid-October, especially after the rainy season or a typhoon, when the air humidity was increased. Rainfall occurred for 8–15 days during the 20 days before the collection date, and the average temperature was ≥ 23oC. The size of the fruit body was 12.3–28 cm, and the weight varied depending on the size; however, the fruit body was estimated to grow overnight, reaching the size observed at its discovery. As aging progressed, the surface of the fruit body cracked, and it turned dark after 6 days. Spores were lump-shaped when the surface was cut with a knife. When the soil on the surface of the site where the fruit body was located was scratched, a white thread-shaped mycelium expanded. At the time of collection, the flesh of the fruit body was white, but it turned brown and fluffy as maturity progressed. On the sixth day after the mushroom was generated, it produced a pungent odor and became friable, resembling a black cotton ball. The surface of the fruit body was white and had a circular or elliptical shape. Crude protein content tended to be high at 59% of the dry weight. The antioxidant activity, determined using the DPPH radical scavenging analysis method, was 167 vitamin C equivalents/100 g. The spores were brown, approximately 6 μm in size, with protrusions on their surface.

본 연구는 산림에 대한 보건학적 가치 제고를 위하여 기초적 자료를 제공하기 위해 대학생 20명을 대상으로 난대림과 도시의 경관 감상에 따른 생리･심리에 미치는 변화를 파악하고자 수행하였다. 주요 결과는 첫째, 알파파(RA, RFA, RSA)를 측정한 결과, 좌측 후두엽(O1)이 도시경관보 다 난대림 경관을 감상할 때 더 활성화되었다. 둘째, 베타파(RB, RLB, RMB, RHB)를 측정한 결과, 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 셋째, SEF50과 SEF90은 도시경관보다 난대림 경관을 감상하는 것이 더 안정･이완된 상태임을 나타냈지만 SEF90의 전두엽(Fz)을 제외하고는 유의미하지 않았다. 넷째, 기분상태검사(K-POMS-B)를 수행한 결과, 난대림 경관 감상은 긴장, 혼돈, 피로의 부정적인 기분상태는 감소하였고, 긍정적인 기분상태 요인인 활기는 증가하여 종합기분장애 점수는 도시(0.95±10.860)에 비해 난대림(-5.45±5.463)에서 감소하는 유의미한 결과를 확인하였다.

Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) generally have an elevated expression of homeobox C6 (HOXC6) gene. We found that HOXC6 was the significantly upregulated gene in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) cells using RNA-seq analysis. However, it remains unclear whether HOXC6 plays a role in tumor process mechanism. Our study aimed to explore the potential oncogenic role and the detailed molecular mechanism of HOXC6 in FaDu cells. In this study, Sirt1 was validated to be overexpressed in FaDu cells and associated with HOXC6 expression. Overexpression of HOXC6 promoted the cell colony formation, whereas inhibition of Sirt1 by Sirt1 inhibitor EX527 reduced cell proliferation/colony formation and migration, and induced apoptosis in HOXC6 overexpressed FaDu cells. Interestingly, mechanistic study showed that EX527 mediated Sirt1 suppression led to decreased HOXC6 expression and upregulation of Sirt1 significantly increased the expression of HOXC6. HOXC6 was shown to cooperate with Sirt1 to enhance cell survival. We propose that HOXC6 promotes cell growth/colony formation, and that the HOXC6 may be a progression of hypopharyngeal carcinoma by activating Sirt1 pathways.

Jogyeongmyo Shrine is the Sijomyo Shrine of the Joseon royal family. It is a representative building that symbolizes Jeonju, the hometown of the Joseon royal family. This study comprehensively analyzes a variety of literature, old maps, and figures, and it investigates the meaning of Jogyeongmyo Shrine as an architectural example as well as its architectural characteristics. The Jogyeongmyo Shrine was built to symbolically demonstrate the superior virtue of the royal ancestors compared to the ancestors of the gentry. King Yeongjo built Jogyeongmyo Shrine, which he considered his greatest achievement, to raise the status of the royal family and exact loyalty from the vassals. Jogyeongmyo Shrine is a unique example of an ceremonial architecture that cannot be observed in China or the previous Korean dynasties. In addition, its architecture looks different from that of ordinary shrines because both Confucian ceremonies and the function of each building were taken into consideration during construction. Although Jogyeongmyo Shrine was preserved without significant changes until the late Joseon dynasty, major modifications were made in all areas except the main shrine area during the Japanese colonial era.

2022년 4월에 군형법 제92조의 6 추행죄에 관하여 나온 대법원 전원합의 체 판결(2019도3047)은 법학방법론적으로 다양한 문제지점들을 담고 있어 서도 관심을 끈다. 그 판결에서 다수의견과 별개의견들 및 반대의견은 적용 법조항의 의미를 두고서 전통적인 법학방법론의 네 가지 방법인 문언, 체계, 역사, 목적은 물론 법해석과 법형성의 구별 및 허용되지 않는 법형성, 헌법합 치적 해석과 헌법정향적 해석, 그리고 법해석 일반론에 이르기까지 상이한 의견을 제시하였다. 특히 다수의견이 법원의 법해석권한을 넘어서 국회나 헌 법재판소의 권한을 침해하는지가 명시적으로 다투어진 점은 법원의 법해석권 한의 한계에 관한 관심을 불러일으켰다. 이 연구에서는 이 판결을 법학방법론상 다음과 같이 분석하고 평가하였다. 1. 문언해석의 차원에서 군형법 추행죄에서 대표적인 예시적 구성요건인 ‘항문성교’는 이성 간에도 가능한 일상적 의미가 아니라 남성 간의 행 위를 가리키는 일종의 전문용어로 해석하는 것이 동 조항의 입법의도를 포함한 역사적 맥락에 부합한다. 이 판결의 다수의견은 이와 달리 그 단어를 일상적 의미로 해석해서 항문성교의 대표적인 예시적 구성요건 으로서의 의미를 탈각시키고 소극적 구성요건을 창설하였다. 법문언에 반하는 이러한 목적론적 축소해석은 민주적 법치국가에서 재판의 법률 구속성 요청에 따르는 엄격한 정당성 심사를 받아야 한다. 2. 체계적, 목적론적 해석의 차원에서 동 조항의 보호법익으로 군기 이외 에 성적 자기결정권을 포함시킨 다수의견은 군형법과 형법의 체계에 맞 지 않다. 3. 역사적 해석의 차원에서 다수의견은 입법자의 의사를 지나치게 경시하 였다. 4. 입법자의 의도에 반하는 법해석 또는 법형성의 정당성은 예외적으로만 인정될 수 있다. 국회의 입법권과 헌법재판소의 위헌법률심판권을 침해 하여 법치국가원리를 침해하기 때문이다. 이 판결 다수의견의 법형성은 그러한 예외적 정당성이 인정되는 경우가 아니다. 5. 헌법합치적 해석은 헌법의 기본권 조항들 뿐 아니라 민주적 법치국가의 권력분립존중 요청에도 부합하게 이루어져야 한다. 이 판결 다수의견은 그런 요청에 부합하지 않아서 헌법합치적 해석으로 타당하지 않다. 결론적으로 이 판결의 다수의견과 별개의견들은 민주적 법치국가 원리에 따라서 존중해야 하는 국회의 입법권과 헌법재판소의 위헌법률심판권을 침해 하여 부당하다.