To explore the origins of coastal colonization within the tribe Athetini Casey, we present a revised molecular phylogeny. The dataset comprised partial mitochondrial COI, COII, 16S rDNA, NADH1, partial nuclear 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. We chose a total of 95 species in 51 genera, including 14 coastal species in eight genera and 21 outgroup species. The ecological association of species with a coastal habitat was mapped onto a phylogeny to assess the evolution of habitat specialization in the Athetini lineage. The results reveal that five independent origins (clades A–E) of coastal colonization have occurred throughout the tribe Athetini. The following changes in classification are proposed: (i) Adota minuta Lee and Ahn is removed from the genus Adota and tentatively included in Atheta (Badura); (ii) The genus Saphocallus Sharp is transferred from Athetini to Geostibini.

In this study, we investigate the recycling of aluminum-based metal matrix composites(AMCs) embedded with SiC particulates. The microstructure of the AMCs is characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The possibility of recycling the composite scrap is attempted from the melted alloy and SiC particulates by re-melting, holding and solidification in crucibles. The recovery percentage of the matrix alloy is calculated after a number of holding times, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and for different particulate sizes and weight fractions in the Al matrix. The results show that the recovery percentage of the matrix alloy, as well as the time required for maximum recovery of the matrix, is dependent on the size and weight fraction of SiC particulates. In addition, the percentage recovery increases with particulate size but drops with the particulate fraction in the matrix. The time to reach maximum recovery falls rapidly with an increase in particulate size and fraction.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the long-term management objectives, policy objectives, implementation plans, and detailed plans of four provincial parks established in 2013 using various analysis frameworks. Through this, the study aimed to identify the characteristics of the management plan and extract the implementation plan important to each park by analyzing the priorities in the detailed plan. The long-term management objectives of most parks were to maintain recreational functions by utilizing all the resources of the park, rather than merely preserving the ecosystem. From an ecological perspective, information on major plants and legal protection species are included for most parks, and geological and topographic features considered a major resource. For sustainable forests, it is important to induce the dispersion of concentrated use space. Efficient management systems are distinctively differentiated among the parks. For regional revitalization, the management of programs to link provincial parks and their surrounding areas has become most important. From an ecological perspective, priorities differed for the parks according to their ecological characteristics. For sustainable forests, Moaksan Provincial Park prioritized the visitor reservation system related to the overall park, while the other three parks prioritized alleviating the concentrated use of specific areas. From an efficient management perspective, Daedunsan Provincial Park prioritized aspects related to the cableway. Maisan Provincial Park prioritized inducing the linkage between the use of natural and cultural resources, and Seonunsan Provincial Park prioritized establishing an ecological and cultural commentary operating system. For the base-type leisure activity space, Moaksan Provincial Park prioritized the systematic management and operation of the pilgrimage route, Maisan Provincial Park the connection between the Maisan geography and residents’ income, and Seonunsan Provincial Park providing a space for ecological education.

본 논문은 디지털 게임의 하위 장르 분화 양상을 고찰하고 각 양상에 따라 핵심 장르 요소가 변화 하는 특성을 규명하는 데에 목적을 둔다. 디지털 게임의 장르는 변화를 거듭하는 생성적 체계이다. 기존 장르의 핵심 메커니즘을 수정하거나 뒤집으며 등장하는 게임의 하위 장르들은 게임의 장르 체계가 지닌 생성적 성격을 확인할수 있는 대표적 사례이다. 하위 장르 분화를 고찰한 기존의 연구들 이 게임 텍스트의 계보학을 통해 메커니즘의 변화를 추적했다면, 본 논문은 플레이어가 장르 변화를 인지하는 원리에 초점을 두고 해당 양상을 분석한다. 개념적 혼성 이론을 통해 ‘로그라이크’와 ‘메트로배니아’ 장르의 분화 과정을 분석한 결과 로그라이크는 상위 장르와의 프레임 대립을 통해, 메트로배니아는 상위 장르의 프레임 확장을 통해 변별력을 확보한 장르임을 확인했다. 프레임 대립에 따라 분화한 하위 장르의 경우 핵심 장르 요소는 독립성을 확보하고 손쉽게 타 장르와 결합되며, 프레임 확장에 따라 분화한 하위 장르의 경우 핵심 장르 요소는 맥락 의존성을 강하게 드러내며 해당 장르의 맥락을 벗어나 사용되기 힘들다는 특징을 보인다.

Recently domestic manufacturing companies have been experiencing worsening profitability and stunted growth due to the long-term economic recession and the rapid rise of developing countries such as China and Southeast Asia. These difficulties force many companies to concentrate their core competencies on new value creation and innovation in order to gain momentum for new growth. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been considered as one of viable solutions. Among the various modules in ERP, shop floor control function in the production management module is rather limited. In order to overcome this problem, Manufacturing Execution System (MES) has been used as a subsystem which has a strong information gathering power and flexibility. Both systems interact closely with each other. In particular, ERP requires fast, accurate shop floor information at MES. This paper describes how to synchronize relevant information between ERP and MES with theory of constraints (TOC). The processing time information transmitted from the MES workplace is received at the ERP workplace. In the process, the received processing time is causing information distortion in ERP, when the information gathering standard of MES is different from the ERP information interpretation standard. The Drum-Buffer-Rope theory of TOC was applied to resolve this problem, therefore, information synchronization between both systems was made. As a precondition, the standard time of the upper ERP system was rearranged according to the capacity constraints resource. As a result, standard time restructuring has affected changes in labor costs. Standard labor costs have come close to actual ones, and information synchronization of MES transmission data has improved the reliability of standard product costs, such that it enabled various company-wide restructuring actions to be much more effective.