A taxonomic review of the Acrotona Thomson in Korea is presented. The genus is represented in Korea by 10 speciesincluding two new species, A. koreana Lee & Ahn, sp. nov. and A. rufescens Lee & Ahn, sp. nov. Two other species,A. paeksongrica Paśnik and A. suyangsani Paśnik, are synonymized under A. pseudotenera (Cameron) and A. lutulenta(Sharp), respectively, and four species, A. grata (Cameron), A. lutulenta (Sharp), A. pseudotenera (Cameron) and A. vicaria(Kraatz), are identified for the first time in South Korea. A key to the Korean species and illustrations of habitus anddiagnostic characters are provided for the new species.

The present study investigated the role of spinal glutamate recycling in the development of orofacial inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 230 and 280 g. Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube was implanted in the atlanto-occipital membrane for intracisternal administration. IL-1β-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial acute inflammatory pain model. IL-1β (10 ng) was injected subcutaneously into one vibrissal pad. We used the trigeminal neuropathic pain animal model produced by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. DL-threo-β -benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) or methionine sulfoximine (MSO) was administered intracisternally to block the spinal glutamate transporter and the glutamine synthetase activity in astroglia. Intracisternal administration of TBOA produced mechanical allodynia in naïve rats, but it significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in rats with interleukin (IL)-1 β-induced inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. In contrast, intracisternal injection of MSO produced antiallodynic effects in rats treated with IL-1β or with infraorbital nerve injury. Intracisternal administration of MSO did not produce mechanical allodynia in naive rats. These results suggest that blockade of glutamate recycling induced pro-nociception in naïve rats, but it paradoxically resulted in anti-nociception in rats experiencing inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Moreover, blockade of glutamate reuptake could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.

This study examines the titles of poetry in order to analogize the original landscape of Byeolseo garden in Korea and China. This study analyzed the titles of Soswaewon 48 Poems and Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems, comparing the form of the compositional form and the landscape elements of titles conveyed in them. The titles of the Soswaewon 48 Poems and the Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems are made up of combinations of places, activities, meanings, and landscape elements. Soswaewon 48 Poems are composed of ｢Landscape Elements + Landscape Elements｣ and ｢Place + Activity｣, while Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems are composed of ｢Place + Meaning｣ and ｢Landscape Elements + Landscape Elements｣. The Soswaewon 48 Poems clearly show the element of activity, whereas the Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems show the element of meaning, which is different. Landscape elements that appear in the titles of both show more physical than symbolic elements. However, symbolic elements appear more in Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems than Soswaewon 48 Poems. This is a characteristic of Chinese culture that valued Yijing, giving meaning to each component of the garden. Among physical elements, natural elements appeared more frequently in the Soswaewon 48 Poems than in the Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems, whereas artificial elements appeared more in the Humble Administrator’s Garden 31 Poems.

In the present work, we apply a technique that has been used for the expansion of graphite to multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The nanotubes are rapidly heated for a short duration, followed by immersion in acid solution, so that they undergo expansion. The diameter of the expanded CNTs is 5-10 times larger than that of the asreceived nanotubes. This results in considerable swelling of the CNTs and opening of the tube tips, which may facilitate the accessibility of lithium ions into the inner holes and the interstices between the nanotube walls. The Li-ion storage capacity of the expanded nanotubes is measured by using the material as an anode in Li-ion cells. The result show that the discharge capacity of the expanded nanotubes in the first cycle is as high as 2,160 mAh/g, which is about 28% higher than that of the un-treated MWCNT anode. However, the charge/discharge capacity quickly drops in subsequent cycles and finally reaches equilibrium values of ~370 mAh/g. This is possibly due to the destruction of the lattice structures by repeated intercalation of Li ions.

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) is used as an electrode material for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), and is being consistently researched to improve its electrochemical performance. However, CNF still faces important challenges due to the low mesopore volume, leading to a poor high-rate performance. In the present study, we prepared the unique architecture of the activated mesoporous CNF with a high specific surface area and high mesopore volume, which were successfully synthesized using PMMA as a pore-forming agent and the KOH activation. The activated mesoporous CNF was found to exhibit the high specific surface area of 703 m2 g−1, total pore volume of 0.51 cm3 g−1, average pore diameter of 2.9 nm, and high mesopore volume of 35.2 %. The activated mesoporous CNF also indicated the high specific capacitance of 143 F g−1, high-rate performance, high energy density of 17.9-13.0Wh kg−1, and excellent cycling stability. Therefore, this unique architecture with a high specific surface area and high mesopore volume provides profitable synergistic effects in terms of the increased electrical double-layer area and favorable ion diffusion at a high current density. Consequently, the activated mesoporous CNF is a promising candidate as an electrode material for high-performance EDLCs.

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphom pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pestiferous species with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the development periods and survivorship of A. pisum nymph, and longevity and fecundity of A. pisum adult. The study was conducted at five constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. Higher temperature threshold (TH) and lower temperature threshold (TL) were calculated by two nonlinear functions. The temperature range of A. pisum from TL to TH using empirical model (29.29) was wider than that using biophysiological model (21.85). The adult emergence frequency of A. pisum over full range of constant temperatures was simulated using developmental rat

The cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest on several species of legumes. We investigated the development periods and survivorship of A. craccivora nymph, and longevity and fecundity of A. craccivora adult. The study was conducted at five constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C, respectively. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) of A. craccivora nymph stage were estimated by linear regression. Higher temperature threshold (TH) and lower temperature threshold (TL) were calculated by biophysiological model. Developmental completion of A. craccivora nymph stage was described using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model. Life table parameters were estimated by the jackknife method.

The seaweed Ecklonia cava, a brown algae abundant in JeJu Island, South Korea, has large amounts of the polyphenol compound phloroglucinol (PG, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), which has been proposed to exert interesting biological properties including antioxidant and radioprotective effects against ionizing radiation-induced damages in various cells and tissues. To identify antioxidant and radioprotective effects of PG in skin tissues, we exposed mice to 8.5 Gy whole body irradiation (WBI) at day 6 after depilation with and without PG treatment. In PG treated cases, PG was applied twice, once at 17.8 hours before and then at the time of WBI. At 8 hours after WBI, a reduction in the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substrates (TBARS) was observed in the PG treated group. Upon western blot analysis, PG treatment overexpressed the MnSOD, catalase, and GPx-1, although the difference was not significant. In parallel with the results of western blot analysis, the percentage of MnSOD-and catalase-positive cells was significantly increased at 8 and 24 hours after WBI, while no significant difference was observed over 48 hours in PG treated skins. Moreover, PG treatment increased the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells compared with that of irradiated only mice at 8 hours after WBI. Our results suggest that PG is effective at attenuating oxidative stress, and that the promotion of antioxidant enzymes such as MnSOD and catalase may be an important aspect for its radioprotection in skin.

In the present study, we investigated the role of peripheral ionotropic receptors in artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the orofacial area. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 230 to 280 g were used in the study. Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube was implanted in the subcutaneous area of the vibrissa pad, which enabled drug-injection. After subcutaneous injection of artemin, changes in air-puff thresholds and head withdrawal latency time were evaluated. Subcutaneous injection of artemin (0.5 or 1 μg) produced significant thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. However, subcutaneous injection of artemin showed no effect on air-puff thresholds. IRTX (4 μg), a TRPV1 receptor antagonist, D-AP5 (40 or 80 μg), an NMDA receptor antagonist, or NBQX (20 or 40 μg), an AMPA receptor antagonist, was injected subcutaneously 10 min prior to the artemin injection. Pretreatment with IRTX and D-AP5 significantly inhibited the artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, pretreatment with both doses of NBQX showed no effect on artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, pretreatment with H-89, a PKA inhibitor, and chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. These results suggested that artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia is mediated by the sensitized peripheral TRPV1 and NMDA receptor via activation of protein kinases.

Sportswear transforms itself into a new fashion item to satisfy desires for beauty in addition to having functionality and movability for sports activities. Sportswear is not in fashion just temporarily but comes in various forms along with sociocultural phenomenon that put emphasis on well-being and leisure. This research aims to study the needs of the bikers who ride bicycles or cycles has become a popular outdoor activity, and give suggestions for high functional sports design that can satisfy the needs of the highly demanding taste of athletes. To understand the design development direction and design preference, practical consumer needs were derived through a survey analysis on bike wear purchasing satisfaction and actual wearing state by bike riders. For consumer needs analysis, focus group interview, in-depth interview and questionnaire method were used. Based on analysis of those researches, athleisure bike wears appropriate for urban sports activities were categorized into sports, life, fitness and leisure 4 styles for athleisure bike wear design development. It is believed that this study will contribute to in the category expansion of sports wear market and satisfy the consumer demands for functional and specialized casual bike wears as well as fashion factors optimized to life style of modern people.

The present study was to evaluate effects of vitamin E on intravenous administration of lidocaine-induced antinociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Orofacial formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses were used as the orofacial animal pain model. Subcutaneous injection of formalin produced significant nociceptive scratching behavior. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg of lidocaine attenuated formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/kg of vitamin E also attenuated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, low dose of vitamin E (0.5 g/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. The present study also investigated effects of intraperitoneal injection of both vitamin E and lidocaine on orofacial formalin-induced behavioral responses. Vehicle treatment affected neither formalin-induced behavioral responses nor lidocaineinduced antinociceptive effects. However, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 g/kg of vitamin E enhanced the lidocaineinduced antinociceptive effects in the 2nd phase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, did not affect antinociception produced by intraperitoneal injections of both vitamin E and lidocaine. These results suggest that treatment with vitamin E enhances the systemic treatment with lidocaine-induced antinociception and reduces side effects when systemically treated with lidocaine. Therefore, the combined treatment with vitamin E and lidocaine is a potential therapeutic for chronic orofacial pain.

The goal of this master plan is to revitalize the local economy and provide local citizens with a place for leisure activities by transforming the magnificent pine forestscape at Geumam neighborhood park into a tourism resource. The present study has analyzed and synthesized the natural and human environments of the target site, which is located in Noam-dong, Namwon-si, in Jeollabuk-do. This master plan has adopted a motto, “engage five senses in pine trees; entertain five senses for fine life”, to express its philosophy of how to utilize the resources of pine trees. To this end, the present study has specified the suggested contents based on literature review of the studies on pines. Beyond an ordinary theme park, this master plan has been designed to create a central space that connects many rural village forests located in Namwon. In this master plan, main facilities have been suggested: the pine exhibition/experience hall, where visitors can appreciate and experience various materials related to pines; and the pinewood cabin, which is built with huge pine trunks, providing multiple functions as a space for rest and recreation ; the healing forest, which utilizes the existing pine forest; the pine sculpture garden; and the pine poem garden. In addition, the present study suggests two representative tourism resources of Namwon as symbolic elements: the herbs and royal azaleas of Mt. Jiri. unique hands-on pine experience activities available at these spaces have been proposed in two categories: festival programs and year-round programs.

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of landscape elements and landscape management plans, by comparing and analyzing those plans within the preservation management plan of the 4 provincial parks in Jeollabuk-do Province. A landscape management plan includes both natural and cultural landscape plans, in similar proportions. While a forest’s vegetation landscape is presented as the main focus of natural landscape management, temple landscape and landscape control points (LCPs) are the main focus of cultural landscape management. Analysis of the specific plans by the landscape management strategies, shows that an enhancement approach was incorporated into most of them, while reduction, avoidance, compensation and remediation approaches were also included in part. Management of natural landscape elements such as vegetation and forests is included in the plans, which aim to improve the negative factors and conditions that impair the landscape, by means of reduction, remediation, and compensation. Cultural landscape management such as LCP management, and management of temple landscape and other scenic elements, can usually be categorized as either enhancement or avoidance strategies. The objective of such plans appears to be the improvement of negative landscapes, through management strategies of reduction, remediation, avoidance, and compensation, while also managing the positive landscape elements with enhancement strategies. Historic-cultural landscape elements were revealed to be highly prioritized in provincial parks, as these landscape types were managed in every park in this study. Vegetation landscape management was concentrated at Mt. Moaksan, and this indicates that the importance of vegetation landscape is relatively low within the natural landscapes of the Jeollabuk-do provincial parks. Overall, management in each park appears to be focused on a unique landscape type characteristic of that park, such as vegetation, topographical, or facilities landscape.