Background: Flexible flatfoot impairs gait and posture by weakening arch support, potentially leading to musculoskeletal dysfunction. Strengthening exercises, such as the short foot exercise (SFE), have shown promise in correcting this condition. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of SFE with visual feedback on medial arch height and foot function in adults with flexible flatfoot. Design: Experimental research. Methods: Adults diagnosed with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed SFE with visual feedback, whereas the control group performed the same exercises without feedback. Both groups trained three times per week for five weeks. Outcome measures included the Navicular Drop Test (NDT), YBalance Test (YBT), and Tetrax postural analysis. Results: In the NDT, both groups showed significant improvements (P<.05), while in the YBT, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement (P<.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in the Weight Distribution Index (WDI) and Stability Test (ST) areas of the Tetrax system in either group (P>.05). Conclusion: SFE effectively improved arch height regardless of visual feedback, though only the visual feedback group showed significant improvements in dynamic balance. However, between-group differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that visual feedback provides subtle rather than substantial additional benefits. Further research with larger samples is needed to establish the clinical value of adding visual feedback to SFE protocols.

Background: Stroke often results in hemiparesis, which leads to asymmetrical plantar pressure and impaired balance control. The gastrocnemius muscle plays a key role in plantar flexion and postural stability. Dysfuncion of this muscle is associated with decreased posterior foot pressure and increased fall risk in stroke patients. Objectives: To investigate the effects of gastrocnemius muscle stimulation using microcurrent stimulation therapy on plantar pressure distribution and functional balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty chronic stroke patients were divided into an experimental group (microcurrent stimulation therapy+conventional rehabilitation therapy) and a control group (conventional rehabilitation therapy only). plantar pressure (posterior foot pressure), center of anteroposterior pressure displacement (CAP), and balance ability were measured using the berg balance scale (BBS) and functional reach test (FRT) before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant increases in posterior foot pressure and reductions in CAP after intervention. BBS and FRT scores also significantly improved. Although the control group showed some improvements, the changes were smaller and less consistent. Conclusion: Microcurrent stimulation targeting the gastrocnemius muscle improved plantar pressure symmetry and postural stability in stroke patients, suggesting its effectiveness as an adjunctive balance rehabilitation intervention.

This case report describes a 40-year-old captive male hippopotamus exhibiting systemic clinical signs, including anorexia and coughing, prior to death. Despite comprehensive medical treatments, the animal died due to age-related immunodepression, which led to severe pneumonia. Necropsy and subsequent histopathological examination revealed severe acute diffuse seropurulent bronchopneumonia, right ventricular hypertrophy, hepatic congestion, and glomerulonephritis. These findings highlight the vulnerability of geriatric large animals to systemic infections and emphasize the need for improved pathological understanding and the development of evidence-based treatment protocols for these less-studied species like the hippopotamus. To enhance disease management and veterinary care for aging zoo animals, future research should prioritize gut microbiome analysis and antimicrobial resistance profiling.

Emerging RNA viruses continue to pose serious threats to animal and human health, necessitating the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents within a One Health framework. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of Desmodesmus multivariabilis extracts against three representative RNA viruses: influenza A virus (IAV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Extracts derived from four closely related microalgal isolates were tested using pre- and post-treatment protocols in vitro. Among them, strain ME749 demonstrated the most potent and consistent antiviral activity, with low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index (SI), particularly against IAV (SI = 23.8), followed by PEDV (SI = 10.7) and HAV (SI = 6.2). ME752 also showed moderate antiviral efficacy. RT-qPCR confirmed significant reductions in viral RNA levels for all three viruses, with ME749 achieving up to 3-log₁₀ reduction in IAV and 2.4-log₁₀ reduction in HAV. These results suggest that the antiviral effect may be mediated through mechanisms beyond direct virucidal activity, potentially involving host immune modulation. Although the active compounds remain unidentified, carotenoids are hypothesized as key bioactive components. This study highlights Desmodesmus multivariabilis, particularly ME749, as a promising source of novel, natural antiviral agents with applications in both veterinary and zoonotic disease control. Future studies including metabolomic profiling, mechanism-of-action analyses, and in vivo validation are warranted to further explore its potential in combating current and emerging RNA virus threats.

Hallucinations represent a transdiagnostic phenomenon observed in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorder and substance-induced psychotic conditions. Despite their clinical prevalence, objective assessment remains challenging due to its subjective nature, underscoring the critical need for validated translational models. The present study explores the biological mechanisms underlying hallucinations, evaluates the animal models developed to date, and discusses methods for analyzing these models along specific pathways. Hallucinations are primarily mediated through glutamatergic and/or serotonergic pathways. Numerous animal models for assessing hallucinations have been extensively reported; however, these models have mainly been designed to investigate specific neurotransmitter mechanisms, rather than encompassing all relevant pathways. Therefore, this study systematically examines currently established animal models based on the aforementioned neurotransmitter mechanisms and proposes future directions for developing universal animal models capable of comprehensively evaluating hallucinatory phenomena. The present study aims to provide deeper insights for future research involving animal models of hallucination.

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하는 목본 관상용 식물인 먼나무 (Ilex rotunda)와 으름덩굴(Akebia quinata)을 대상으로 삽목 효율을 분석하였다. 삽수는 녹지와 숙지로 구분하고 생장조절 제 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)와 시판용 발근촉진제 루톤 (Rootone)을 처리하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 그 결과, 발근율 (녹지, 숙지)은 먼나무(50.9, 19.0%) 및 으름덩굴(52.8, 28.5%) 로 두 수종 모두 숙지보다는 녹지가 손쉽게 발근되었다. 생장조절 제의 발근 촉진 효과는 녹지보다는 숙지에서 두드러졌으며, 생장 조절제 효과는 두 수종에서 상이하게 나타났으며, IBA와 루톤에 대한 두 수종의 발근 반응이 다르게 나타냈다. IBA 1,000ppm 처리는 먼나무의 발근을 촉진시켰고(65.9%) 으름덩굴에서는 고 사에 따른 발근율 저하를 야기하였으며(5.0%), 오히려 으름덩굴 은 루톤 처리로 발근이 촉진되었다(83.3%).

This study structurally analyzes the algorithmic filtering process by which generative AI images are either selected or discarded before reaching users, and models this process through a visual similarity–based simulation. Images generated by Stable Diffusion are placed on a two-dimensional grid, and a modified version of Conway’s Game of Life algorithm is applied to update the state of each cell. The survival of each cell is determined based on a hybrid visual similarity metric combining CLIP and LPIPS. To prevent the rigidity of the simulation and sustain emergent dynamics, random image injections are periodically introduced. The simulation results reveal that visually similar images repeatedly form clusters, and a visual order gradually converges toward a structurally stabilized state. This suggests that specific visual orders can emerge solely from algorithmic selection criteria, independent of human interpretation. By shifting focus from semantic or symbolic analysis to the experimental conditions for the existence and persistence of images, this study proposes a new analytical perspective for understanding digital image environments.

Aviation safety is critically dependent on effective communication, particularly in the English language, which serves as the international language of aviation. This paper explores the significance of proficient English language communication among aviation professionals and its impact on operational safety. Effective communication in aviation involves various factors such as lack of accent, perfect listening skills, effective hearback and readback procedures, and more. Additionally, English language efficiency in aviation is closely related to emotional stability and the ability to manage stress, both of which are crucial in highpressure environments. The research will also look into the regulatory challenges faced by the aviation industry in standardizing and enforcing language proficiency requirements by the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international institutions. Through a thorough review of existing regulations, industry practices, and case studies, this paper highlights the steps taken to improve communication skills among pilots, air traffic controllers, and other key aviation professionals.

타사우우프(Taṣawwuf), 즉 수피즘(Sufism)은 이슬람 사상 내에서 생태 적 조화를 유지하는 데 있어 결정적이면서도 종종 간과되는 역할을 한다. 수피즘은 단 순한 신비주의를 넘어 환경 지속가능성과 영적 안녕을 연결하는 전체론적 철학을 대 표한다. 본 논문은 수피즘이 이슬람 교리와 조화를 이루며 인간과 자연 사이의 조화로 운 관계를 어떻게 형성하는지를 탐구한다. 수피즘 우주론에서 자연은 신성한 신탁(아 마나, Amanah)으로 간주되며, 창조 속에 내재한 신성과의 깊은 상호연결성을 강조한 다. 디크르(Dhikr), 즉 신성한 기억의 수행은 인간과 환경 사이에 영적 연결을 촉진하 며, 자연을 단순한 자원이 아닌 신성한 공간으로 존중하도록 이끈다. 그 결과 수피들 은 강한 생태적 자각과 지구를 돌보려는 실천적 헌신을 발전시킨다. 수피즘의 핵심 가 치인 주흐드(Zuhd), 즉 금욕주의는 물질적 욕망으로부터의 초연을 장려하며 단순함과 절제를 통해 환경적 청지기직과 조화를 이룬다. 이러한 윤리는 지속가능한 삶의 실천, 자원 관리, 폐기물 감소를 지원한다. 수피 공동체는 유기농 농업이나 친환경 건축과 같은 환경 친화적 활동에 적극 참여하며, 이는 생태 균형과 영적 성장 사이의 관계를 가르치는 수피 셰이크들의 지도 아래 이루어진다. 이처럼 수피즘은 영적 존중과 환경 적 책임을 융합함으로써 이슬람 원칙에 기반한 지속가능한 미래를 실현하는 데 중대 한 기여를 할 수 있다.