The purpose of this research is to study the evolution of the price of Burgundy wines and to try to identify the reasons for such an evolution. Land prices, rent prices and wine prices in Burgundy will be analysed over the last decades. In terms of results, the price of wine in Burgundy has been observed to rise drastically in recent years as well as the evolution of land and rent prices. A better comprehension of price variations could help wine companies manage their long term profitability, especially if land were considered as an investment (and therefore, part of the company). As a recommendation, marketing tools but also training should be used by craftsmen to build, promote and distribute strong brands in order to remain on the market but also to attract major agents and importers and be distributed worldwide.

This study examines consumer reaction to different luxury advertising information (promotion-focus vs. prevention-focus). Studies examine the relationship between consumers’ face concern and individual regulatory focus, and explore the relationship between face concern and luxury advertising type with a 2 (face concerns) × 2 (advertising information) experiment design.

Attitude and ability of frontline employees in customer interaction influence company reputation. Since respective theory is scarce, this paper – based on a qualitative interview study – presents an examination of the status quo of the topic in luxury watch retail. Theories of service quality, identity and impression management are briefly addressed.

This study presents a flexible and highly stretchable textile circuit line for the signal and power transmission of smart clothing systems that provide wearing comfort and high mobility to where’s. A textile based circuit network on smart clothing requires 30% stretch ability so as not to constrain body movement. The advantages of a textile band type transmission line is the easy configuring of several separate transmission lines on a single band to construct a sensor module network. Conductive transmission line yarns have to be protected from deformation when textile transmission lines are stretched according to body movement. To ensure the elastic property of the smart clothing, textile transmission lines need to stretch more than 30% using the additional spandex yarns in warp. Four strands of conductive yarns were inserted in a single transmission line and each transmission line indicated 0.03Ω/cm in resistance. The resistance change rate of the textile transmission line during elongation was measured using a universal testing machine (Instron 5543) and Milliohmeter (Agilent 4338). The resistance of the transmission lines unchanged until breakage occurred at the 140% strain level. Resistance started to change at the 180% strain level where conductive yarns start to deform and break. In conclusion, the proposed textile transmission provides a comfortable wearing sensation that maintains a stable electrical performance during any type of body movement and is suitable for the wearable circuit of a highly stretchable smart wear system.

Towards the 21st century, the whole world is regarded as one market. Globalization is spreading all over the world as many cosmetics companies pioneering new market abroad, overcoming relatively limited domestic markets. Korean cosmetics companies are not the exception and they are aiming Chinese consumer market, the largest one in Asia, which is growing steadily since government’s open door policy. So, the necessity to compare and figure out the difference between Korean and Chinese consumer’s cosmetics buying behavior is very high for those companies that have their eyes on the Chinese Market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare buying behavior between Korean and Chinese female consumers related to Korean cosmetics brand level. Cosmetics buying behavior is examined in 4 areas; purchasing motives, information sources, purchasing criteria, and the level of satisfaction. Subjects were selected through a convenient sample technique and a questionnaire was developed in Korean and Chinese by translation and back translation method. Data were collected from the sample of 187 out of 233 in Beijing for Chinese female consumers, and 188 out of 200 in Pusan for Korean female consumers. Respondents’ age varied from 20’s to 50’s. Korean cosmetics brands were divided into high /low levels; low brand level included Micha, The face shop, and Laneige while high brand level included Sulhwasu, O’hui, and The history of who. Among many types of cosmetics, this study focused on the basic types of cosmetics product such as lotion, moisture cream, nutrition cream, mask pack with the exception of color based cosmetics products. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and cluster analysis using SPSS 20.0. Respondents were divided into 4 groups: Korean high brand purchasing consumers, Korean Low brand purchasing consumers, Chinese high brand purchasing consumers, and Chinese low brand purchasing consumers. 1. For purchase motives, Chinese consumers affected by Korean celebrities and had more motives to experience Korean cosmetics. To relax and to relieve from stress was the main reasons to buy Korean cosmetics for Chinese high brand consumers. Price was the main reason to buy Korean cosmetics for both low brand purchasing groups. 2. For information sources, Chinese consumers had tendency to collect information from personal relations such as friends and family. Korean and Chinese low brand consumers used internet advertising. Chinese high brand consumers collected information from department salesman. Korean high brand consumers showed lowest use of any kinds of information sources. 3. Korean high brand group put on importance on color and scent as cosmetics purchase criteria. Chinese high brand consumers showed importance on brand image, ingredients, containers/packing, skin fit, and feeling. Korean and Chinese low brand groups have importance on brand image, ingredients, and skin fit. 4. Concerned satisfaction level, Korean high brand group showed lowest satisfaction level. Chinese consumers had satisfied with container design and feelings.

The purpose of this study is to find suitable probability distribution function of complex distribution data like multimodal. Normal distribution is broadly used to assume probability distribution function. However, complex distribution data like multimodal are very hard to be estimated by using normal distribution function only, and there might be errors when other distribution functions including normal distribution function are used. In this study, we experimented to find fit probability distribution function in multimodal area, by using AIS(Automatic Identification System) observation data gathered in Mokpo port for a year of 2013. By using chi-squared statistic, gaussian mixture model(GMM) is the fittest model rather than other distribution functions, such as extreme value, generalized extreme value, logistic, and normal distribution. GMM was found to the fit model regard to multimodal data of maritime traffic flow distribution. Probability density function for collision probability and traffic flow distribution will be calculated much precisely in the future.

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid phytochemical that is extracted from various plants. Having an advantages due to its varied biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects, quercetin is used to treat many diseases. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy inhibition may play a key role in anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and anti-cancer effects of quercetin in human osteosarcoma cells via autophagy inhibition. We ascertained that quercetin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death, these process is demonstrated that apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase cascade. Quercetin also induced autophagy which was inhibited by 3-MA, autophagy inhibitor and the blockade of autophagy promoted the quercetin-induced apoptosis, confirming that autophagy is a pro-survival process. Thus, these findings demonstrate that quercetin is an effective anti-cancer agent, and the combination of quercetin and an autophagy inhibitor should enhance the effect of anti-cancer therapy.

The efficacy of chemical disinfectants is reduced owing to the inactivation of active ingredients after dilution. This study investigated the effect of time on the efficacy of six different disinfectants, after dilution, against avian influenza virus. When used at the recommended concentration, most disinfectants showed efficacy at a high concentrations in the presence of organic materials immediately after dilution, while sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based products, after dilution, showed reduced efficacy over time at low concentrations in the absence of organic materials. Most disinfectants were neutralized by organic materials; however, this could be compensated for by increasing the product dosage. For successful decontamination in farms, disinfectants should be used at high concentrations in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Furthermore, the presence of organic materials must be taken into consideration, and diluted disinfectant solution should be prepared no more than a day before use.

The purposes of this inquiry were to seek the multicultural awareness of students at homogeneously and heterogeneously populated schools in the Municipality of Sungai Penuh, Jambi, Indonesia. Data were collected through administrating the adapted version of Multicultural Awareness Scale to 334 students from one homogeneously populated senior high school and one heterogeneously populated madrasah aliyah (Islamic senior high school). Data were analyzed by using Rasch Analysis and tests of inferential statistics. The results of data analyses indicated that 1) the students had a relatively high multicultural awarness, 2)the examination on the map of item endorsabilty indicated that the students had high cultural awareness but low self-awareness, 3) the students at the heterogeneously populated madrasah aliyah had a higher multicultural awareness than their counterparts at the homogeneously populated senior high school, and 4) no statistically significant differences were found in the comparisons of the students’ awareness across the demographic variables across and within the same school. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the effects of low-dye taping on peak plantar pressure following treadmill walking exercise, 2) to determine whether the biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in peak plantar pressure was still maintained following removal of the tape during treadmill walking, and 3) to determine the trend towards a medial-to-lateral shift in peak plantar pressure in the midfoot region before and after application of low-dye taping. Twenty subjects with flexible flatfoot were recruited using a navicular drop test. The peak plantar pressure data were recorded during five treadmill walking sessions: (1) un-taped, (2) baseline-taped, (3) after a 10-minute treadmill walking exercise, (4) after a 20-minute treadmill walking exercise, and (5) after removal of the taping. The foot was divided into six parts during the data analysis. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to investigate peak plantar pressure variations in the six foot parts in the five sessions. This study resulted in significantly increased medial forefoot peak plantar pressure compared to the un-taped condition (p=.017, post 10-minute treadmill walking exercise) and (p=.021, post 20-minute treadmill walking exercise). The peak plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot showed that there was a significant decrease after sessions of baseline-taped (p=.006) and 10-minute of treadmill walking exercise (p=.46) compared to the un-taped condition. The tape removal values were similar to the un-taped values in the five sessions. Thus, the findings of the current study may be helpful when researchers and clinicians estimate single taping effects or consider how frequently taping should be replaced for therapeutic purposes. Further studies are required to investigate the evidence in support of biomechanical effectiveness of low-dye taping in the midfoot region.

본 연구는 만다린 감귤에 대한 썩덩나무노린재 흡즙이 낙과 및 저장 중 부패에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시되었다. 과실 착색 전 흡즙 은 심한 낙과를 유발하였으나 착색 후 흡즙은 낙과율이 낮았다. 하지만, 부패유발 측면에서는 수확과실 및 착색전후 과실에 대한 썩덩나무노린재 흡즙이 저장 중에 부패를 유발하지 않았다. 많은 감귤농가에서는 썩덩나무노린재로 인한 낙과와 부패를 방지하기 위하여 생육후기 살충제를 자주 살포하고 있기 때문에 본 결과는 생육후기 이 해충 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

2012년부터 2014년까지 제주, 밀양 및 원주에서 성페로몬트랩을 이용하여 잡곡의 주요 나방류인 담배거세미나방, 멸강나방 및 왕담배나방의 발생양상을 조사하여 분석하였다. 나방류 발생량은 제주>밀양>원주 순으로 많았으나, 연도간에 차이를 나타내었다. 담배거세미나방은 3개 지역에서 2013년에 가장 발생량이 많았다. 월별 발생량은 여름철에 많았고, 특히 7월부터 10월까지 발생량이 전체의 93% 이상을 차지하였다. 멸강나방 발생량은 제주와 밀양에서 2013년에 가장 많았으나, 원주에서는 조사연도에 관계없이 2마리 이하로 매우 적었다. 왕담배나방 발생량은 제주와 원주에서 2012년에 가장 많았으나, 밀양은 2013년에 가장 많았다. 지역별 기상조건을 살펴보면, 제주는 2013년 1월부터 10월까지 평균온도가 2012년보다 0.9℃ 높았으나, 2014년보다 0.9℃ 낮았다. 강수량과 강우일수는 각각 736㎜와 129일로 2012년 및 2014년의 각각 2,037mm와 1,416mm 및 153일과 154일에 비해 매우 적었다. 특히, 7월과 8월의 온도와 강수량이 각각 28.9℃와 89mm로 2012년 및 2014년보다 온도는 높았으나, 강수량과 강우일수는 매우 적었다. 또한 제주도에 직·간접적으로 영향을 미친 태풍이 2013년에는 없었으나, 2012년과 2014년에는 각각 3개나 지나갔다. 밀양은 2013년 7월과 8월의 온도가 가장 높았고, 강수량과 강우일수는 가장 적었으며, 태풍도 없었다. 하지만 2014년은 7월과 8월의 온도가 2013년보다 2.8℃ 낮았고, 강수량과 강우일수는 각각 248mm와 16일 더 많았다. 원주은 2013년 7월과 8월의 온도가 가장 높았고, 강수량과 강우일수는 가장 적었으며, 태풍은 없었다. 하지만 2014년 7월과 8월의 온도는 2013년보다 1.1℃ 낮았으나, 강수량은 420mm나 적었다. 따라서 잡곡류의 주요 해충인 담배거세미나방, 멸강나방 및 왕담배나방의 발생량은 7월과 8월의 평균온도, 강수량 및 태풍에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다.

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) attacks several leguminous crops and its reproductive success is found to be affected by the leguminous host types. Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an egg parasitoid of R. pedestris and its quality attributes depend on the host egg quality. We, thus, investigated the performance of O. nezarae on eggs of R. pedestris fed on different leguminous seeds. Eggs collected from R. pedestris female adults obtained from rearing on one of the four hosts such as soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean, and cowpea seeds were exposed as a batch (n=15) to a single 4 to 5 day-old mated female O. nezarae. The eggs exposed were collected after 24 h. Number of parasitized eggs, sex ratio, development times, and adult emergence were recorded. The maximum number of eggs parasitized by O. nezarae were the eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris. Eggs produced from the adzuki bean fed bugs had the lowest parasitization. There was no difference recorded in the developmental time of parasitoids emerged from the eggs of R. pedestris fed on different legumes. Proportion of male O. nezarae was highest on the eggs of cowpea seed fed adult bugs (26%); the lowest of that was found on the eggs of mung bean fed bugs (22.4%). Ooencyrtus nezarae can successfully parasitize eggs of R. pedestris regardless of hosts food sources. However, eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris, among the tested legumes, were found to be of the best quality for reproductive success of O. nezarae.

Two species of the genus Asiacentistes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are reported in this study. The genus Asiacentistes is a small braconid group distributed in the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, which has only two species in the world. One of them, Asiacentistes sinica Chen and Belokobylskij is new to Korea. Diagnosis and distribution in East Asia data are included.