본 논문은 전후 초기 일본의 홋카이도(北海道)에서 이루어진 소련점령지 반환을 위한 대중들의 초기 운동에 대하여 주안점을 둔 것이다. 운동의 기원, 그 뒤에 숨은 배경, 그리고 일본 전체 국민들의 광범위한 동조를 얻는데 실패한 이유에 대해서 연구하였다. 초기 대중들의 요구는 지방의 경제적인 욕구에 의해서 형성되었고, 또한 공범위한 국내적, 국제적인 정치적 발전이 반영되었다. 이런 운동에 참여하고 있던 여러 조직단체들은 그들의 요구가 직접적으로 구성원들의 물질적 이익을 반영한다고 믿고 단결하였다. 이 운동을 이끈 이념은 1960년대 말 중앙정부가 주도한 이후 영토회복주의자들을 이끌게 된 비물질적인 민족주의와는 분명히 거리가 멀었다. 또한 광범위한 대중을 동원하는 운동으로 나아가지 못했고 당시 일본에서 주도된 주권 정체성과 공명을 이루지 못하고 구조화에 실패하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 과정을 추적하였다.

Magnoliae Flos (Sini in Korean) is one of the most important oriental medicinal plants. In the Korean Herbal Pharmacopeia, the bud of the all species in Manolia denudate and Manolia genus were regarded as the botanical sources for ‘Sini’. Most the dried bud of Manolia denudata, Manolia biondii and Manolia sprengeri were used as ‘Xin-yi’ in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine and compare the ‘Magnolia’ species, four species including Manolia denudata, M. biondii, M. liliiflora and M. Kobus were analysis of sequencing data revealed DNA polymorphisms. The based on tRNA coding leucine/phenylalanine (trnL-F) and NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (ndhF) sequences in chloroplast DNA. For the identification of ‘Magnolia’ species, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of chloroplast DNA regions such as ndhF have proven an appropriate method. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between genuine “Sini” and their fraudulent and misuse. Specific PCR primers were designed from this polymorphic site within the sequence data, and were used to detect true plants via multiplex PCR.

Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma (the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, known as lesser galangal), a family of Zingiberaceae, has been used to reduce pain of infection and inflammatory diseases in Asian countries. The present study was focused to evaluate the inhibitory degranulation effect of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. Mast cell degranulation was analyzed by measuring release of β -hexosaminidase in RBL-2H3 cell. Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR and signaling molecules were detected by immunoblotting. The Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract suppressed β-hexosaminidase release in dose-dependent manner and inhibited cycloxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression. Furthermore, it was found that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract reduced mitogen-activated protein kinases, especially phosphorylated p38, at 0.75 ㎎/㎖ of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract concentrations. These data show that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract has immunosuppressive effect in mast cell induced allergic inflammation.

In sustainable viticulture, green manure represents a safe and non-polluting way to bring large quantities of organic matter into the soil. The cultivation of green manure crops plays an important role in soil quality and sustainability of agricultural system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manure fertilization on yield and quality of the Campbell Early grape variety in the organic vineyard. Hairy vetch was the more productive green manure crop, yielding higher dry materials. Average yields of grape were significantly greater in hairy vetch + rye (13.02 ton ha-1) than nature weed (11.65 ton ha-1), respectively. The concentrations of total as well as individual anthocyanins were consistently higher with hairy vetch treatment compared with rye and nature weed, thus making the green manure cultivation is an environmentally friendly cultivation to increase the yield and anthocyanin contents in organic grape.

본 연구는 3,7-diarylpyrazolo [1,5-α]pyrimidines의 효과적인 one-pot regioselective 합성을 보여준다. 더욱이, 그 유도체는 뛰어난 CB1R 저해 활성을 나타냈다. 3,7-position에 diaryl group이 치환된 pyrazolo [1,5-α]pyrimidine은 CB1R 후보로서 가능성 있는 pharmacophore이다.

한국은 2050년까지 주요 선진국 중에서 고령화가 가장 심각한 사회로 전환되게 될 것으로 예상된다. 기대여명의 증가와 저 출산은 고령화를 더욱 악화시키며, 이는 심각한 사회문제로 발전하게 될 것이다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 한국정부는 2008년에 도시지역에는 주택연금제도를 도입하였으며, 2011년에는 세계 최초로 농촌지역을 대상으로 농지연금제도를 도입하였다. 그렇지만 이와 같은 제도는 설계 당시부터 복지상품이라기 보다는 장기적으로 손실과 수익의 균형에 초점을 둔 금융상품으로 개발되어 실질적으로 노인들에게 크게 인기를 얻지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 농지연금제도를 활성화시켜, 농촌노인들에게 보다 더 많은 혜택을 주기 위해 지역 토지시장을 감안하여 지역별 농지가격상승률을 예측하고 연금액을 산출하였다. 또, 지금까지 사용한 년 혹은 분기별 감정가 대신에 월별, 지역별 실거래 가격을 모형에 적용하여 지역 토지시장, 고령화 수준 등 지역 여건에 부합하는 연금액을 산출하였다. 할인율자료도 가장 안정적인 3년 만기 국고채 수익률을 활용하여 미래농지가격을 예측하고, 이를 유동화하여 월 생활자금으로 지급되도록 하였다. 특히 농지규모가 가장 많고, 고령화 정도가 심각하여 농지연금의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높을 것으로 예상되는 경상북도와 전라남도를 사례지역으로 선정하고, 이를 전국평균과 비교하여 지역적인 차이도 함께 분석하였다. 이를 위해 농지가격 및 이자율 시계열 자료의 안정성을 검정하고, 장기농지가격을 예측하였다. 이를 활용하여 경북, 전남, 전국의 노인들의 월평균 지급액을 추정하였다. 분석결과 정책의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높은 두 지역이 가장 낮은 금액이 지급되는 것으로 추정되어 이는 또 다른 지역불균형을 초래할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

urposeThisresearchinvestigatestheeffectofdisclosure–qualitywithtwomaincomponents,reliabilityandtimeliness,oneconomicvalueaddedinIran. cludes170TehranStockExchangelistedcompaniesfrom2008-12.Multipleregressionanalysiswasappliedtotestthehy-pothesesandestimatesofthecoefficients.Firmsizeandreturnonassetswerethecontrolvariables. ResultsTheresultsshowthattimelinessofinformationhas–apositiveimpactoneconomicvalueadded.Wedidnotfindanysignificantrelationshipbetweendisclosurequalityandreli-abilityofinformationandeconomicvalueadded.Theregressedmodelshowsthatthereisnosignificantassociationbetweenfirmsizeandeconomicvalueadded.Theresultsalsoshowthatthereisapositiveassociationbetweenreturnonassetsandeconomicvalueadded. Conclusions–Theoretically,timelyinformationiseffectiveindecision-making.Thisstudyshowsthattimelinessofinformationhaspositiveeffectonthecreationofeconomicvalueadded.However,disclosurequality,reliability,andfirmsizedonotef-fectoneconomicvalueadded.Companieswithgreaterreturnonassetsproducegreatereconomicvalueadded.

Torrefaction is a treatment which serves to improve the properties of biomass in relation to thermochemical processing techniques for energy generation. In this study, the torrefaction of sewage sludge, which is a non-lignocellulosic waste was investigated in a horizontal tubular reactor under nitrogen flow at temperature ranging from 150-600℃. The torrefied sewage sludge products were characterized in terms of their energy yield, ash content and volatile fraction. The energy and mass yields decreased with an increase in the torrefaction temperature. The pelletization and the combustion characteristics of the torrefied sewage sludge was studied in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.

Due to strong binding, optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility polyvinyl butyral(PVB) resin films are commonly used in the automotive and architectural application as a protective interlayer in the laminated glass. Worldwide million tons of PVB waste generated from end-of-life automotive associated with various environmental issues. Stringent environmental directive, higher land costs eliminate landfilling option, need a sustainable, environment-friendly technology to recycle these solid wastes. In our current study, we have developed a mechano-chemical separation process to separate PVB resins from glass and have characterized the separated PVB through various techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Feasibility for reuse of these recycled PVB has been investigated. The technology developed in our laboratory is sustainable, environment-friendly, techno-economical feasible process, and capable of mass production (recycling).

Hydrometallurgical process, which is one of the recycling method of EAFD in zinc, is a process to recover metallic crystal form that deposited on the cathod through electrolytic extraction by leaching valuable metals in appropriate solvent. Still, there is a lot of variable at electrowinning process, such as initial pH, space between electrode, voltage, current, cathod, or anode, Thus, many studies have been conducted previously. In this study, the consideration of optimistic condition in electrowinning process to recover the valuable metal in EAFD have been carried. The extraction amount by changing pH shows increase according to high initial pH, also, the alteration of extraction amount by controling the space between electrode, voltage or current has been measured. The difference of efficiency represent by decrease of electromotive force, sudden loss of voltage under specific condition, and using platinum as electrode shows most stable extraction. Furthermore, when distance between electrode are too close, the extracted zinc contact with anode, which make recovery difficult. The analysis result of zinc metallic crystal which been recovered draws spherical and cylindrical shapes are scattered and mixed, and consequence of EDX, content of zinc appear about 60%.

The Korean Solar Radio Burst Locator (KSRBL) is a solar radio spectrograph observing the broad frequency range from 0.245 to 18 GHz with the capability of locating wideband gyrosynchrotron bursts. Due to the characteristics of a spiral feed, the beam center varies in a spiral pattern with frequency, making a modulation pattern over the wideband spectrum. After a calibration process, we obtained dynamic spectra consistent with the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeter (NoRP). We compared and analyzed the locations of bursts observed by KSRBL with results from the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) and Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). As a result, we found that the KSRBL provides the ability to locate flaring sources on the Sun within around 2′.

Today, in the course of globalization and crisis, the world needs the new ideas, new variants and ways of development of civilizations. Due to this, the author has developed and introduced own research (know-how) without world`s analogue. The main purpose of this research is to transfer Turkestan in the spiritual center (mega polis) of the international level. For the first time in history, as an example of one region, two large cardinal problems had been connected, i.e. on the one hand spiritual and cultural development of the society, on the other hand new 6th technological way to show to the world opportunity of Kazakhstan new model of spiritual-innovative development. After realization of this research the status of Kazakhstan will strengthen at international level. This workout is devoted to all people, especially to the youth - as future of our country.

One of the best solutions for the deficiency of clean water, especially for developing countries, is rainwater disinfection. In the past decades a lot of studies have been made to develop photocatalytic processes using TiO2 determining the performance on their surface oriented photocatalysis. However, most of these researches failed to consider the economical aspect as well as the effectiveness on the disinfection to antibiotic resistance genes. On the other hand, due to the issues of climate change and increased impermeable layer in urban area, flooding prevention is the best solution in water management systems. To remedy these two problems, a roof-harvested rainwater storage system was designed. In addition, a breakthrough technique using a solar simulator with self-rotating TiO2 nanotubes, to apply a photocatalytic system in disinfecting storage rainwater harvested from roof, was established. Roof-harvested storage rainwater was analysed for TN, TP, SS and COD. Aside from these parameters, Escherichia coli (with multidrug resistant pB10 plasmid) was added to the sample. Samples were injected to the self-rotating TiO2 nanotube reactor system with exposure time of 0 to 360 min and 7 different setups. Results show that the developed system has increased disinfection properties compared to negative samples, though the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Present day, 1.1 billion people face the lack of water; 1.3 billion people cannot access modern energy and 1.02 billion people are still starving. Meanwhile, the number of human population keeps increasing and this will induce the water, energy, and food scarcity in the future even worse. Increasing the stock or finding new alternative resources of water, energy and food individually is the most practical way to avoid the scarcity. Behind this improvement, it must be realized that these resources are connected each other. Water needs energy to be treated and distributed; in opposite way energy production requires water for cooling system or as the sources in hydropower plant. Food is in needed water and energy for growing, producing and delivering. Food can also become new energy source from biofuel but the food intensification will deteriorate water quality. Therefore, the integrated development and management, known as Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus, is needed to reach the balance and optimal development. Fulfilling the human need faces another challenge when the climate change influences the availability of these resources. Many researchers report that climate change causes increase in the earth temperature alters the rainfall pattern and magnitude which affect the safe water availability. Further, it can affect the food and energy production. Taking an inappropriate use of water, energy and food will threaten the amount of resources itself. As it is a complex and complicated interconnection, it is difficult to determine the appropriate uses solely based on human judgment. Many researchers have developed computer models to simulate the correlation between each element and aid the decision maker. Due to its complexity, most of models only focus on one or two elements such as water-energy or water-food and put other element as the secondary parameter. This study provides overview of the WEF Nexus and inter-connections among the three elements. Furthermore, we will envision a development of an evaluation model that can simulate and optimize the use of water, energy and food efficiently under the climate change condition. If succeed, this model could be a decision support system for government or stakeholder to implement a regulation related to efficient use of water, energy and food.

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has led to apparent toxicity with different aquatic species. Clarithromycin, for example, is used in treating respiratory tract infections, has been recently found in the surface waters and rivers which might threaten non-targeted organisms in these matrices. In this study, a model vertebrate Danio rerio (zebrafish) was exposed to 100ppb clarithromycin for 72 hours to evaluate acute toxicity through significantly affected metabolic compounds in the fish’s pathway. Metabolites obtained from q-TOF LC/MS were identified and mapped with the zebrafish’s metabolic pathway using Metlin, and KEGG respectively. 335 compounds are believed to have been significantly altered by the acute exposure of the antibiotic with the fish. The most affected pathways are ABC transporters, steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. With the said findings, it can be concluded that, although concentration of some pharmaceuticals may be as low as the one used in this study, its effects on the aquatic species exposed to it might be significant and should be given immediate attention

Drought prediction is of significance importance for drought disaster risk management and mitigation. The regression based statistical models and physical process based models are commonly used for drought prediction. The statistical models assume stationarity of data which limits their ability to capture highly non-linear patterns of droughts. On the other hand, reliable long-range rainfall forecast is necessary for drought prediction using physical process based models. However, the long-range rainfall prediction especially in the Asian monsoon regions is quite challenging for climate models. In this study, the use of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was explored to develop a model for prediction of droughts over the East Asia monsoon region (20oN–50oN,103oE–149oE) by employing Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) as a drought index. Most of the drought studies in the East Asia have been focused on basin or country scale. In this study, we identified homogeneous rainfall zones in the East Asia monsoon region using cluster analysis methods and analyzed the impact of global Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) on drought in each zone. The ANFIS-based model was developed and evaluated with different configurations to identify optimal model architecture and suitable predictor variables for drought prediction. The performance of the proposed model was assessed by comparison of observed and predicted values of the drought index using different statistical measures.

Prestressing steel is an effective means of increasing the load carrying capacity and control the deflection of structural steel members. Although the method of prestressing is not new, the application and development of the technique for steel members has been limited and not as advanced as prestressed concrete structures. Prestressing force is commonly introduced using hydraulic jacks and utilizes high strength tendons as the prestressing material. In this paper, a new method of applying prestressing force is introduced. The method involves a segmental beam consisting of three segments and a normal strength bottom plate (BP) as the pretressing material attached to the two initially inclined outer segments of the steel H-beam. Pretressing force is introduced by taking advantage of the geometry of the segmental assembly of the beam. Experiment, analytical studies, and finite element (FE) analysis using ABAQUS is performed to verify the feasibility and applicability of the method and to understand the behavior of a mechanically prestressed segmental steel beam. Results showed that the prestressing method significantly increases the load carrying capacity and at the same time reduces the deflection of the beam. The difficulties encountered in the method are the rigorous assembly and the introduction of the exact required amount of prestressing force. Overall, the method of prestressing performed in the study can be used to introduce pretressing force which improves the performance of steel beams, provided that proper detailing is implemented.

According to a recent analysis of NASA, the year 2014 now ranks as the warmest on record since 1880. Africa is widely held to be highly vulnerable to future climate change related hazards, and Ethiopia is often cited as one of the most extreme examples. The country’s economy is highly exposed to climate variability and extremes and the nature of agriculture, primarily rain-fed is sensitive to fluctuations in rainfall, which forms the basis of the economy supporting roughly 42% GDP and 85% employment. Wahlström M (2009) reported that over the last two decades (1988-2007), 76% of all disaster events were hydrological, meteorological or climatological in nature. In this review, a great concern is given for extreme conditions (flood and drought) particularly climate change related hazards and tries to look at the challenges, mitigation and policies. Climate change, drought and flood will continue to be a primary concern for many Ethiopian and even agricultural production and water supplies will become more severely diminished. Starting from 1970-1996 droughts and the resulting food shortage have affected millions and cause for the death of a significant number of people and in 2009 Ethiopia has experienced a delay in the main rainy season, particularly in northeastern areas, resulting in 50-70 % of agricultural land being sown for cropping. Ethiopia has also experienced a major flood in 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2006 and climate change, including extreme events like drought and flood affected areas will likely become more widely spread. Recently, flash floods affected big cities, including Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa (death of 300 people) and result in considerable damage to lives, livelihoods and property. Despite the hugely damaging effect that natural and man-made disasters have on Ethiopia’s economic development, little is done to prevent them. There are significant challenges to reduce climate change related hazards, but linking of climate change adaptation with disaster risk reduction and effective strategies to prevent hazards from becoming disasters and managing those disasters that do occur would make a lasting contribution to the quality of life and sustainable livelihoods. Several factors contribute to Ethiopia’s high vulnerability to disasters, but here the authors will focus on institutional frameworks and policy. There are several NGO and governmental climate change actors in Ethiopia. The country’s National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (NPDPM) was prepared in 1993. Ethiopia has also ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and under the mechanism, a National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) was produced in 2001 with an ambition to identify ‘immediate and urgent’ adaptation activities that address current and anticipated adverse effects of climate change and extreme climate events. The Environmental policy of Ethiopia indicates that environmental sustainability to be recognized in policies and strategies as a key prerequisite. In line with this the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was established and mainly assumes a regulatory role and coordinates various activities and included policy on climate change and pollution, particularly on promoting climate monitoring programs as the country is sensitive to changes in climate, identifying a firm and demonstrable commitment to the principle of containing climate change and fostering to use hydro, geothermal and solar energy to minimize an emission of greenhouse gases.

This study was initiated to examine the potential impacts on the environment during the management of food waste by anaerobic digestion in Daejeon Metropolitan City (DMC) that is built in 2017. The evaluation was based on both material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). The MFA study was performed using STAN 2.5, while the LCA was conducted according to ISO standards by utilizing Total 4 LCA software with the incorporation of CML 2002 methodology. According to the LCA results, global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) were found to be approximately 166 kg CO2-eq/ton of food waste, 0.43 kg SO2-eq/ton of food waste, 0.66 kg PO4 3−eq/ton of food waste, and 0.08 kg C2H4-eq/ ton of food waste, respectively. The disposal stage showed higher impact of GWP on the environment due to the landfilling of solid sludge and screening waste. In case of eutrophication potential, the treatment phase showed the highest impact on the environment, mainly because of the consumption of electricity. Based on the results of normalization, the highest environmental impacts was found in the treatment stage related to eutrophication potential. The results of LCA would provide policy-makers to identify and reduce potential environmental impacts associated with food waste to biogas conversion in DMC by life cycle.