This paper seeks to present, discuss, and analyze the differences as well as the similarities between English and Korean. It is generally agreed that the categories of culture differ across different types of societies and cultures. It is also believed that Western culture differs from Eastern culture. So we tend to think that people in a different culture speak differently, eat differently, wear differently, and interact differently from those in another culture. But it is not necessarily and not always true. I prove this by focusing on how people in a different culture speak a different language without knowing that they actually use the same expressions as those in another culture use. I will deal not only with cultural barriers due to the differences between English and Korean but also with how to work out the problems through the similarities between the two languages.

본 연구는 등분포 하중에 종속된 폼내장 콘크리트 샌드위치 패널 (foam insulated concrete sandwich panel)의 구조거 동특성을 파악하였다. 유한요소모델이 콘크리트, 폼 그리고 철근의 비선형거동과 연결부재 (connector)의 상세 전단 저항거동을 모사하기위해 사용되었다. 개발된 모델은 미주리대학 (University of Missouri)에서 수행된 정적실험자료 를 사용하여 검증되었다. 합성 및 비합성 거동이 샌드위치패널의 구조거동에미치는 영향을 정확히 모사하기 위해 전단연결재의 저항력을 모델에 정확히 반영하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서 개발된 모델은 구조물의 극한강도및 좌굴이후의 거동까지 모사하였고 미국콘크리트 학회 (ACI)의 설계예제와 비교하였다. 본연구의 결과는 정적 및 동 적하중에 종속된 폼내장 콘크리트 샌드위치 패널의 해석및 설계에 유용한 정보를 제공할것이다.

This paper reports a characteristic motion of a polarity inversion line (PIL) formed at the solar surface, which is newly found by performing a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation of flux emergence in the Sun. A magnetic flux tube composed of twisted field lines is assumed to emerge below the surface, forming a bipolar region with a PIL at the surface. A key finding is the successive half-turn rotation of the PIL, leading to the formation of a quadrupolar-like region at the surface and a magnetic configuration in the corona; this configuration is reminiscent of, but essentially different from the so-called inverse-polarity configuration of a filament magnetic field. We discuss a physical mechanism for producing the half-turn rotation of a PIL, which gives new insights into the magnetic structure formed via flux emergence. This presents a reasonable explanation of the configuration of a filament magnetic field suggested by observations.

Gene targeting is a genetic technique that utilizes homologous recombination between an engineered exogenous DNA fragments with the endogenous genome of an organism. In domestic animal, gene targeting has provided an important tool for producing Knock-out pig for GGTA1 gene to use xenotransplantation. The frequency of homologous recombination is a critical parameter for the success of gene targeting. The efficiency of homologous recombination in somatic cells is lower than that in mouse ES cells. So the application of gene targeting in somatic cells has been limited by its low efficiency. Recently, knock-out rat and mouse was generated by introducing nonhomologous end joining (NHE)-mediated deletion or insertion at the target site using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN). Therefore, the development of effective knock-out and knock-in techniques in domestic animal is very important in biomedical research. In this present study, we investigated whether homologous recombination events occurs at cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene locus using ZFN in porcine primary fibroblast. CMAH-targeted ZFN DNA and mRNA were purchased from SIGMA-Aldrich. CMAH neo targeting vector consists of the neomycin resistance gene as a positive selectable marker gene, 789 bp 5’ arm and 763 bp 3’ arm from Exon 8 of CMAH gene. For transfection, the targeting vector and ZFN DNA or mRNA were introduced into ear fibroblasts cells of Chicago miniature pig by electroporation. After selection of G-418, PCR analysis was performed using 213 colonies transfected with ZFN DNA or mRNA. As a result, 39 positive colonies were identified in colonies transfected with ZFN DNA or mRNA. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that the efficiency of gene targeting using ZFN was higher than that of conventional gene targeting in the porcine fibroblast. These cell lines may be used in the production of CMAH knock-out for xenotransplantation.

Covalent modifications of histone tails have fundamental roles in chromatin structure and transcriptional activity of a target locus. One of such modifications, Methylation at Lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3-K9) causes several epigenetic phenomena including heterochromatin formation, transcriptional regulation and DNA methylation. Setdb1, H3-K9 specific histone methyltransferase, functions in gene silencing, heterochromatin formation and essential role for early development. Here, we demonstrate that Setdb1 associates with promyelocytic leukemia (Pml) protein from the early stage of mouse development and is a constitutive member of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that have been linked to many cellular processes such as apoptosis, DNA damage responses, and transcriptional regulation. Immunostaining of mouse blastocyst showed that Setdb1 and Pml signals were scattered in nucleus as a few speckles and microinjected Pmlmyc signals colocalize with Setdb1 signals. This colocalization was observed in mEF and the punctate signals of Setdb1 were observed to be present in every nucleus of mEFs and dividing cells with condensed chromosomes. Arsenic treatment, which induces Pml degradation, also caused Setdb1 signals to disappear. Setdb1 knockdown resulted in disassembly of PML-NBs and immunoprecipitation results demonstrated physical interactions between Setdb1 and Pml. These data suggest that Setdb1 was associated in PML-NB and Setdb1 has important function in maintenance of PML-NB structure.

Sperm examination is an important tool in estimating the fertilizing capacity of an ejaculate. The number of spermatozoa in a semen dose, morphology and motility are important for the fertilization process. By evaluation of semen, artificial insemination (AI) using high quality of semen can increase fertilization rate. Boar semen is subject to contamination by various pathogens that can result in fertility disorders in sows. Among these pathogens, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars in AI stations is essential. Because of the high risk of dissemination of disease via AI, The absolute goal is to provide pathogen-free semen and this is feasible with the adequate measures. The disease affects boars semen causes a significant reduction quality. In this study we investigated the characterization boar semen in Jeju, interaction of pathogenic virus infection with characterization of boar semen. Forty-two boar semen from 13 farms were investigated. The semen were stored during 5 days at 17℃ and the sperm qualities in the stored semen were analysed. Visual-motility assessment is a tool (Computer- Assisted Semen Analysis) used to determine the quality of boar semen. Percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were assessed. PRRS ,PPV and PCV-2 were detected in boar semen using PCR. The motion characteristics in boar semen was showed 68.4±9.1% for motility, 48.6±7.1 μm/s for VAP, 45.3±7.0 μm/s for VSL, 79.1±8.7 μm/s for VCL, 1.3±0.2 μm/s for ALH, 8.3±0.4 Hz for BCF, 93.6±3.5% for STR, 57.9±6.4 % for LIN. The percentage of sperm with abnormal head, midepeice and tail were 0.3±0.7%, 14.4±12.5%, 4.9±6.6%, respectively. Based on the PCR method, PPV was detected in 20 samples (48%). However, PCV-2 and PRRSV were not detected in any cases. Marked differences in motility and morphology between PPV negative and PPV positive semen were not observed. Sperm cell production was not affected by PPV infection. However, slight increases in detached head, coiled tail after infection were observed (p<0.05). The motility of semen in Jeju is similar to case comparing with other regions in Korea. Although PPV in semen was not affected in semen quality, there is the high risk of virus excretion in the semen of Jeju boars. Therefore continuous screening tests for some particular pathogens in boar semen would be warranted.

Entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis naturally occurred on citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri nymph was often observed in organic citrus orchards, Jeju. The genus Aschersonia is also known to be toxic against scale insects and other pests. However, little is known about artificial media for mass production of spores of Aschersonia species. Grains are excellent sources of media for mass conidia production of various entomopathogenic fungi. The yeast extract, which converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxides and alcohols, contains a large amount of vitamin B complexes which facilitate the carbohydrate metabolism. The more yeast extract content the more conidia production on artificial medium made from commercial corn flour and corn gluten feed. The number of conidium produced on oat, millet, sorghum, and unhulled barley medium containing 1% yeast extract were 1.8, 1.8, 1.6, and 2.1×1010/plate (90mm × 15mm), respectively. However, the greatest yeast effect among four media showed appeared on sorghum medium, which produced 25 times higher spore production than sorghum alone. Furthermore, the conidia from solid sorghum medium could be easily harvested with cell scraper.

Aschersonia aleyrodis was well-known to be a biological control agent for citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri. This entomopathogenic fungus is naturally occurred in organic farming citrus orchards in Jeju. Both lime-sulfur and Bordeaux mixtures are extensively used today to control citrus diseases like citrus melanose and citrus scab, especially in organic farming pest management program. The high concentrated lime-sulfur is also used for pest control such as pink citrus rust mite and scale insects. This study was focused to test the conidial germination and sporulation of Aschersonia aleyrodis on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing different concentrations of two fungicides. The conidia of Aschersonia aleyrodis grown on PDA mixed with commercial bordeaux mixtures, CM150-505, at dilution rate 1:200 (water : bordeaux mixture) were well-germinated but not sporulated at all. On the other hand, Aschersonia aleyrodis did not sporulate and germinate on lime sulfur treated PDA medium even at extremely low dilution rate 1:2,048,000 (water : lime sulfur). However, when the mycelial cells grown at 25o C for at least 7 days at soluble starch-tryptone medium were added to PDA, they were well-sporulated even at high dilution rate 1:100 (water : lime sulfur). This result suggested that the spore mixtures of Aschersonia aleyrodis should be applied to field quite long after lime-sulfur spray.

Riptortus clavatus is one of the most serious pests affecting the cultivation of sweet persimmon, which is one of the most important export fruits in Korea. A pheromone-baited trap has been used in attempts to control this pest. Although the trap showed relatively good trap efficacy, it was often observed that R. clavatus walks around and rests on the surface of the trap rather than entering the trap. In the present study, the development of a more efficient pheromone-baited trap for R. clavatus was pursued by investigating 3 different traps: the fish trap, the pyramidal trap, and the symmetry trap. The fish trap captured the lowest number of R. clavatus, and the pyramidal trap showed moderate capture efficacy. Significantly greater numbers of R. clavatus adults were captured in the symmetry trap. Significantly increased trapping efficacy of the symmetry trap would be useful for mass trapping of R. clavatus.

Beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is a polyphagous lepidopteran pest mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. BAW are known to migrate long distances to find suitable host plants and environmental condition. The possibility of its overwintering in temperate regions has been suspected. This study was conducted for investigating overwintering and phenology of BAW using by sex pheromone trap in Jeju during 2007 to 2011. BAW was able to overwinter at pupae stage regardless of temperature of winter season in Jeju. The times of BAW caught first on traps were different by surveyed years - early March in 2007, middle March in 2008 and 2011 and early April in 2009 and 2010. The times of BAW caught on trap tended to be more dependent on temperature variation during on November and December than on mean temperature of winter season. The peak season of adults of the overwintering generation was early to middle of May. The results of seasonal periodicity of BAW monitored by sex pheromone trap during 2009 and 2010 indicated that five generations were passed in Jeju. The peak season of 1st generation was on middle of April, 2nd generation on middle of July, 3rd generation on early of August, 4th generation on late of August and 5th generation on middle of September. There were similar patterns by different above sea levels except the season of overwintering generation adults occurrence (March to May).

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of sericin-calcium (SC) as therapy for ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Three weeks after ovariectomy (OVX), Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: sham-operated group (Sham), ovariectomized group, and SC-treatment group (OVX+SC). Rats in the OVX+SC group were given drinking water containing 0.07% SC for eight weeks. Bone breaking force, mineralization, and blood parameters related to bone metabolism were analyzed. In OVX animals, blood concentration of 17β-estradiol showed a significant decrease, while osteocalcin and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptides (CTx) showed an increase. Breaking force of femurs as well as bone mineral density (BMD), ash, calcium, and phosphorus in femurs showed a significant decrease following OVX. Treatment with SC (0.07% in drinking water) resulted not only in remarkable restoration of the decreased 17β-estradiol and increased osteocalcin and CTx concentrations, but also led to recovery of decreased femoral breaking force, BMD, ash, calcium, and phosphorus. It is suggested that SC effectively improves bone density by preventing bone turnover-mediated osteocalcin, CTx, and minerals, and that it could be a potential candidate for use in therapy or prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis.

Liver cancer represents a major health problem with steadily increasing incidence rates. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. This study was conducted in order to investigate the gross findings following treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in mice. Sixteen male and female mice (B6C3F₁), initially 20 days of age, received intraparietal injection (20 mg/kg three times for a period of two weeks, IP) or were given drinking water (DW) containing 50 ppm DEN; all mice were sacrificed at the 80^th week of experiments. Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and HCC were induced in B6C3F₁), mice by administration of DEN. The numbers of HCA and HCC were 7.4±1.72 (IP) and 7.2±0.86 (DW) in male mice. However, no significant difference was observed between the DW and IP groups. The numbers of HCA and HCC were 0.67±0.33 (IP) and 2.0±0.63 (DW) in female mice. This study showed a tendency for high incidences of liver tumor with long-term exposure of newborn animals by drinking water.

Arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis, is a serious scale insect pest of citrus in Jeju. The sticky taping of 1.0 cm diameter twig was a good survey method for arrowhead scale crawler. There are three times crawler occurrence season - late May to early July, late July to middle September and late September to late October. But the third occurred crawlers are all died during overwintering in open-field groves. This study was conducted to provide information on efficient sampling plan for arrowhead scale within the tree. Twig and fruit was fit for secondary sample unit by two-stage variance analysis. Both sample number per tree (primary sample unit) was eight twigs or fruits. Taylor’s power law was better described the distribution characteristic of arrowhead scale than Iwao’s patchiness regression. The slope of both linear regressions was greater than “1” which means aggregative distribution pattern. Minimum sample size to estimate the density was calculated using by two parameters of Taylor’s power law. To estimate the mean density on twig and fruit by binomial sampling plan, the optimum tally threshold was 5 and 7, respectively.