Background: It has been argued that changes in muscle activity in the upper trapezius and serratus anterior may or may not cause shoulder joint pain and dysfunction. Objective: To investigate the effects of active vibration exercise on muscle activity regarding scapular stabilization using a flexi-bar. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 24 subjects were randomly assigned to a flexi-bar group with active vibration and general stick group with non-active vibration. Both groups performed the same four action programs for 6 weeks, three times a week for 30 minutes at a time. The upper trapezius muscle, middle trapezius muscle, lower trapezius muscle and serratus anterior muscle of the dominant side was measured by electromyography before and after the 6 weeks of exercise. The independent t-test and paired t-test were used to analyze data. Results: There was a significant difference between groups in upper trapezius muscle and serratus anterior muscle activity after exercise (P<.05). Also, there was a significant difference in upper trapezius muscle and serratus anterior muscle activity before and after exercise in the flexi-bar group (P<.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that active vibration exercise using a flexi-Bar contribute to reduce the activity of the upper trapezius muscle and promote the activity of the serratus anterior muscle.

Background: Ankle instability usually occurs after stroke, and contributes to unsafe walking and associated risk of falling in the affected patients. Objective: To investigate the effects of kinesiology taping (KT) on gait and balance ability (center of pressure, CoP) in patients with ankle instability after stroke. Design: One group, pre-post design. Methods: A total of 11 patients with ankle instability after stroke were enrolled. In all subjects, the gait and balance ability were assessed under 2 conditions: KT and barefoot. Gait and balance ability was assessed using GAITRite system and FDM-S platform. Results: Comparison between KT and barefoot condition, KT condition was significantly higher in velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length than barefoot condition (P<.05). KT condition was significantly lower in CoP path length and sway speed than barefoot condition (P<.05). Conclusion: KT indicated potential as a helpful method for walking and balancing ability in patients with ankle instability after stroke. Therefore, this study recommends KT as an option applicable to the stroke with ankle instability.

As the population of consumers of outdoor wear expands, there is increasing interest among consumers in trendy lifestyle outdoor. Accordingly, it is essential to develop designs that are drawn from outdoor wear. This can be limited to traditional mountaineering suits, and designs developed from men’s outdoor zip-up T-shirts, which are highly utilized in everyday life, are very important. This study developed the design of a summer zip-up T-shirt for men with both functional and aesthetic qualities. Visual images of foreign brands and domestic outdoor-focused T-shirts from the spring/summer seasons of 2013-2019 were collected to analyze the following modeling elements: silhouettes, details, colors, materials, and prints. In addition, the design concept was derived by analyzing presentations from the global outdoor trade Fairs (2013-2019). To develop a sustainable eco-friendly outdoor summer T-shirt for men, the concept was derived according to three categories: eco-friendly, sportismexpressed active elements of sports, and an outro-concept of urban town wear as an outdoor lifestyle. Thus, a total of 12 styles of design were developed. High utilization of the outdoor wear T-shirts (which are also popular as lifestyle wear), is an important aspect of building a segmented lineup of the slow-growing outdoor wear market and supports expansion of the scope of theoretical research on outdoor wear design.

Literature has been repeatedly recognized as an effective source of authentic materials in EFL classrooms. Literature exposes learners to coherent and expert writing which can enable them to write better and facilitates students’ creative writing skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching procedures of using short fiction in a Korean high school EFL course in which English writing and reading skills are integrated and to provide pedagogical suggestions for using authentic literature in EFL classrooms. First, this paper introduces a theoretical discussion of the advantages of using short fiction in an English writing instruction, and discusses reasons for selecting the Korean short novel Dongbackkot and the English short story “Araby” as resources for writing. After that pedagogical steps with practical classroom activities are described. We hope that the pedagogical suggestions provided here may inspire English teachers to design their teaching materials using appropriate literary texts to improve their students’ English essay writing and balanced communication skills.

Many companies make considerable efforts in implementing supply chain management systems to increase their competitiveness. In particular, there are significant investments in their ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and supply chain. However, considerable diversity exists in how well firms have been able to assimilate ICT and leverage the business value of it. In addition, studies on supply chains, particularly Real Time Enterprise (RTE) competence, which is cited for rapid information sharing and dynamic capabilities for each role in the supply chain, are insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to explore and evaluate effect of ICT utilization capabilities, including ‘ICT internal cooperative capabilities’ and ‘ICT operational flexibility capabilities’, on RTE capabilities (flexibility, visibility and prediction) and supply chain performance. To validate the research model proposed in the study, survey was conducted on companies using ICT along the supply chain of manufacturing industries. 216 data were used, SPSS and AMOS were used for the analysis methods. Study results showed that ICT internal collaboration capabilities affect agility, one of RTE capabilities, but not visibility and prediction, and ICT operational flexibility capabilities have affected all three RTE capacities. And, RTE capabilities had a huge impact on supply chain performance as expected. In this paper, it has been found that the ICT capabilities in manufacturing are an important factor in improving RTE capabilities that are important in the supply chain and improving the performance of the supply chain.

A new form of media is changing the expression and content of fashion. In this paper, fashion films that have appeared since 2010 - when digital fashion communication was increasing - will be discussed and explored to consider how technological transitions in fashion media are changing the appearance and role of fashion. A literature review was conducted to derive characteristics, types, and expressive elements of new media fashion films, which were defined for this study as fashion films produced and distributed since 2010 using digital media. Films were categorized into three types: promotional, editorial, and independent fashion films. Furthermore, elements of the films were identified as fashion mise-en-scene, auditory structure, and content structure. Types and expressions of digital fashion images in 40 fashion films were analyzed according to these elements. The results showed that promotional fashion films maximize various narrative and sensory effects on fashion products, whilst editorial fashion films strengthen the role of entertainment. Independent fashion films expand the area of fashion and promote the diversification of fashion systems. Moreover, the results show that fashion films are not a secondary form of media that just expresses fashion; they provide a tool for the creation of new fashion content. New media fashion films promote the expansion of expressive spectra and boundaries, offering various multisensory experiences of fashion, and enhancing creativity and the aesthetic values of fashion.

Supply chain management can be defined as an information system that connects the inside and outside of a company. Its purpose is to systematically and strategically manage the flow of information, resources and services to improve the long-term performance of the entire organization, including individual companies connected to the supply chain, and the quality of service provided to customers. The ultimate goal of SCM is to create synergy through organic integration of supply and demand based on cooperation and collaboration with stakeholders in the supply chain. This study is based on the hypothesis that the company's management performance will improve as the level of SCM improves. Most of the previous studies dealt with the relationship between corporate performance and SCM in the IT area. In this study, research was conducted through human capacity with IT system. The causal relationship was demonstrated, and there was a difference in the perception of the results of this study depending on whether or not smart factories were consulted in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. There is a need to examine the links between management's value chain and its causal relationship.

목적 : 본 연구는 11개의 국내 제조사에서 시판되는 교체용 써클 소프트 콘택트렌즈의 새그깊이 차이를 평가하 고자 하였다. 방법 : 실험에 사용된 각각의 콘택트렌즈의 전체직경, 기본커브 같은 2 개의 특정 변수는 동일하게 유지되었다. 콘택트렌즈를 수평선 면에 평행하고 식염수 용액을 함유한 각각의 일회용 폴리스티렌 페트리 접시에 위치시켰다. 렌즈의 새그깊이는 세극등에 장착된 디지털 카메라로 찍어 측정하였다. 결과 : 모든 렌즈의 새그깊이는 3.26~3.67 mm 범위였으며, 평균값은 3.52±0.11 mm이었다. 측정된 새그깊 이에 기초하여 계산된 기본커브는 8.51~9.15 mm 범위였으며, 평균값은 8.73±0.17 mm이었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 측정된 11개의 교체용 써클 소프트 콘택트렌즈는 새그깊이에서 현저한 차이가 있었다.

This research investigates how digital design agencies and client companies incorporate design thinking―a human-centered approach to solving difficult problems―into their website development processes. Based on a literature review on the design-thinking-driven web development process, multiple case studies of award-winning website projects were performed by in-depth interviews with key practitioners. Through analyses of these cases, their user-centered approaches for website innovation were identified according to the following four phases: web planning (discovery and defining phases) and web design and development (development and delivery phases). Moreover, distinct approaches of design thinking practices were identified according to two website types: a brand promotion website with a killer brand storytelling approach; and a service channel website with a strategic UI/UX-driven approach. Next, the key success drivers of these website projects were suggested in light of the typical themes of design thinking (i.e., human centeredness, research based, context awareness, and collaboration). Some practical limitations were also found in adopting the design-thinking-driven web development process, such as limited research methods and tools, and insufficient prototyping and experimentation. Along with these limitations, it was also discovered that current digital design agencies still face the following challenges in adopting the design-thinking-driven web development process: building a long-term, playful partnership with clients; leveraging decision-makers' design thinking awareness; and coping with limited resources (design thinking practitioners, budgets, and schedules).

목적 : 본 연구에서는 대학생의 스트레스, 안구 건조, 구강 건조의 관련성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 조사 연구이며, 대상자는 대학생 268명(남성 113명, 여성 155명)이었다. 대상자의 일반적인 특성에 대한 질문, 스트레스 척도, 안구 건조 척도, 구강 건조 척도를 자기 기입식으로 설문조사하였다. 분석방법 으로는 t-test, 분산분석, 상관분석, 공분산분석, 회귀분석 등을 이용하였다. 결과 : 대학생에서 측정된 스트레스는 평균 64.61±18.00점이었고, 여성, 1일 카페인 3잔 이상에서 유의한 차 이를 보였다. 측정된 안구 건조는 평균 11.26±8.18점이었고, 8시간미만 수면, 1일 카페인 3잔 이상, 컴퓨터 3~5시간 사용하는 경우에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한, 측정된 구강 건조는 평균 15.76±10.39점이었고, 컴퓨 터 3~5시간 사용하는 경우에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 스트레스와 안구 건조, 구강 건조는 상관관계가 있었으며, 안구 건조가 구강 건조에도 영향이 미치는 것 으로 나타났다. 안구 건조는 수면 시간, 컴퓨터 사용 시간, 스트레스에 영향을 받았으며, 구강 건조는 스트레스에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 안구 건조와 구강 건조가 함께 오랜 기간 지속될 경우 전문적 치료가 필요할 것이다.

The omni-channel customer system is the communication system between enterprise and customer via multiple channels such as mail, email, SMS, and mobile. The omni-channel customer system complements each other channel through the integration of each channel. The purpose of this research is to derive key factors and calculate the weights that a financial enterprise considers when adopting the omni-channel customer system. For this research, we analyzed the request for proposal documents used for the omni-channel customer system implementation projects in the financial enterprise. Also, we derived, classified, and stratified the key factors to be considered for the introduction of the omni-channel customer system in the financial enterprise. As a result of analyzing the key factors, customer experience, operations, and security were identified as the components of the top category in introducing the omni-channel customer system in the financial sector. Furthermore, the weight for each key factor was calculated by using ANP. As a result of ANP, operations, customer experience, and security were important in order. Also, the degree of easiness for connecting with other systems and the various abilities for representing the contents of the omni-channels were derived as the important key factors.

Spontaneous motion is one of the most basic event types, but different languages use varying patterns to express it. For example, English usually encodes path information in prepositional phrases or adverbial particles, while Korean maps path information onto verbs (Talmy, 1985). This study predicts that this typological difference would affect English spontaneous motion expressions produced by Korean learners and analyzes two English-language speech corpora, one, the data from native speakers (600 recordings), and the other, data from L1-Korean learners of English (400 recordings). It finds that the learners significantly underuse satellite-framed patterns, but not verb-framed patterns, compared with the native speakers, suggesting that the L1 plays a role in their L2 production. The satellite-framed patterns, however, account for the greatest portion of spontaneous motion expressions in the L2 corpus, suggesting the dominant effect of input on L2 production. These findings lead to pedagogical implications concerning preventing L1 interference and fostering input-based L2 acquisition.

본 실험은 CAM 식물인 칼랑코에(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) 에 이산화탄소 시비 및 다양한 일장처리를 통한 생육반응을 조사하여 탄소자원화 기술 도입 방안을 모색하고 고품질 분화 묘 생산을 하고자 수행되었다. 실험은 서울여자대학교 ICT스마트형 유리온실에서 실시하였으며, 공시 재료는 칼랑코에 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Lion’, ‘Fikalrudak’ 두 품종이다. 일장은 8시간, 12시간, 16시간으로 처리하였으며 이산화탄소는 22:00~04:00에 평균 400㎛ol･mol-1(대조구)와 800㎛ol･mol-1로 처리했다. 엽수는 칼랑코에 ‘Lion’ 품종의 경우, 8시간과 12시간 일장에서, 칼랑코에 ‘Fikalrudak’ 품종의 경우, 8시간 일장에서 이산화탄소 농도 상승에 따라 증가하였다. 초장은 품종에 관계없이 일장 8시간에서 이산화탄소 농도를 400㎛ol･mol-1에서 800㎛ol･mol-1로 증가시킬 때 감소하였다. 칼랑코에 ‘Lion’ 품종에서, 미성숙엽의 엽장과 엽폭은 이산화탄소 농도 상승에 따라 일장 8시간과 12시간에서 증가하였다. 하지만, 칼랑코에 ‘Fikalrudak’ 품종의 미성숙엽 엽장과 엽폭은 이산화탄소 농도에 영향을 받지 않아 품종에 따른 반응 차이가 있는 것으로 판단된다. 마디수는 품종과 일장에 관계없이 이산화탄소 농도를 800㎛ol･mol-1로 증가시켰더니 증가하였으며, 개화소요일 수는 이산화탄소 농도에 영향을 받지 않았다. 개화는 품종에 따라 차이가 있었으며 칼랑코에 ‘Lion’ 품종에서는 8시간과 12시간 일장에서, 칼랑코에 ‘Fikalrudak’ 품종에서는 8시간 일장에서 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 칼랑코에는 이산화탄소 농도에 관계없이 단일 조건에서만 효과적으로 개화하며, 이산화탄소 시비는 칼랑코에 잎의 생산과 마디 생산을 촉진시킬 수 있었 다. 그러나 이산화탄소 고농도 시비는 칼랑코에 개화 품질에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있으므로 시비 단계, 품종 등에 따른 적합한 시비 방법이 다르게 적용되어야 한다.

Bootleg fashion emerged from the fashion industry after 2010, and has been used across a range of different genres. However, it has yet to be theoretically established; therefore, this study will explain bootleg fashion as a new genre, which will help in the planning and designing of products within domestic fashion brands. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and internal meaning of bootleg fashion as a recently emerged fashion phenomenon that borrows from other brands without permission. The research methodology included a theoretical literature review of fashion sites and related materials and empirical research using case analysis. Results of the analysis of both characteristics and internal meaning of bootleg fashion suggest the following characteristics:ﾠ“unauthorized use of symbolic elements,” “disorganization of boundaries between fashion,” “multiplicity through globalization,” and “newness through deconstruction and recombination.” Internal meanings derived from the analysis were “parody through symbol,” which is seen as “a parody and homage resulting from the unauthorized use of a brand,” while “decomposition through disorganization” is seen as a break-up of the boundaries between different fashions from a mainstreamoriented perspective. A juxtaposition of elements was demonstrated by “playfulness through transformation,” which showed that such fashion cannot coexist with positional transposition. Finally, “spread as a cultural phenomenon” was derived through the diffusion through digital media with DIY culture. As such, bootleg fashion has been reborn as an innovative fashion genre, breaking the taboo of the illegitimate from the past and demonstrating new endeavors.

Enamel knot (EK)—a signaling center—refers to a transient morphological structure comprising epithelial tissue. EK is believed to regulate tooth development in early organogenesis without its own cellular alterations, including proliferation and differentiation. EKs show a very simple but conserved structure and share functions with teeth of recently evolved vertebrates, suggesting conserved signaling in certain organs, such as functional teeth, through the course of evolution. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of key EK-specific genes including Dusp26 , Fat4, Meis2, Sln , and Zpld1 during mice embryogenesis. Expression patterns of these genes may reveal putative differentiation mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis.

Lysyl oxidase-variant 2 (LOX-v2) is a novel variant of lysyl oxidase (LOX) that functions as an amine oxidase for the formation of lysine-mediated crosslinks found in collagen and elastin fibrils. In addition to the amine oxidase activity in the extracellular matrix, several novel functions, such as tumor suppression, tumor progression, chemotaxis, cellular senescence, and modification of histones, have been assigned to LOX. In recent years, it has been reported that LOX is also present in nuclear locations, suggesting a novel functional role of LOX in the nucleus. To test the amine oxidase activity of LOX and LOX-v2 to nuclear histone proteins, we expressed and purified LOX and LOX-v2 as recombinant forms and then assessed the amine oxidase activity toward histone H2A in in vitro peroxidase-coupled fluorometric assays. Both LOX and LOX-v2 proteins showed significant levels of amine oxidase activity toward histone H2A in a β -aminopropionitrile-inhibitable manner. In immunofluorescence staining after ectopic expression in cultured cells, LOX was observed in the perinuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular areas, whereas LOX-v2 was predominantly detected in the nucleoplasm with a punctuate pattern. These findings suggest that LOX-v2 may play a novel functional role in the nucleus through the amine oxidase activity to the nuclear histone proteins. Elucidation of the specific functional roles of LOX-v2, such as substrate specificity toward different types of nuclear proteins and detailed analysis on subnuclear localization, will provide a significant clue in understanding the diverse functional roles currently assigned to a single enzyme, LOX.

This study investigated the efficacy of four Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant proteins, namely adenylate kinase (Adk), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk), 50S ribosomal protein (L7/L12) and preprotein translocase subunit (SecB), as a combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against B. abortus infection in BALB/c mice. Immunoblotting assay showed that these four recombinant proteins as well as pcold-TF vector reacted individually with Brucella-positive serum, but not with Brucella-negative serum. The peripheral blood CD4+ T cell population was increased in CSV-immunized mice compared to PBS and pcold-TF vector groups. In addition, CSV and pcold-TF groups displayed induced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies production compared to PBS and RB51 group, whereas IgG2a titer was higher than IgG1 titer in CSV group. The secretion profiles of IgG1 and IgG2a production together with an enhancement of CD4+ T cell population suggested that CSV did not only induce T helper 1 (Th1) T cell immunity but also humoral immunity. Therein, Th1 T cell immunity is more predominant in eliminating intracellular bacteria B. abortus. Furthermore, CSV immunization significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the spleen as well as the spleen weight in comparison to PBS and pcold-TF groups. Altogether, combination of these antigens could be potential to induce protective immunity against B. abortus infection in animals.

본 연구는 제비동자꽃의 대량번식을 위한 효과적인 발아 조건을 선발하고자 수행되었다. 제비동자꽃 종자는 저온습윤 처리(5°C, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16주), GA3 처리(0, 500, 1000mg･L-1), 프라이밍 처리(0.1M, 0.2M의 NH4NO3, K2HPO4, KCl, KNO3)를 하였다. 모든 종자는 25°C, 12시간 광조건(40μmol･m-2 ･s-1)에 서 발아 실험이 진행되었으며, GA3 처리구는 비닐온실(평균 23.4°C)에서도 비교실험이 진행되었다. 저온습윤 8주 처리구 에서 20.4%로 가장 높은 발아율을 나타냈으며, 12주 이상의 저온습윤 처리는 오히려 제비동자꽃의 발아율을 감소시켰다. GA3 0, 500, 1000mg･L-1 처리된 종자는 25°C에서 각각 3.3, 44.0, 62.0%, 비닐온실에서 각각 5.3, 16.7, 42% 발아하였다. 제비동자꽃 종자는 GA3 농도가 높아질수록 발아율이 증가하였다. 또한 제비동자꽃 종자는 0.2M KNO3-프라이밍 처리구에서 가장 높은 발아율(54.7%)을 나타냈으며, 평균발아소요일수는 처리 간 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 효과적인 제비종자꽃 종자 번식을 위한 전처리 조건으로 24시간 GA3 1000mg･L-1 침지 처리 또는 0.2M-KNO3 프라이밍 처리를 추천한다.

Bilobalide isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba has several pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant. However, the effect of bilobalide on cancer has not been clearly established. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bilobalide on cell growth and apoptosis induction in FaDu human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, nuclear 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, DNA fragmentation analysis, and immunoblotting. Bilobalide inhibited the growth of FaDu cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Treatment with bilobalide resulted in nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in FaDu cells. Furthermore, it promoted the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3/-7/-8/-9 with increase in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-8/-9. Bilobalide-induced apoptosis in FaDu cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and the activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting revealed that the antiapoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2 was downregulated, but the proapoptotic protein Bax was upregulated by bilobalide in FaDu cells. Bilobalide significantly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These results suggest that bilobalide inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in FaDu human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma via both the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

Fast service access involves keeping track of the location of mobile users, while they are moving around the mobile network for a satisfactory level of QoS (Quality of Service) in a cost-effective manner. The location databases are used to keep track of Mobile Terminals (MT) so that incoming calls can be directed to requested mobile terminals at all times. MT reporting cell system used in location management is to designate each cell in the network as a reporting cell or a non-reporting cell. Determination of an optimal number of reporting cells (or reporting cell configuration) for a given network is reporting cell planning (RCP) problem. This is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem which has an exponential complexity. We can see that a cell in a network is either a reporting cell or a non-reporting cell. Hence, for a given network with N cells, the number of possible solutions is  . We propose a biogeography based optimization (BBO) for design of mobile station location management system in wireless communication network. The number and locations of reporting cells should be determined to balance the registration for location update and paging operations for search the mobile stations to minimize the cost of system. Experimental results show that our proposed BBO is a fairly effective and competitive approach with respect to solution quality for optimally designing location management system because BBO is suitable for combinatorial optimization and multi-functional problems.