Pig slurry (PS) is the most applicable recycling option as an alternative organic fertilizer. The application of pig slurry has the risk of air pollution via atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The zeolite has a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, thus utilizing for the potential additive of deodorization and gas adsorption. This study aimed to investigate the possible roles of zeolite in mitigating NH3 and N2O emission from the pig slurry applied to the maize cropping. The experiment was composed of three treatments: 1) non-N fertilized control, 2) pig slurry (PS) and 3) pig slurry mixed with natural zeolite (PZ). Both of NH3 and N2O emission from applied pig slurry highly increased by more than 3-fold compared to non-N fertilized control. The NH3 emission from the pig slurry was dominant during early 14 days after application and 20.1% of reduction by zeolite application was estimated in this period. Total NH3 emission through whole period of measurement was 0.31, 1.33, and 1.14 kg ha-1. Nitrous oxide emission in the plot applied with pig slurry was also reduced by zeolite treatment by 16.3%. Significant increases in forage and ear yield, as well as nutrient values were obtained by pig slurry application, while no significant effects of zeolite were observed. These results indicate that the application of zeolite and pig slurry efficiently reduces the emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide without negative effects on maize crop production.

Several factors, including genetic and environmental insults, impede protein folding and secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Accumulation of unfolded or mis-folded protein in the ER manifests as ER stress. To cope with this morbid condition of the ER, recent data has suggested that the intracellular event of an unfolded protein response plays a critical role in managing the secretory load and maintaining proteostasis in the ER. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a chemical chaperone and hydrophilic bile acid that is known to inhibit apoptosis by attenuating ER stress. Numerous studies have revealed that TUDCA affects hepatic diseases, obesity, and inflammatory illnesses. Recently, molecular regulation of ER stress in tooth development, especially during the secretory stage, has been studied. Therefore, in this study, we examined the developmental role of ER stress regulation in tooth morphogenesis using in vitro organ cultivation methods with a chemical chaperone treatment, TUDCA. Altered cellular events including proliferation, apoptosis, and dentinogenesis were examined using immunostaining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. In addition, altered localization patterns of the formation of hard tissue matrices related to molecules, including amelogenin and nestin, were examined to assess their morphological changes. Based on our findings, modulating the role of the chemical chaperone TUDCA in tooth morphogenesis, especially through the modulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, could be applied as a supporting data for tooth regeneration for future studies.

D-pinitol is an analog of 3-methoxy-D-chiro-inositol found in beans and plants. D-pinitol has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Additionally, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in breast and prostate cancers. However, to date, no study has investigated the anticancer effects of D-pinitol in oral cancer. Therefore, in this study, whether the anticancer effects of D-pinitol induce apoptosis, inhibit the epithelialto- mesenchymal transition (EMT), and arrest cell cycle was investigated in squamous epithelial cells. D-pinitol decreased the survival and cell proliferation rates of CAL-27 and Ca9-22 oral squamous carcinoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evidence of apoptosis, including nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and caspase-3 fragmentation, was also observed. D-pinitol inhibited the migration and invasion of both cell lines. In terms of EMT-related proteins, E-cadherin was increased, whereas N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug were decreased. D-pinitol also decreased the expression of cyclin D1, a protein involved in the cell cycle, but increased the expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Hence, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CAL-27 and Ca9-22 cells, demonstrating an anticancer effect by decreasing the EMT.

This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of the process-genre approach on EFL learners’ writing improvement. A total of 48 Chinese college freshmen students participated in this study, and they were divided into high-level (n=20) and low-level (n=28) groups. All the participants were instructed by the same teacher in the College English class for 14 weeks, during which they were taught how to compose in three writing genres: narration, exposition, and argumentation. After comparing the writing scores of pre- and post-tests from both groups, it can be concluded that the processgenre approach is helpful in enhancing the EFL learners’ writing competence because both groups of students had significantly improved their writing abilities. Besides, both group learners attained a salient achievement in expository writing after they were trained by the process-genre approach. Compared with the high-level learners, the low-level learners made larger progress in all three writing genres. It indicates that enough teaching time and teacher’s scaffolding systems are crucial for the learners’ writing development.

Background: Shoes cover the feet and ankle joints and come into contact with the ground directly during walking, and the shape of shoes is related to the muscle tone of the lower extremity muscles. However, no study has been conducted on the muscle tone of the lower extremity after wearing combat boots. Objectives: To compare and analyze the effects of walking in combat boots and in athletic shoes on muscle tone and stiffness, to identifying the effect of the characteristics of shoes on the muscle tone. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into a combat boots group and an athletic shoes group, and interventions were implemented. Both groups walked for 30 minutes on a treadmill at 4.2 km/h. MyotonPRO was used to measure the muscle tone and stiffness of the lower extremity. The measuring sites were set to five muscles on both legs. Results: In the combat boots group, muscle tone and stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius on the dominant side, the muscle tone and stiffness of rectus femoris, and the muscle stiffness of hamstring on the non-dominant side significantly decreased after walking. In the athletic shoes group, there was no significant change in the muscle tone and stiffness. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to inform the wearing combat boots while walking on a treadmill reduces the muscle tone and stiffness of the lower extremity compared to athletic shoes. It indicates that the restriction of joint movement occurring when wearing combat boots influences reducing muscle tone and stiffness.

Background: If there is a difference in leg length, the center of gravity shifts unilaterally toward the short leg, causing loss of balance and secondary postural imbalance, trunk muscle tone changes, gait abnormalities and pelvic imbalance. Objectives: To investigate effects of self exercise program on leg length, balance in adults with leg-length discrepancy. Design: Single blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight participants were selected and divided into resistance exercise, flexibility exercise, and core exercise. Each exercise was performed for 40 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Leg length and balance before and after exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: Following the interventions, resistance exercise group showed significant improvement in balance, but leg length difference did not show significant results. Flexibility exercise group showed significant improvement in leg length difference, but balance did not show significant results. Core exercise group showed significant improvement in leg length difference and balance. There was no significant difference in the comparison between the three groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that customized exercise according to the patient's level is beneficial to the patients.

Background: Incorrect postures of adolescents caused by the use of smart devices have been noted as a factor causing spinal diseases. Objectives: To examine the effect of joint mobilization and stretching on Cobb’s angle and respiratory function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Design: Cluster-randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 22 subjects with AIS were enrolled. They were allocated to two groups: the joint mobilization (n=11) and the stretching (n=11). All interventions were conducted for 30 minutes, three times a week for six weeks. Outcome measures were the Cobb’s angle and respiratory function. The Cobb’s angle and respiratory function measured using the X-ray and Micro- Quark. Results: Joint mobilization group showed significant differences in Cobb’s angle and respiratory function, but stretching group showed significant differences Cobb’s angle. The differences in peak expiratory flow (PEF) between the two groups were significant. Conclusion: This study proved that joint mobilization is a more effective intervention for AIS to improve Cobb’s angle and respiratory function, when compared to stretching.

Background: Trunk flexor-extensor muscles’ co-activation and upright posture are important for spinal stability. Abdominal bracing and maximal expiration are being used as exercises to excel torso co-contraction. However, no study has on comparison of the effect of this exercise on multifidus in the upright sitting posture. Objectives: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of abdominal bracing and expiration maneuvers in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighteen healthy women were recruited for this study. The multifidus muscle thickness of all subjects was measured in three sitting conditions (lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing, and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration) using ultrasound. One-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used for the evaluation. Results: Compared to lumbo-pelvic upright sitting, lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration were associated with significantly increment of muscle thickness. There was no significant difference in muscle thickness between lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with abdominal bracing and lumbo-pelvic upright sitting with maximum expiration. Conclusion: Abdominal bracing and maximum expiration could be beneficial to increasing lumbar multifidus thickness in lumbo-pelvic upright sitting.

The infection of marine diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii by a parasitic protist from the Yongho Bay of Busan, Korea was observed during the diatom bloom events in 2017 through 2018. The morphological and molecular features suggested that the parasitic nanoflagellate Pirsonia diadema was responsible for the infection. During the study period, the parasite prevalence ranged from 0.3% to 3.3%, and infected C. wailesii cells were observed only at surface seawater temperatures ranging between 10.9 and 19.9°C, although the host population appeared at temperatures above 25°C. The parasite and host system was successfully established as cultures. Using the cultures, we determined the morphological features over the infection cycle, parasite generation time, parasite prevalence as a function of inoculum size, and zoospore infectivity and survival time. The diatom C. wailesii was readily infected by the parasite P. diadema, with a parasite prevalence reaching up to 100% and a zoospore to host inoculum ratio above 20 : 1. The survival and infectivity of the parasite zoospores decreased with age. While the zoospores could survive up to 88 hours, they quickly lost their ability to infect after 48 hours. These results could lead to a better understanding of the biology and ecology of the parasitoid infecting the giant-sized diatoms in coastal waters.

목적 : 본 연구는 렌즈를 향해 입사하는 광선의 구면수차를 제거하기 위해 광선추적법과 스넬의 법칙을 사용하 여 계산과정을 유도하여 렌즈를 설계하였다. 방법 : 스넬의 법칙을 활용하여 렌즈의 초점이 한 점으로 진행하도록 역산하여 설계하는 과정을 거친 후 광학 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어인 SPEOS를 활용하여 수치를 측정하였다. 결과 : 렌즈의 입사각에 따라 렌즈의 후면 곡률반경이 변화하였고, 일정 입사고에 도달하였을 때 렌즈 후면의 곡률반경이 구면수차 보정함으로 인해 일정 입사고 이전의 값에서 변화하는 구간이 발생하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 구면수차를 제거하는 렌즈를 스넬의 법칙과 광선추적의 방식으로 설계하여 광학 시뮬레 이션 소프트웨어를 통하여 구현하였다. 이를 통하여 스넬의 법칙을 이용한 광선 추적방식의 설계가 구면수차를 제 거한 비구면렌즈의 제작에 있어서 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

After nuclear power plants are permanently shut down and decommissioned, the remaining irradiated metal components such as stainless steel, carbon steel, and Inconel can be used as neutron absorber. This study investigates the possibility of reusing these metal components as neutron absorber materials, that is burnable poison. The absorption cross section of the irradiated metals did not lose their chemical properties and performance even if they were irradiated over 40-50 years in the NPPs. To examine the absorption capability of the waste metals, the lattice calculations of WH 17×17 fuel assembly were analyzed. From the results, Inconel-718 significantly hold-down fuel assembly excess reactivity compared to stainless steel 304 and carbon steel because Inconel-718 contains a small amount of boron nuclide. From the results, a 20wt% impurity of boron in irradiated Inconel-718 enhances the excess reactivity suppression. The application of irradiated Inconel-718 as a burnable absorber for SMR core was investigated. The irradiated Inconel-718 impurity with 20wt% of boron content can maintain and suppress the whole core reactivity. We emphasize that the irradiated metal components can be used as burnable absorber materials to control the reactivity of commercial reactor power and small modular reactors.

목적 : 직경에 따른 광투과율 변화의 원인을 분석하기 위해 입사빛과 투과빛의 광특성을 분석하고, 콜라겐섬유 직경에 따른 중심파장의 투과율 변화를 분석하였다. 방법 : 투과광의 특성을 분석하기 위하여 FDTD 방식의 3D 시뮬레이터를 이용하였으며, 입사빛을 중심파장 589 nm, 파장 범위 300~900 nm인 Gaussian Modulated Continuous Wave로 하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 콜라겐섬유의 반지름이 변화하여도 시뮬레이션 공간에 대한 콜라겐섬유의 점유면적 비율에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 콜라겐섬유의 직경이 커짐에 따라 투과율 세기의 합이 줄어들었다가 20~30 nm에서 증가 하고, 30 nm에서 급격히 줄어들었다. 이에 중심파장의 변화에 따른 광특성을 분석하였고, 콜라겐섬유 직경에 따 라서 투과율이 낮아지는 파장이 다른 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 실제 콜라겐과 같은 구조의 시뮬레이션에서는 입사빛의 중심파장과 관계없이 특수한 파장에서 선택적 투과 또는 흡수가 발생한다. 이를 활용하면 고효율 광학장치에 사용될 수 있는 선택적 광선의 응용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

목적 : 안경원 고객을 대상으로 안경원 이용 시 안경원의 고객응대 태도, 고객만족도, 변화추구성향, 전환의도 를 조사하여 안경원 고객의 전환의도에 영향을 미치는 원인을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2019년 9월부터 11월까지 온라인 설문조사에 응답한 209명을 대상으로 하였다. 안경원의 고객응대 태 도, 고객만족도, 소비자의 변화추구성향, 전환의도가 포함된 총 20개의 문항으로 설문을 구성하였다. 결과 : 안경원의 고객응대 태도는 평균 3.76점, 고객만족도는 3.18점, 소비자의 변화추구성향은 2.95점, 전환 의도는 2.63점으로 나타났다. 안경원의 고객응대 태도가 좋을수록 고객만족도는 증가하였고, 전환의도는 감소하 였다. 안경원 고객 전환의도는 소비자의 변화추구성향이 높을수록 증가하였고, 고객만족도가 높을수록 감소하였 다. 안경원의 고객응대 태도와 소비자의 변화추구성향, 고객만족도는 전환의도에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 결론 : 안경원의 고객응대 태도는 좋았으며, 고객만족도가 높아 안경원 고객의 전환의도가 낮음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 안경원 고객의 전환의도를 줄일 수 있는 방안을 연구하는 기초자료로 사용되리라 생각한다.

충청북도농업기술원에서는 분홍색의 향기가 있고, Dendrobium kingianum에 비해 왜성종이며, 2월 하순경 개화하는 덴드로비 움 ‘리틀핑크’(D. kingianum ‘Little Pink’)를 육성하였다. 신품종 ‘리틀핑크’는 2007년 D. kingianum을 모본으로, D. kingianum var. silcockii를 부본으로 교배하였다. 종자 발아, 재배, 선발, 특성검정은 2008년부터 2015년까지 진행되었다. 생육이 좋고 꽃의 색, 모양이 우수한 계통을 선발한 후, 2016년부터 2018년까 지 3년에 걸쳐 국립종자원 신품종 심사기준으로 특성검정 결과, 우수성이 인정되어 2019년 최종 선발하여 ‘리틀핑크’로 명명하 였다. 주요 특성은 다음과 같다. 화색은 분홍색으로 Red-purple Group 72B(RHS color chart)이며, 향기가 있고 꽃잎무늬는 농담 무늬이다. 식물체 크기는 7.3cm로 대조품종 D. kingianum 23.5cm에 비해 작은 왜성종이다. 엽의 폭은 1.2cm이고, 꽃의 넓이는 2.4cm이다. 소화수는 3.7개이고 전반적으로 화분의 볼 륨감이 좋은 편이다. 꽃자루 길이는 7 .2cm로 대조품종 D. kingianum에 비해 짧다. 개화기는 2월 하순이며, 개화기간은 30일 정도이다.

Large-scale cultivation of Microcystis aeruginosa in different light conditions was conducted for verifying the cell growth in a greenhouse system. Environmental and chemical parameters of the large-scale culture medium were measured for analyzing the interaction between M. aeruginosa and its symbiotic bacteria. During cultivation, a difference in cell growth pattern was observed between control (natural light) and lightlimited groups (reduction of blue, green, and blue/green light, respectively). Comparing the control group, the light reduced groups showed slow and delayed cell growth through the cultivation period. Also, there is differences in the consuming pattern of total nitrogen and total phosphorus which indicated that the possibility of interaction between M. aeruginosa and symbiotic bacteria.

본 연구는 LED 광원의 파장이 분화 국화의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 22℃ 항온조건에서 주간 11시간, 야 간 13시간의 광주기로 조절된 폐쇄형 식물생장상에서 7주간 단일상태로 재배된 ‘오렌지에그’ 품종의 생육 및 개화 특성을 비교하였다. LED 인공광원은 청색광(444nm), 적색광(652nm), 그리고 청색광과 적색광, 백색광이 각각 2:5:1로 조합된 혼합 광을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’ 품종의 초 장은 적색광에서의 평균 9.43cm로 가장 길었으며, 청색광이 혼합광에 비해 짧았으나 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 초폭과 엽폭은 초장에 대한 생육반응과 유사하게 적색광에서 가장 크게 신장하였고, 청색광과 혼합광에서는 유의적인 차이 를 보이지 않았다. 엽수와 엽장은 혼합광보다 청색광과 적색 광 등 단색광에서 더 많고 길었다. 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’ 품 종의 개화특성의 경우에는 청색광과 적색광, 혼합광 모두 단 일처리 16~17일 이후에 화아분화가 완료되어 발뢰가 시작되 었으나, 적색광과 청색광 하에서 생육한 국화는 화아발달이 정상적으로 이루어지지 않아 최종 개화까지 이루어지지 않았 고, 혼합광 하에서 생육한 국화만 단일처리 5주 후에 정상적 으로 개화되었다. 따라서 식물공장에서 분화 국화를 생산하기 위한 인공광원으로는 청색광과 적색광, 백색광으로 구성된 혼 합광을 사용하는 것이 가장 유용하리라고 판단된다.

본 연구는 팝업 스타일 웨딩의 화훼장식에 관한 인식과 선 호도 현황을 알아보고자 국내 성인 남녀 431명을 대상으로 설 문조사를 진행하였다. 팝업 스타일 웨딩에 대하여 대부분 (74%)의 응답자가 긍정적으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났으며, 웨딩에서의 화훼장식을 중요한 요소로 인식하였다. 응답자들 은 팝업 스타일 웨딩의 장점으로 하객과의 소통이 자유롭고 공간과 인원에 따라 맞춤 웨딩이 가능하며 예비부부가 주도하 는 개성 있는 웨딩으로 인식하였으며, 단점으로는 날씨에 따 른 변수(악천후, 땡볕, 습도 등)라고 인식하였다. 팝업 스타일 웨딩의 공간으로는 실내공간보다 실외공간을 더 선호하는 것 으로 나타났으며, 실내·외 공간에서 모두 현대적 스타일 건 물을 가장 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 팝업 스타일 웨딩의 화 훼장식에 대하여 응답자들은 기존 웨딩의 화훼장식보다 공간의 특성을 잘 나타내고, 예비부부가 선호하는 화훼장식의 선 택이 가능하며, 화훼장식과 어우러지는 다양한 오브제(장식 품) 선택이 가능한 것으로 인식하였다. 팝업 스타일 웨딩의 화훼장식 요소로는 웨딩카를 제외한 모든 화훼장식 요소를 중 요하게 생각하였으며, 특히 웨딩 꽃길, 신부 부케, 웨딩 꽃길 입구장식이 가장 돋보여야 할 부분이라고 인식하였고, 여성이 남성보다 화훼장식의 중요도를 높게 평가하는 것으로 나타났 다. 이를 통해, 개성을 중시하는 소비자를 대상으로 한 팝업 스타일 웨딩 화훼장식의 활성화를 위하여 소비자에게 폭넓은 정보 제공이 필요하며, 소비자의 요구에 알맞은 디자인을 제 공하는 팝업 스타일 웨딩 화훼장식으로 소비자들의 웨딩 화훼 장식 만족도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 paclobutrazol(PBZ) 처리에 따른 호접란의 생장 반응과 화경유도를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 20°C 생식생 장 환경에서 호접란 ‘Mantefon’과 ‘V3’ 실험묘를 0, 100, 200, 400ppm(유효성분 0, 1, 2, 4mg) PBZ 농도로 처리하였고, 28°C 영양생장 환경에서 ‘Mantefon’ 실험묘를 0, 100, 200ppm(유효성 분 0, 1, 2mg) PBZ 농도로 처리하였다. 화경유도 환경에서는 200, 400ppm 처리 식물들의 화경유도율이 감소하고 화경의 출 현이 늦어지는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한 ‘Mantefon’에서 처리 농도 에 상관없이 모든 PBZ 처리구에서 화경의 수가 감소하였다. PBZ 처리는 화경의 길이도 감소시켰으나 개화소요일수나 소화 의 수에는 차이가 없었다. 한편, 영양생장 환경에서는 처리 농도 가 증가할수록 줄기와 뿌리 직경, 잎의 두께는 증가하였고, 반면 에 신엽의 수, 잎의 길이와 폭은 감소하였다. 따라서 PBZ 처리를 받은 식물에서 ‘stunting’ 현상이 나타났다. 영양생장 환경에서 PBZ 처리를 받은 식물을 생식생장 환경으로 옮겼을 때도 앞선 실험에서와 마찬가지로 화경유도율이 감소하고 화경출현일수 가 증가하여서 영양생장 동안의 PBZ 처리 효과가 화경유도에까 지 이어질 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 PBZ 처리는 호접란의 생장과 화경유도를 제한할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Since the first detection of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the Republic of Korea in 2019, the Korean government has applied interventions, including fencing, increasing the biosecurity level at domestic pig farms, and the capture-and-removal of wild boars. In particular, wild boars are an important risk factor for ASF control because they can spread disease among susceptible animals, such as wild boars or domestic pigs. A capture-and-removal method aims to reduce the likelihood of ASF transmission from wild boars to domestic boars or among wild boars by decreasing the number of susceptible wild boars. This study estimated the required number of wild boars captured and removed for ASF control using population viability analysis. Population factors, such as a life span, sex ratio, or an inbreeding depression with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars, were included in the analysis. Ten scenarios with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars and different periods of culling were considered. According to the results, a method in which 75% of wild boars are captured-and-removed for at least three years showed long-term effectiveness for more than ten years. The current ASF control method, in which 33% of wild boars are captured-and-removed, decreased the number of wild boars for three years, after which the wild boar population increased to more than its initial number. Given the limited human and material resources for controlling ASF in the Republic of Korea, it is recommended that resources be prioritized to increase the capture-and-removal proportion of wild boars to take full advantage of the ASF-control effectiveness.

We investigated the cytotoxic potential of three different commercially available absorbent feminine hygiene products and one transdermal patch using direct contact and extract exposure methods. Two different cell lines were used – mouse fibroblast L929 and normal human skin fibroblast CCD-986sk cell lines. The test samples were extracted using three different methods in accordance to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Viability of cells was analyzed using MTT assay and morphology of the cells were also observed using phase contrast microscopy. Overall, the direct contact method using L929 cells showed that all the test samples had no toxic effect when exposed to extracts for 1 h. For the exposure method, no toxic effect was observed in both L929 and CCD986sk cells incubated with all the test samples regardless of the extraction methods used.