Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes fatty acids from phospholipids at sn-2 position. Two immune-associated PLA2s are known in Spodoptera exigua. Both are calcium-independent cellular PLA2 (iPLA2A and iPLA2B). These iPLA2s are inducible to immune challenge using different epitopes such as virus, Gram+, Gram- bacteria, and fungi. However, their expression profiles are different between these two iPLA2s. Especially, immune challenge with Gram+ bacteria and fungi significantly up-regulated these iPLA2 expression, suggesting their expression under Toll signal pathway. RNA interferences of Toll or IMD signal components are being investigated.

A prostaglandin (PG), PGE2, mediates both cellular and humoral immune responses of insects. Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) biosynthesizes PGE2 by an unknown enzyme. This study predicted the enzyme, which is a novel membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2). The transcriptional expression analysis showed the mPGES-2 is inducible to immune challenge. After RNA interference (RNAi), the hemocyte nodulation and expression of eleven antimicrobial peptides were significantly impaired. The RNAi effect was rescued by addition of PGE2 suggesting that mPGES-2 is crucial for immune responses mediated by PGE2.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been known as promising candidates for biological control of insect pests. Recently, researchers consider the fungal thermotolerance in formulations and field applications. In this study, we investigated the production of thermotolerant Isaria javanica and I.fumosorosea conidia through grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress. As results, of the ten grain substrates, Italian millet, rice, perilla seed and sesame, rice, sorghum produced highly thermotolerant conidia in the strains. The two strains were exposed to a light stress and a heat stress. And they showed enhanced thermal stability compared to control, when exposed to 45°C for 2 hours. This work suggests that heat-resistant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced by grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress.

Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious insect pest of various crops in the world. The management of this pest mainly have relied on chemical agents. However, the overuse of chemical agents for long times causes insect resistance, and negative effects on environment. Therefore, alternative control methods, such as biological control, that are less harmful to the environment and have different mode of action are needed to control this pest. In this study, we isolated entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil, and characterized them via morphological and molecular identifications and pathogenicity check against Tenebrio molitor larvae. The isolated fungi were subjected to virulence assay against T. Palmi with a conidial suspension of 1×107 conidia/ml in laboratory conditions. This entomopathogenic fungi library would be a good resource to select effective strains for the control of T. palmi in fields.

Bacterial cells communicate with each other through their specific chemical languages, by which bacteria regulate a set of genes in a multicellular behavior, including antibiotics, biofilm, motility, and virulence. The twitter communication in Gram positive bacteria is mediated by diffusible signal molecules, N-acyl homoserine lactones (HSLs), that differ with respect to the length, saturation and substitutions of the side-chain. In Gram negative bacteria, diffusible peptides control the physiological phenotypes. In this presentation, some general examples of bacterial twitter communication, such as Vibrio fischeri, Burkholderia glumae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Serratia marcescens will be presented. The contribution of bacterial communication to pathogenicity of Pantoea ananatis, our model bacterium causing bacterial rice sheath rot and onion center rot diseases, will mainly be discussed.

Entomopathogenic fungi play an important natural role in regulating their insect host populations, and their ecology was also associated with plant and soil. These microorganisms have been living by reacting to insect, plant and environmental factor. The advanced bioinformatics technology such as next-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing has revolutionized in understanding of entomopathogenic fungi. Recently studies provided a lot of information on evolutionary relationships and virulence-related characteristics. We are starting to know where these microorganisms from is, and how they live in nature. The bioinformatics technology will give us further our understanding of the natural roles of these fungi in nature.

풍뎅이상과(Superfamily Scarabaeoidea) 곤충은 딱정벌레목 중 큰 범주를 차지하는 cosmopolitan 그룹으로, 전 세계에 약 3만종 이상이 분포한다. 성충은 더듬이 끝이 납작해져 겹쳐진 모양을 하고 있는 특징 외에 땅을 파기에 적합한 큰 기절과 발달한 전경절의 외치, 미절판으로 변형된 8번째 등쪽 배마디와 4개의 말피기관을 가지며, 유충은 몸체가 C자 모양으로 굽은 형태로 전형적인 굼벵이로 불린다. 풍뎅이류는 과수 및 농업해충의 역할을 하는 식식성 곤충이거나 배설물이나 사체의 분해자 역할을 하는 분식성 곤충이 대부분이며, 일부는 식용 및 기능성 물질 활용종으로 주목받고 있는 등 생태적․기능적으로 중요한 곤충군이다. 분류학적 연구에 있어 풍뎅이상과 곤충은 단계통을 이룬다는 여러 증거가 있지만, 자매그룹에 대한 논란은 여전하다. 풍뎅이상과 내 여러 아과들의 관계 구명을 위해 몇몇 학자들이 형태적․분자적 연구를 수행해 왔고 일부 정리된 의견을 제시하고 있으나, 편의에 따라 조금씩 다른 분류체계를 따르고 있는 경우가 있다. 본 기회를 통해 풍뎅이류의 상위분류에 대한 동향을 소개하고, 한국산 풍뎅이류의 현 분류체계에 대한 개선방안을 고찰하고자 한다.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been applied to control insect pests due to its induction of RNA interference (RNAi) of a specific target gene expression. Bacterial expression and formulation of dsRNA led to minimizing dsRNA degradation. In our studies overexpression of dsRNA specific to chymotrypsin, essential protease for the survival of the beet armyworm, Sopodoptera exigua, (SeCHY2) in Escherichia coli HT115 (DE3), was toxic to larvae after oral administration. In the other view, silencing of the transformer2 (tra-2) gene that seems to performance as the genetic modification generate female development in several dipteran species including the striped fruit fly, Baetrocera scutellata can used to development for male-only release technique to control of this pest.

Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species and is under the close coordination of the central nerve system (CNS). In Drosophila melanogaster, juvenile hormones (JHs) from the corpora allatum(CA) are essential for egg-production because they promote vitellogenesis and enhance ecdysteroid biosynthesis. JH biosynthesis is under the control of neuropeptides, such as Drosophila insulin-like peptide (dilp) and allatostatin C (AstC). However, how these neuropeptide pathways coordinate JH production remain elusive. Here, we report a small number of neurons in the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) neurons that produce a neuropeptide AstC regulate egg-production negatively. The brain neurons seem to act indirectly by inhibiting secretion of dilp that up-regulates JH production, whereas the VNC neurons seem to release AstC into the hemolymph to suppress the CA activity directly. On the CA, the AstC actions appear mediated by two G-protein coupled receptors, AstC-R1 and AstC-R2. We will discuss our recent efforts to identify agonists for either receptor, which will be potential leads for insect reproduction regulators.

태양농장은 1982년 누에고치 농사로 시작된 대한민국 대표 곤충산업 선도 기업 중 하나로서 경상북도 영덕에 소재하고 있다. 태양농장에 대한 개략적인 소개, 온라인 마케팅 현황, 농장 내 사육공정의 소개 및 부가가치 창출방안을 소개 하고자 한다. 동충하초 재배 과정의 초기 먹이 수급 및 누에사육 과정, 접종, 건조, 동충하초 재배 및 수확과정을 제시한다. 우리 농업의 전망과 성공 노하우, 수요창출기법 양잠 산업의 전망 등을 제시한다.

식품에서 발견되는 곤충이물은 크게 제조단계와 유통, 소비단계에서 유입으로 대별된다. 식약처 발표에 따르면 2016년 5332건 이물신고 건수의 34.3% 인 1830건이 곤충이물이며 이중 조사, 판정 불가 56%, 제조단계 6.5%를 제외한 49.4%가 소비, 유통 단계에서 유입된 것으로 조사되었다. 유통, 소비단계에서의 곤충 이물 유입은 전 지구적인 기후변화와 소비자 트랜드 변화, 유통, 물류 시스템 변화 등의 요인과 결합되어 지속적으로 증가되는 추세이다. 실제로 전국 8개소의 물류창고에서의 화랑곡나방 모니터링 실시 결과 주변환경 보다는 반품창고로부터 오염될 가능성이 높아 이산화염소 가스를 이용하여 훈증실험을 한 결과 곤충, 곰팡이 오염원을 효과적으로 제어할 수 있었다. 또한 유통 중 제품으로 유입되는 곤충을 제어하기 위해 천연식물 추출물을 활용한 방충포장소재를 약 770만 제품박스에 적용한 결과 소비자 해충 클레임이 65%정도 감소하는 것으로 조사되었다.

In the 21st century, the risk of the exotic pest being invaded is increasing due to the rise of trading activities. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been considered to very destructive invader as it is highly intrusive and has a wide host range. In this study, 2,299 samples were collected from 88 locations in 12 countries by quarantine and investigation. Among them, 608 individuals were used for COI DNA barcoding analysis based on Neighbor Joining method with P-distance model. Population genetics analysis was conducted for 510 individuals selected from 47 locations of 12 Southeast Asian countries using 15 microsatellite markers. COI DNA barcoding results showed that B. dorsalis did not support any clade as a geographical isolation but almost indicated mixed populations of each country. Population genetics analysis showed similar pattern of genetic structure between neighboring countries across borders. Most domestic quarantine groups were more similar in genetic structure to Taiwan, China and Thailand in the order of appearance.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in animal melanogenic pathway that is the rate-limiting step for the production of melanin. Several synthetic and naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors have been studied for skin whitening, the development of natural agents is becoming more important due to the disadvantages of synthetics such as high cytotoxicity, insufficient penetration power, and low activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polyphenols, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activity of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) extract and optimization of extraction condition using statically-based optimization. The results showed that extraction temperature of 92.0°C, extraction time of 36.7 min, and ethanol concentration of 79.5% provided the maximum levels of compounds of 5.69 mg GAE/g DW, tyrosinase inhibition of 78.8%, and radical scavenging activity of 100.8 μg/ml in the validation experiment.

This study examined the characteristics of male high school English learners’ motivation and the relations between their motivation and achievement in English learning. A total of 334 Grade 10 students in a boys’ high school participated in this study by completing a questionnaire survey on second language (L2) learning motivation and taking an English achievement test. As a result of explanatory factor analysis, five factors were found as underlying constructs for male high school students’ English learning motivation: The Ought-to L2 Self, The Ideal L2 Self, The Feared L2 Self, Instrumentality, and Intrinsic Motivation. In terms of the structural relationships between the learners’ motivation and achievement in English learning, the ideal L2 self and intrinsic motivation exerted a direct impact on their motivated L2 behavior, and then English achievement mediated by the motivated L2 behavior. The other factors had an indirect influence on motivated L2 learning behavior, mediated by the ideal L2 self and intrinsic motivation. Based on the findings, we suggested motivational activities to realize the creation of the ideal L2 self among male high school English learners.

오늘날, 의학발달과 생활수준 향상으로 평균 수명이 연장되었으나 노인성 질환은 증가되었다. 노인성 질환이 라고 알려져 있는 대표적인 질환은 치매라고 볼 수 있으나 현대에는 노인뿐 아니라 젊은 층도 치매에서 완전히 벗어날 수 없는 실정이다. 치매는 노화에 따른 뇌 단백질의 변화 및 전두엽의 위축으로 새로운 문제 해결 능력, 문제 처리속도, 기억력 등이 점차 감소됨에 따라오는 질병으로 현존하는 치매 치료제로는 증상완화가 불분명하며 이를 대체할 수 있는 연구가 시급하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 두뇌 활성화를 통한 인지능력 향상을 기반으로 뇌기능 향상에 도움이 되고자하며 두뇌 훈련 기능성게임을 설계 및 구현하고자 한다. 구현된 기능성 게임은 뇌파측정을 통하여 두뇌 활성화 훈련의 효과성을 검증하고 평가하는 것에 본 논문의 목적이 있다.

목적: 본 연구는 직장인의 수면의 질이 안구건조에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 직장인 201명을 대상으로 설문 자료를 이용하여 일반적 특성, 수면의 질, 안구건조 척도를 자기 기입식으로 하였다. 결과: 직장인의 수면의 질이 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 안구건조도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 여성일수 록, 8시간 미만 근로자, 스마트폰 5시간이상 사용자, 콘택트렌즈 착용, 수면제 복용, 흡연자, 주 3-5회 음 주, 1일 카페인 3잔 이상 섭취에서 수면의 질과 안구건조가 좋지 않게 나타났다. 수면의 질과 안구건조는 상관관계를 보였으며, 수면의 질이 안구건조에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 수면의 질이 좋지 않을수록 안구건조를 많이 느끼는 것을 확인하였다.

This study on the intensive landscape management zone of Muju county in Korea was conducted for the purpose of first, developing landscape guidelines that take the current conditions of the landscape in the area and tourists’ requirements into account and second, exploring ways to implement them. The current conditions of the landscape resources in the area were analyzed by conducting a theoretical examination; a survey of the current status of the landscape; and a questionnaire survey of the local people, tourists, and public officials. Based on the result of those surveys, the guidelines for the landscape design of the intensive landscape management zone were set, and measures to implement them were explored. The results of this study are as follows: 1. For the building landscape of the Meeting plaza at Muju IC, a variable structure made of natural materials is suggested for the extended space in front of the mall, while an integrated design of street furniture and installation of a landmark and its design are suggested for the streetscape. 2. For the area of Bandi Land and Taekwondowon, improvement of the street structure for the main street and of the height of the buildings, taking the view of mountains into account, is suggested, and the design is also proposed. 3. For the Muju Resort and entrance to the Gucheondong valley of Muju, building planning that takes fine natural views into account, as well as reorganization of public and commercial signboards, are suggested, and the design is also proposed. 4. For the implementation of these plans, focus is placed on the current status of land use by zone. First, implementation of landscape projects and switching to a roundabout at the entrance are proposed for the Muju IC Meeting Plaza. Second, a district-unit plan is suggested for Bandi Land and Taekwondowon areas because new development projects are planned for them. Third, a landscape agreement is suggested for the Muju Resort and the area of entrance to the Gucheondong valley of Muju because those are already-developed areas where active commercial activities are performed.

This study compares and analyzes design status according to the visual, structural, and non-visible characteristics of the Korea One-pyeong Garden Expo, Gyeonggi Garden Culture Expo, and the Seoul Garden Show. The purpose of this study is to identify the design characteristics of the works exhibited at the garden expo and to present the initial study among the case studies conducted in the early stage of the domestic garden expo while providing relevant information to other local governments that will oversee future garden expos. Visual characteristics included plantations, materials, and colors, while structural characteristics included the plane, entrance, moving path, and edge. Non-visible features included the subject and cost. Collectively, garden works used more artificial materials than natural materials. Depending on whether the garden was to be maintained, it was necessary to choose species that were easy to maintain and that met the conditions of growth. Floor materials mainly included crushed stone, soil cement, bark, granite slate, and volcanic stone. Structurally, most gardens contained formal planes, closed entrances, and closed-type boundaries. The circular and regression lines were often transformed into straight or curved lines. Garden themes differed depending on the theme of each garden exposition, but there were also many universal themes (e.g., “resting through the garden”). Costs had not yet been set for the garden exposition’s budget.

The participants in this study recognized English as a global language and also felt obligation to make the Korean language and culture globalized in the future. Further empirical research into identity and EFL learning in Jeju will help to reveal how the increasingly important status of Korean and the Korean language might intertwine with the experience of Korean students who are learning English.

본 연구에서는 정치관련 이슈정보에 대해 기초적인 게임메커닉스를 활용하여 정치인(정당)을 평가하는 블 록제인 기반의 게이미피케이션 시스템과 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 게이미피케이션은 플레이어들의 자발적 참여와 문제해결을 위해 게임적사고와 게임메커닉스(순위표, 점수, 단계, 가상증표, 아이템 등)를 적용하는 개념 이다. 게이미피케이션 연구에서 '플레이어'는 사용자, 관객, 고객, 손님, 구매자, 학습자, 환자, 군인 등을 포괄하므로, 이 논문에서 플레이어는 유권자(혹은 투표자)를 말하고, 이 표현들은 같은 의미로 병기하였다. 게이미피 케이션의 이론배경은 '게임요소'나 MDA프레임워크(게임메커닉스,게임역학,게임미학) 등의 '게임학 연구'를 기반 으로 한다. 이 논문에서는 효율적인 연구를 위해, 우선 기초적인 게임메커닉스만을 정치인(정당)의 성공적인 평가 시스템에 적용하였다. 정치인(정당) 평가에 게이미피케이션를 적용하려는 주목적은, 유권자(투표자)의 자 발적 정치참여를 독려하기 위함이며, 이 논문에서 제안하는 시스템과 방법이 적용된 이슈정보는 더 유익한 플 레이어 경험(PX) 창출에 도움을 줄 것이다. 끝으로, 본 정치 평가 인터렉티브 게임화 시스템과 방법 연구는, 보 안에 취약할 수밖에 없는 웹 또는 앱서비스의 한계를 보완하고자 블록체인을 기반으로 신뢰도를 높이고자 하였다.