This study was conducted to investigate changes in immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, nutrient content, and microbial communities of fresh and heat-treated Holstein colostrum collected from a colostrum bank operated by a local agricultural technology center in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Of the 16 colostrum samples, 8 were heated at 60℃ for 30 min under a pressure of 0.9–1 bar. The colostrum samples were stored at −70℃ until use, at which time they were thawed at 50–55℃ in a water bath to analyze IgG levels, chemical composition, and microbiome, which was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq-PE250 platform. The IgG concentrations were similar in fresh and heat-treated colostrum. The fat, protein, and lactose contents also did not differ in these samples. However, somatic cell count (SCC) was lower in heat-treated colostrum than those in fresh colostrum (p<0.05). At the phylum level for the microbiome of fresh colostrum, Proteobacteria (44.16%) was the most abundant taxa, followed by Bacteroidota (33.26%), Firmicutes (10.04%), Actinobacteriota (7.14%), and a marginal difference in the order of abundance was observed in heat-treated colostrum. At the genus level, bacteria belonging to Sphingomonas, Delftia, Ochrobactrum, Simplicispira, and Lactobacillus were more abundant (p<0.05) in the heat-treated colostrum, while the abundance of Acinetobacter in the fresh colostrum was four times more (p<0.05) than that in the heat-treated colostrum. Our results demonstrated that heating does not affect IgG level and colostrum composition but reduces SCC (p<0.05), suggesting that heat-treated colostrum can potentially be put to further use (e.g., feeding Hanwoo calves) without compromising its quality. Differences in the microbiome between the fresh and heat-treated colostrum were limited. Further studies are required to extensively investigate the quality and safety of colostrum collected from dairy farms to ensure better utilization and processing at a local agricultural technology center.

Probiotics have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment in an increasing number of studies. This study investigated the inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of specific Lactobacillus strains on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). The strains assessed were Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri VA 102, Ligilactobacillus (L.) animalis VA 105, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272). The viability of HT-29 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. The findings revealed that cell-free supernatants (CFS) exhibited significant anticancer effects. Heat-inactivated L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri KCTC 3594 induced a pronounced reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, live cultures of L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri VA 102 also showed reduced cell viability compared to the control group. These results suggest that CFS and heat-inactivated cells may be more suitable for therapeutic applications than live bacteria owing to their improved safety profiles and reduced potential for adverse effects. Our findings also emphasize the potential anticancer benefits of these LAB strains.

본 연구는 MMORPG 게임 아이템의 기술적, 심미적, 심리적 요인이 사용자의 소유의식 형성 에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 게임 아이템은 단순한 디지털 자산을 넘 어 사용자에게 강한 소유의식을 불러일으키는 주요 요소로 작용하였다. 특히, 기술적 요소(아이 템의 속성과 기능), 심미적 요소(시각적 디자인과 상징성), 심리적 요소(몰입감과 성취감) 등이 복합적으로 작용하여 게임 아이템에 대한 사용자들의 소유의식을 강화하는 것을 확인했다. 그러나 현행 법체계는 게임 아이템의 비물질적 속성을 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있으며, 소유 권, 채권, 저작권 등 기존의 법적 틀로는 이를 보호하거나 규율하는 데 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 게임 유형별 모형을 활용하여 게임 아이템의 소유의식 형성 과정을 분석하였으며, 이를 통해 디지털 콘텐츠 자산의 법적 지위를 확립하기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 한다.

Silage inoculants, which include beneficial microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria (LAB), play a vital role in modern silage production by enhancing fermentation quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various commercial inoculants on the fermentation dynamics of Italian ryegrass silage over 45 days. The treatments included a control group and five inoculant formulations: T1 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium). After 45 days, all treatment groups exhibited significantly higher crude protein (CP) content compared to the control group (80.64 g/kg dry matter (DM), p<0.05). Treatments T2 and T5, which incorporated combinations of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium, showed higher CP contents at 105.53 and 107.05 g/kg DM, respectively. The inoculated silages also demonstrated a rapid pH reduction within the early days, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in T1 reducing the pH to 4.0 within four days. Additionally, inoculated treatments had significantly higher lactic acid levels than the control (67.96 g/kg DM, p<0.05), and T3 (Lactiplantibacillus buchneri) produced higher acetic acid levels (16.07 g/kg DM, p<0.05) than other inoculants. The control group also had a notably higher ammonia nitrogen content. In conclusion, while single-strain inoculants like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum are effective for rapid acidification, the use of combined bacterial strains can further enhance silage quality by improving lactic acid fermentation and nutrient preservation, particularly in treatments like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri and Enterococcus faecium.

Because intact FMDV particles (146S) are often unstable in vitro, stabilizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigens remains a key challenge in studying viral charateristics. Therefore, finding optimal condition to stabilize the FMDV is essential. In this study, we investigated formulations and potentials of several stabilizers such as appropriate buffer, excipients, and storage conditions to enhance the stability of 146S. Inactivated FMDV O-Jincheon (O-JC) was dissolved in various buffer formulations, and stored at 4℃ for two months to evaluate quantity of 146S at every 2-week interval. Among phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Tris buffered saline (TBS), HEPES buffered saline (HBS), and MOPS buffered saline (MBS), PBS showed more effective 146S stabilization that showed 1.3-1.6 fold higher 146S fraction than TBS, HBS, and MBS after storage for 2 weeks. However, constant dissociations of 146S were observed in all formulations at 8 weeks. Compared with other FMDVs, A22 Iraq and SAT-1, in PBS, O-JC proved to be the least stable in PBS. A variety of excipients including carbohydrate, sugar alcohol, cryo-protectant were tested for the capability in protecting O-JC from dissociation. By adding 4-8% sucrose, more than 60% of 146S fractions were maintained at 8 weeks, those were at least 1.8 fold higher than the PBS-only control. Addition of 1% β-cyclodextrin showed synergistic enhancement in O-JC stability. As the results of this study, it could be suggested that the PBS-based buffer together with 4-8% sucrose + 2% sorbitol or 2% sucrose + 2% sorbitol + 1% β-cyclodextrin could help the better stability of the O-JC in vaccine preparation.

Rapidly changing environmental factors due to climate change are increasing the uncertainty of crop growth, and the importance of crop yield prediction for food security is becoming increasingly evident in Republic of Korea. Traditionally, crop yield prediction models have been developed by using statistical techniques such as regression models and correlation analysis. However, as machine learning technique develops, it is able to predict the crop yield more accurate than the statistical techniques. This study aims at proposing the onion yield prediction framework to accurately predict the onion yield by using various environmental factor data. Temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed are considered as climate factors and irrigation water and nitrogen application rate are considered as soil factors. To improve the performance of the prediction model, ensemble learning technique is applied to the proposed framework. The coefficient of determination of the proposed stacked ensemble framework is 0.96, which is a 24.68% improvement over the coefficient of determination of 0.77 of the existing single machine learning model. This framework can be applied to the particular farmland so that each farm can get their customized prediction model, which is visualized by the web system.

Hyperoxaluria is a disorder associated with an increased risk of renal stones, one of the most common conditions. For people with hyperoxaluria, there are a limited number of effective therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to examine whether an oxalate-degrading enzyme, oxalate decarboxylase (OxdC), can inhibit crystallization of calcium oxalate (CaOx) in vitro, and whether it can prevent nephrolithiasis caused by CaOx induced by ethylene glycol (EG) in rats. When OxdC was applied at various concentrations to CaOx in vitro, there was a significant reduction in the crystallization of CaOx. The OxdC was found to inhibit crystal formation as well as the formation of crystals that had sharp edges. In animal experiments, rats that had been treated with EG showed impaired renal filtration functions, as well as increased deposition of CaOx crystals and the creation of kidney stones. It has been found that oral administration of OxdC to rats with chronic EG-induced nephrolithiasis that is characterized by CaOx intratubular crystal deposits with hyperoxaluria dramatically reduces the severity of the disease. The results of this study point to a potential therapeutic approach for treating human hyperoxaluria as well as CaOx nephrolithiasis that could be achieved by the oral administration of OxdC.

This study investigated the relationship between teacher support in the areas of learner autonomy, relatedness, and competence, and motivational beliefs regarding achievement goal orientations and perceived task value in Chinese EFL college classrooms based on self-determination theory. A questionnaire was administered to 712 college students, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. The findings indicated that teacher support for autonomy, relatedness, and competence was positively correlated with mastery goal orientation and performance-approach orientation, while it was negatively correlated with performance-avoidance orientation. Furthermore, these forms of teacher support positively influenced students’ perceived task value. Achievement goal orientation mediated the relationship between the three types of teacher support and student engagement. However, perceived task value only mediated the relationship between teacher autonomy support and student engagement. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing English teaching practices by promoting student motivation through addressing their psychological needs in EFL college classrooms.

본 연구는 작곡가의 관점에서 인공지능 작곡 엔진의 실제 사용 사례를 통해, 프롬프트 엔지니 어링을 기반으로 한 AI 음악 작곡의 가능성과 한계점을 탐구한다. 2023 MUVA 프로젝트 쇼케 이스 <META-BREATHING> 전시의 일환으로 개최된 작곡가 정성엽의 협력형 연주 퍼포먼스 <Collabo and collabo>는 전문 바이올리니스트와 AIVA AI 작곡 프로그램을 이용하여 새롭 게 창작된 작품이다. 이 창작 과정에서 AI 작곡의 절차와 결과물을 분석하고, 이를 통해 AI 작 곡 프로그램의 문제점을 보완하며 작곡가의 개입 수준과 조건을 파악하고자 한다. 본 사례 연 구에서는 AI 작곡 프로그램이 작곡가의 의도를 넘어서는 새로운 아이디어를 창의적으로 제공 함에도 불구하고 연주자의 현실적인 연주 가능성, 곡 전개의 예측 가능성과 미세 조정 가능성 등의 부족으로 연주 퍼포먼스에 직접 적용이 어려움을 확인한다. 이에 현장에서 작곡가의 기 대치를 충족하기 위해 음악 제작 전문가들이 적극적으로 개입해 조절할 수 있는 방식으로 AI 작곡 플랫폼이 개선되어야 함을 제안한다.

This study examined the feeding behavior and growth performance of 31 Hanwoo steers (10 months old; 278 ± 36.13 kg) within a precision livestock farming system using Roughage Intake Control (RIC) units for real-time data collection. Feeding behavior traits were derived from RIC database data using R software, with subsequent analysis conducted using SAS software. The results indicated that the steers visited the feed stations every 31.12 ± 11.99 minutes, averaging 11 ± 3.37 visits/day. Each feeding session lasted an average of 5.90 ± 1.55 minutes, resulting in a feed intake rate of 77.98 ± 22.53 g/min. Mean daily feed intake was 4.76 ± 1.36 kg, and body weight increased consistently, reaching an average of 412 ± 43.44 kg, with an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.26 ± 0.38 kg. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between daily feed intake and visit duration (r² = 0.621; p < 0.01) and an inverse correlation between daily feed intake and feed intake duration (r² = −0.445; p < 0.05), indicating behavioral adaptation. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring feeding behavior traits concerning growth performance, enhancing our understanding of individual animal behavior and its implications for productivity while emphasizing the role of advanced technologies in optimizing feed utilization in confined livestock systems.

본 연구는 사주 서비스의 디지털 트랜스포메이션 과정에서 나타나는 특징을 도출하고, MZ세 대에 적합한 게임 요소를 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. COVID-19 팬데믹 이후 MZ세대의 디지털 소비 증가에 따라, 오프라인 사주 서비스의 온라인화 과정에서 발생한 변화를 분석하 였다. 요소 분석과 사례 연구를 통해 디지털 전환 과정을 정리하고, MZ세대의 참여를 유도할 핵심 게임 요소를 구체적으로 제안하였다. 연구에서 제안한 게임 요소는 장소성, 캐릭터성, 기 술성의 세 가지 축을 중심으로 정의된다. 장소성은 팝업스토어와 같은 특정 시간과 장소에서 의 이벤트로 몰입을 강화한다. 캐릭터성은 매력적이고 신뢰를 주는 디지털 캐릭터로 사용자와 의 상호작용을 풍부하게 한다. 기술성은 AI, 버추얼 휴먼, 예약 시스템 등 개인화된 기술을 통 해 사용자 경험을 극대화한다.이 연구는 사주 서비스가 단순 운세 제공을 넘어, 사용자가 스스 로를 탐구하고 안정감을 찾는 경험으로 자리 잡을 가능성을 보여준다.

The current study examines the digital behaviors of 124 university students enrolled in a blended learning class in Korea. The students were divided into two groups (upper and lower) based on their scores on a self-regulated learning questionnaire. Their digital behaviors were compared across four areas: (a) task completion scores; (b) strategy use; (c) the days on which tasks were completed; and (d) learning gains. The results revealed a significant difference in task completion scores between the upper and lower groups. However, no meaningful difference was observed in strategy use between the two groups. Students in the upper group were more proactive in completing videos, homework, and TOEIC tests, often finishing these tasks ahead of deadlines. In contrast, students in the lower group tended to complete their assignments on the due date. Finally, there were no significant differences in learning gains between the two groups. These findings may inform the design and management of online L2 learning programs.

Recently, with the development of industrial technology and the increase of young consumers, engine monitoring devices for small ships are rapidly changing from analog devices to LCD-based digital devices. In addition, consumers’ product selection criteria are gradually increasing in favor of luxurious and emotional products rather than price attractiveness. Therefore, in order to develop differentiated products in marketing, it is necessary to find and improve emotionally attractive quality elements. The purpose of this study is to collect 11 customer requirements related to the emotional quality of DGP (Digital Gauge Panel) for small ships through customer interviews and to find attractive quality elements among the emotional qualities of DGP for small ships. 17 design elements were derived by applying QFD to the collected customer requirements, and they were classified into one-dimensional quality, must be quality, and attractive quality through Kano model analysis, and 6 attractive quality elements were confirmed using Timko customer satisfaction index.

본 연구는 한국, 미국, 일본의 교육감 선출방식 및 지방교육재정 구조, IT교육예산을 비교 분석하여 시사점을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 한국, 미국, 일본의 교육감 선출 방식 및 지방 교 육재정, IT교육예산을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주민 직선제와 교육감 임명이다. 한 국은 지방자치시대이지만 일반자치와 교육자치를 구별하여 주민직선제로 교육감을 선출하고 법률로 보장하고 있다. 그러나 미국와 일본은 지방자치화 시대에 따라서 지방자치단체장의 권 한이 강화됨에 따라 지방자치단체장이 교육감을 임명한다. 이는 지방자치와 교육자치 일원화 라는 순기능이 있지만, 반면에 교육감의 교육 전문성이 부족할 수 있다는 역기능도 있다. 둘 째, 일반행정 독립성과 지방자치단체장의 교육재정 참여이다. 한국은 지방교육재정에 중앙정 부의 예산지원 비율이 높고, 교육자치가 법적으로 보장되어있다. 미국은 교육구의 재산세가 교육세로 할당되어 있어, 교육청의 자체 예산이 가능하다. 따라서 한국과 미국은 교육청의 독 립성이 법적 또는 자체 예산으로 보장이 되나, 일본은 지방자치단체장의 임명직이고 80%이상 예산을 지방자치단체에서 지원받기에 독립성에 한계가 있다. 따라서 일본은 예산 구조변화와 독립에 대한 법적구조가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 셋째, 중앙정부의 집중된 세입화 문제이다. 한 국은 미국과 일본과 비교될 수 있게 중앙정부예산 지원이 집중되어 있다. 따라서 한국은 향후 지방화시대에 맞물려 이에 대한 대비책이 마련되어야 할 것이다. 중앙 정부의 과도한 예산지 원은 중앙정부의 필수적인 간섭과 지방교육의 특수성을 교육하는데 한계와 많은 애로사항이 일어날 수 밖에 없다. 넷째, 한국,미국,일본의 IT에 대한 교육 예산은 국가 프레임과 중점 목 표, 효율성에 따라서 운영되고 있다. 한국은 초,중,고,대학 및 교육기관에 기술역량강화에 중점 을 두어 교육 및 예산을 투자하고 있고, 일본은 고등교육 중심으로 투자를 하여 즉각적인 효 율성 제고를 목표에 두고 있고, 미국은 선별을 하여 선별적 교육투자를 배분하고 있다. 이에 따라 국가의 의지와 효과성을 종합한 재정지원이 이루어 지고 있다.

19세기 사진의 등장은 화가들의 리얼리즘과 빛, 색채에 대한 탐구를 심화시켰으며, 모네는 인 상주의의 대표 화가로 빛과 시간의 변화를 통한 새로운 미학을 모색하였다. <Lotus Garden, 1899>(2023)는 게임 엔진으로 활용되고 있는 언리얼 엔진 5를 활용하여 모네의 빛 표현을 디 지털 영상으로 재현한 작품으로, Epic Games Unreal Challenge 학생부 우수작, 2024 GDC Unreal Creator Showcase에 선정되었다. 본 연구는 모네 회화와 사진 매체의 접점을 ‘빛’으 로 정의하고 작품에서 드러난 영상 특성을 분석한 강석범, 전병호(2006)의 연구를 바탕으로, <Lotus Garden, 1899>의 사례를 통해 모네의 주요 빛 표현 특성을 네 가지로 분류하여 언리 얼 엔진 5로 구현하는 방법을 제시하였다. 주요 구현 방식은 첫째, 시간에 따른 빛의 표현 : Ultra Dynamic Sky 시스템을 활용해 시간대별 대기와 태양의 고도 변화를 시뮬레이션하였 다, 둘째, 빛의 산란 : Post Processing Layer를 통해 빛 산란 효과를 적용하여 강렬한 태양 빛의 극적 효과를 구현하였다, 셋째, 사진 기법을 통한 움직임의 포착 : 아웃포커싱과 풀샷 기 법을 통해 움직임이 있는 인상을 포착하고, Cine Camera를 활용해 이를 구현하였다. 넷째, 영상화 : ‘Sequencer’를 통한 빛 표현의 영상화이다.

This study investigated a learning environment that can enhance memory using LED lighting. Thus, it employed experimental verification to evaluate the effect of LED lighting's illuminance and correlated color temperature on long-term memory. The lighting environment was created under six conditions: two illuminance levels of 400 lx and 1,000 lx, and three correlated color temperatures of 3,000 K, 5,000 K, and 7,000 K. The participants of this study consisted of 30 cognitively healthy adults, with an average age of 21.7 years (SD = 1.73). The learning (memory) task used meaningless letters of only seven consonants, and the word fragment completion task measured memory retention after 20 minutes. The results of the study revealed that a relatively dim light of 400 lx, 5,000 K condition yielded the best long-term memory (Mean = 37.67, SD = 14.55), while the 1,000 lx, 5,000 K condition elicited the worst long-term memory (Mean = 25.67, SD = 12.78).

VR 콘텐츠에서 사용자의 몰입을 유도하기 위해서 사용하는 방법들 중 하나로는 컨트롤러에서 벗어난 입력 방식이 있다. 많은 콘텐츠에서 컨트롤러를 대체하기 위한 수단으로 핸드 트래킹 기술을 이용하여 손동작을 사용자 인터페이스로 사용하고 있다. 그러나 컨트롤러나 키보드와 같은 기계와 달리 사람의 손모양은 같은 모양이어도 사람마다 편안하게 느끼는 손 모양의 각 도가 다르기 때문에 개인차가 발생할 수 있다. 이는 핸드 트래킹의 인식률 저하를 야기하여 사 용자가 손모양을 이용한 사용자 인터페이스에 익숙해지는 것을 방해하는 요소가 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 손가락 각도와 같은 손모양에 대한 사용자의 개인차가 VR 컨텐츠의 사용 자 경험에 미치는 영향에 관해 연구했고, 이를 설명하였다.

As the Fourth Industrial Revolution advances, smart factories have become a new manufacturing paradigm, integrating technologies such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and big data analytics to overcome traditional manufacturing limitations and enhance global competitiveness. This study offers a comprehensive approach by evaluating both technological and economic performance of smart factory Research and Development (R&D) projects, addressing gaps in previous studies that focused narrowly on either aspect. The research combines Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to quantitatively compare the efficiency of various topics. This integrated approach not only identifies key research themes but also evaluates how effectively resources are utilized within each theme, supporting strategic decision-making for optimal resource allocation. Additionally, non-parametric statistical tests are applied to detect performance differences between topics, providing insights into areas of comparative advantage. Unlike traditional DEA methods, which face limitations in generalizing results, this study offers a more nuanced analysis by benchmarking efficiency across thematic areas. The findings highlight the superior performance of projects incorporating AI, IoT, and big data, as well as those led by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The regional analysis reveals significant contributions from non-metropolitan areas, emphasizing the need for balanced development. This research provides policymakers and industry leaders with strategic insights, guiding the efficient allocation of R&D resources and fostering the development of smart factories aligned with global trends and national goals.

Recently, there have been studies on space and time priority queues, where space priorities are given to a class of packets that are sensitive to loss, and time priorities to another class of packets that are sensitive to delay. However, these studies have been restricted to such models with push-out space priorities. In this paper, we extend the studies to the space and time priority M/G/1 model with partial-buffer-sharing (PBS) space priorities, where the whole buffer is divided into two regions: one is shared by packets of all classes and the other is dedicated only for packets of the higher space-priority class. Since the PBS space-priority mechanism can be implemented more readily in communication systems than the push-out one, there have been a lot of contributions on PBS space-priority queues. However, there are no contributions on space and time priority queues with PBS space priorities. To analyze the proposed queueing model, we first study the probabilistic structure of the service time of a packet, which is more involved to analyze than the push-out alternative because it may be divided into three different regimes: a regime (S-period) from the beginning of the service until the shared buffer region becomes full, a second one (P-period) from the end of the S-period until the whole buffer becomes full, a third one (F-period) from the end of the P-period until the end of the service. Using the distributions of the S-, P-, F-periods, we then construct and analyze the embedded Markov chain and the corresponding semi-Markov process governing the system state, and also derive system performance measures such as expected sojourn times and loss probabilities of different priority classes of packets. In numerical examples, we finally explore the effect of the shared buffer size, which is a major system control parameter of PBS priority queues, and the distributions of the service times of packets of different classes on the system performance measures.

Motivated by the effort of diagnostic interventions for EFL learners in Korean educational contexts, this study aims to identify heterogeneous L2 reading skill profiles among students attending the same school. Subsequently, it investigates the impact of learners’ L2 learning backgrounds on heterogeneity of these reading skills. Using Latent Profile Analysis on 234 vocational high school students, we identified four distinct profiles: Profile 1, severely weak L2 readers with very low decoding and syntactic knowledge; Profile 2, moderately weak L2 readers; Profile 3, above-average L2 readers; and Profile 4, fairly well-developed L2 readers with good vocabulary breadth. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that profile membership was significantly predicted by positive past learning experiences, extra-curricular English reading, and motivational attitudes. These findings underscore the significant heterogeneity in L2 reading skills within the seemingly homogeneous EFL group and highlight the critical association with past and current educational experiences, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions based on individual learning histories.