The purpose of this study is to examine how reading motivation varies in its prediction of reading comprehension in Korean (L1) and English (L2) (with parental involvement being controlled for), and how reading motivation in each language is associated with language proficiency. Participants consisted of 289 EFL middle school students in South Korea. Three questionnaires and four language tests were employed to measure learners' reading motivation, parental involvement, language proficiency, and reading comprehension in their L1 and L2. Results indicated that L2 reading performance was positively predicted by both intrinsic motivation and grades/utility, whereas the only positive predictor of L1 reading comprehension was intrinsic motivation. Moreover, in both L1 and L2, the high-proficiency group was found to exhibit significantly stronger intrinsic and extrinsic motivation than the low group; the high group's intrinsic motivation was significantly stronger than the middle group; and the middle and low groups differed significantly in extrinsic motivation.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of new product diffusion. We seek to document and explain systematic features of product diffusion. In this essay, we examine the well-documented empirical regularity that the speed of diffusion has accelerated during the twentieth century. The empirical results show that the main source of acceleration are faster declines in prices. Faster price declines make the product affordable to more consumers within a given period of time. Based on theories of intertemporal price discrimination and learning-by-doing, the association between the speed of adoption and the speed of price decline was explained. Faster price declines are attributed to several product characteristics as well as changes in income distribution. Above all, the introduction of consumer electronic products in more recent years can be regarded as the most important factor in accelerating price declines. Consumer electronic products are technologically different from non-electronic goods, in that semiconductors are important components. As the price of semiconductors has dropped rapidly, the falling production costs can be rapidly incorporated to the price of consumer electronic goods. Furthermore, most of the recently introduced consumer electronic products have network externalities, and many products with network externalities require complementary products. A complementary product becomes more readily or cheaply available as more people have the main product. One major difference between previous studies and this study is that the former focuses only on the factors that operate directly on the speed of adoption, while this study incorporated factors that work through price changes as well as the factors that work directly on the speed of adoption.

The purpose of this study is to explore one bilingual person’s language development in relation to the changing environments in which she has lived. Bronfenbrenner's (1977, 1979, 1992) bioecological model provided insight as a theoretical framework in that the model emphasizes active interactions and strong interconnectedness between the individual and her surrounding environments, as well as interactions among environments (micro, meso, exo, and macrosystem). As a main data source, a two and half hour semi-structured interview was conducted with the participant, who is a Korean-English bilingual pursuing a graduate degree at an American university. The analysis of the interview data revealed that 1) the participant's developing characteristics (e.g., outgoing personality, age of language learning), 2) the changing environments (e.g., parents’ belief and philosophy, home residential location), and 3) the interactions between the participant and her environments (e.g., the participant’s intrinsic motivation and the mother’s philosophy) and interactions between inner and outer environments (e.g., school system and national educational policy) played out for the participant's reach on the current language development in Korean and English.

The present study investigates the effect of peer evaluation tasks on learners’ noticing and production of prominence. Attention is placed on the students’ noticing episodes during the task, and whether the student utilizes what is noticed into their re-recordings to achieve more intelligible speech. The results reveal that the students directed their attention to the features of prominence, with metalinguistic reflections evident in their transcriptions and exchanges of evaluative comments. The students’ first and second recordings were then assessed by four native speakers based on five criteria: comprehensibility, rhythm, stress, intonation, and perceived naturalness. The ratings indicated that the students’ second recordings were evaluated lower in intelligibility and were regarded as being unnatural, forced, and overly exaggerated in their production of prominence. Lastly, qualitative analyses of the audio revealed that the post-task recordings involved an increased frequency of stress production, but the exaggerated prosodic qualities in pitch, elongation, and volume may have been contributing factors leading to lower intelligibility.

정삼투와 압력지연삼투 공정에서 용매의 투과율은 용매와 막이 접촉하는 방식에 의존한다. 각각의 공정에서 막의 활성층이 고농도 용매와 접촉하는 경우를 압력지연삼투 방식이라 하고, 고농도 용매가 막의 다공성 지지하층과 직면해 있는 경우를 정삼투 방식이라고 한다. 압력지연삼투 방식과 정삼투 방식은 각각 희석형 그리고 농축형의 내부농도 분극 현상을 유발하는데, 동일한 조작 조건에서 정삼투 방식보다 압력지연삼투 방식이 높은 투과율을 나타내는 현상이 실험적으로 관측되었다. 본고에서는 정삼투방식과 압력지연삼투 방식에서 발생하는 본질적인 투과율 불균형을 수학적 귀류법을 이용하여 증명하고, 물리적인 원인을 규명한다.

This paper attempts to bring Plato back into dramatic criticism. The dominant view of Plato as a trenchant critic of literature results from an oddly powerful mixture of transhistoricity, literary self-abnegation and political ideology. Using Iris Murdoch, Giorgio Agamben and Leo Strauss to defend Plato against the charge of his anti-poetics, this paper argues that memory and narrative (in place of action), diegesis (against mimesis), alienation and impasse (instead of identification and catharsis) emerge as central features in Platonic dramatic theory. These concepts are put to the test by using texts from a select group of modern Irish and American dramatists (Williams, Friel, Wilder, Beckett and Yeats), all of whom were compelled to dramatize personal and/or collective memory while grappling with the difficulties involving the enactment of it.

Lee Jung-yull. 2015. “Asymmetrical Aspects of Totally and Completely as a Freestanding Form”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(2). 1~35. This study examines totally and completely in discourse, elaborating on their semantic preferences and freestanding form. They have been considered as virtually interchangeable without any significant differences in the meaning of utterances. Their lexical meanings and syntactic functions seem to be identical. However, their freestanding forms in spoken discourse do not tend to be equivalent. This study explicates the correlation between their semantic preferences and freestanding usage, in which totally combines with affirmative semantic preferences, while completely collocates with unaffirmative semantic preferences. The freestanding form of totally may be related with interactive pragmatics and it functions in various pragmatic roles such as a turn initiator which is utilized to respond to a previous speaker. A wide variety of pragmatic functions of the freestanding form can involve bridging device, agreement, enthusiasm, encouraging device, satisfaction, and solidarity device in spoken English. The aim of the current study is to describe how this linguistic phenomenon occurs and to achieve a better comprehension of their nature. (162)

The feasibility of obtaining graphitic carbon films on targeted substrates without a catalyst and transfer step was explored through the pyrolysis of the botanical derivative camphor. In a horizontal quartz tube, camphor was subjected to a sequential process of evaporation and thermal decomposition; then, the decomposed product was deposited on a glass substrate. Analysis of the Raman spectra suggest that the deposited film is related to unintentionally doped graphitic carbon containing some sp-sp 2 linear carbon chains. The films were transparent in the visible range and electrically conductive, with a sheet resistance comparable to that of graphene. It was also demonstrated that graphitic films with similar properties can be reproduciblyobtained, while property control was readily achieved by varying the process temperature.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate a general collaborative model of team-teaching in a university general English program. While positive effects of team-teaching and some suggestions for teamteaching practices have been reported previously, there has been less attention paid to an instructional model where native teachers and Korean teachers collaborate with each other for the best classroom experience for students. A qualitative research guided the design. Twenty teachers’ team-teaching classes were observed and video-taped for analysis. The findings showed that the two teachers’ constant negotiations of meanings in any stage of the lessons and in classes with diverse linguistic goals was helpful to the students’ understanding. Also, in the stage of presenting particular language expressions (duringlesson), complimenting each other with native teachers’ intuition and Korean teachers’ analytic skills was suggested as an important instructional move. When activities were introduced, modeling by the two teachers and bridging roles by the Korean teachers were a tremendous contribution and recommended for model collaborations. An instructional model and educational implications have been suggested.

The modular assembly system can make it possible for the variety of products to be assembled in a short lead time. In this system, necessary components are assembled to optional components tailor to customers’ orders. Budget for inventory investments composed of inventory and purchasing costs are practically limited and the purchasing cost is often paid when an order is arrived. Service cost is assumed to be proportional to service level and it is included in budget constraint. We develop a heuristic procedure to find a good solution for a continuous review inventory system of the modular assembly system with a budget constraint. A regression analysis using a quadratic function based on the exponential function is applied to the cumulative density function of a normal distribution. With the regression result, an efficient heuristics is proposed by using an approximation for some complex functions that are composed of exponential functions only. A simple problem is introduced to illustrate the proposed heuristics.

In-situ neutron diffraction has been employed to examine the effect of strain path on lattice strain evolution during monotonic and cyclic tension in an extruded Mg-8.5wt.%Al alloy. In the cyclic tension test, the maximum applied stress increased with cycle number. Lattice strain data were acquired for three grain orientations, characterized by the plane normal to the stress axis. The lattice strain in the hard {10.0} orientation, which is unfavorably oriented for both basal slip and {10.2} extension twinning, evolved linearly throughout both tests during loading and unloading. The {00.2} orientation exhibited significant relaxation associated with {10.2} extension twinning. Coupled with a linear lattice strain unloading behavior, this relaxation led to increasingly compressive residual strains in the {00.2} orientation with increasing cycle number. The {10.1} orientation is favorably oriented for basal slip, and thus showed a soft grain behavior. Microyielding occurred in the monotonic tension test and in all cycles of the cyclic test at an applied stress of ~50 MPa, indicating that strain hardening in this orientation was not completely stable from one cycle to the next. The lattice strain unloading behavior was linear in the {10.1} orientation, leading to a compressive residual strain after every cycle, which, however, did not increase systematically from one cycle to the next as in the {00.2} orientation.

The effect of Al content on the processing of reaction-bonded Al2O3 (RBAO) ceramics using 40v/o ~ 80v/o Al- Zn-Mg alloy powder was studied in order to improve traditional RBAO ceramic processes that use ~ 40v/o pure Al powder. The influence of high Al content in starting Al2O3-Al alloy powder mixtures on its particulate characteristics, reaction-bonding, microstructure, physical and mechanical properties was revealed. Starting Al2O3-Al alloy powder mixtures with 40v/o ~ 80v/o Al alloy powder were milled, reaction-bonded, post-sintered, and characterized. With an increasing Al alloy content, the milling efficiency of Al alloy powder was lowered, resulting in a larger particle size after milling. However, in spite of the larger particle size of Al alloy powder, the oxidation, i.e., reaction-bonding, of the Al alloy was successfully completed via solid and liquid state oxidation, in which the activation energy of the oxidation was nearly the same regardless of Al alloy content. After reaction-bonding and post-sintering at 1600 oC, RBAO ceramics from 80v/o Al alloy content showed a relative density of ~97% and a flexural strength of 251 MPa compared to ~ 96% and 353 MPa for RBAO ceramics from 40v/o Al alloy content, respectively. The lower flexural strength at 80v/o Al alloy content was due to the weak spinel phase that formed from Zn, Mg alloying elements in Al.

예이츠와 엘리엇은 동시대 시인이면서도 별개의 시인처럼 여겨지는 경우가 많다. 그러나 이 둘 사이에는 유사성이 매우 많음을 알 수 있다. 그들은 시의 대상 표현에 있어서 “시적 숭고성”을 얻어내고 있다. 먼저 예이츠는 이를 위하여 고대의 도시 중에 하나인 “비잔티움”을 선택하는 가하면 엘리엇은 “시간”의 이동이라는 개념에 의지하고 있다. ‘숭고성’이라는 롱기누스의 정의에 어울리게 시적 표현의 탁월성과 우수성을 이 두 시인 모두 잘 보여주고 있다.

This study explores a discussion held among raters for a writing assessment in a Korean university. It investigates rater behaviors that influence their decision-making processes as revealed in their interaction during discussion. Four raters independently assessed student writing samples using CEFR scales and then held a discussion session to agree on a single score for each sample. Observation and analysis of the rater discussion showed that there were differences in the degree to which individual raters’ initial judgments were reflected in the final decisions and that each rater’s argument style affected the degree. Raters’ personality dynamics, appreciation of student effort, and comprehension of students’ intended meaning were found to be prominent factors that influenced the process of score decisions. These findings have important implications for the use of discussion in performance assessment and for the rating process in general.

항만국통제를 이용한 해적행위 퇴치는 선박이나 항만 및 그 주변에서 모든 형태의 불법행위를 방지할 수 있는 예방적 조치이므로 매우 효과적이다. 더욱 이 항만국통제는 해적행위를 예방할 뿐만 아니라, 감시, 체포, 소추 및 처벌하 는 보안관련 국제협약을 이행하기 위한 검증된 제도이다. 오늘날 나이지리아에 서 주요 공격대상인 유조선에 대한 대부분의 해적행위는 국가경제의 대들보인 기름과 가스의 개발이 이루어지고 있는 영해 이내에서 발생하고 있다. 본래 해 적행위란 1982년 유엔해양법협약 제101조에 따라 공해상에서 민간선박 또는 민 간항공기의 승무원이나 승객이 사적 목적으로 다른 선박이나 항공기 또는 그 선박이나 항공기 내의 사람이나 재산에 대하여 범하는 불법적 폭력행위, 억류 또는 약탈행위를 말한다. 그러나 저자는 오늘날 나이지리아를 포함한 대부분의 해상 불법행위는 영해 이내의 수역에서 발생하고 있고, 또 공해상으로 그 행위 가 확장하고 있기 때문에 이들 불법행위를 해적행위로 간주하고 이에 대한 대 응방안을 제시한다. 이 논문에서는 나이지리아에서의 해적행위를 퇴치하기 위 한 방안으로서 항만국통제의 효과적인 활용에 대하여 검토한다.

This study examined how L2 learners of English process morphologically complex words (e.g., bareness) and psuedowords (e.g.,*boilness) to investigate if the L2 processing of derivational morphology is subject to critical period effects. It has been claimed that native speakers rely on procedural memory to process morphologically complex words, while L2 learners tend to utilize declarative memory to process them (Ullman, 2001, 2004, 2005). According to Ullman, L2 learners’ reliance on declarative memory for processing morphologically complex words is due to maturational changes in procedural memory. Two related experiments with a masked priming lexical decision task were conducted with two groups of Korean learners: early and late L2 learners. With regard to the results, early L2 learners showed stem priming effects for morphologically related prime-target pairs, which is indicative of morphological decomposition. On the other hand, late L2 learners did not provide any evidence of stem priming, indicating that they might have processed the morphologically complex word/pseudoword as a whole unit. These data suggest that the L2 processing of late learners is different from that of early learners.

Pairs trading is a type of arbitrage investment strategy that buys an underpriced security and simultaneously sells an overpriced security. Since the 1980s, investors have recognized pairs trading as a promising arbitrage strategy that pursues absolute returns rather than relative profits. Thus, individual and institutional traders, as well as hedge fund traders in the financial markets, have an interest in developing a pairs trading strategy. This study proposes pairs trading rules (PTRs) created from a price ratio between securities (i.e., stock index futures) using rough set analysis. The price ratio involves calculating the closing price of one security and dividing it by the closing price of another security and generating Buy or Sell signals according to whether the ratio is increasing or decreasing. In this empirical study, we generate PTRs through rough set analysis applied to various technical indicators derived from the price ratio between KOSPI 200 and S&P 500 index futures. The proposed trading rules for pairs trading indicate high profits in the futures market.

Based on dual coding theory, this study predicted that pictorial typography (PT), a device involving direct visual integration of a written word into a picture of its referent, is more effective for ESL children’s pre-literacy skills, than the non-integrated paring of word and picture on flashcards (FC). The two types of instruction were given to thirty-two Korean children aged six and seven, both embedded within the WordWorld (WW) episodes, an animated TV series developed by PBS. Results from the pre- and post-test design were as follows. PT was more beneficial than FC for the two upperlevel skills, vocabulary and reading fluency, while they were equally beneficial for the two lower-level skills, letter recognition and phonemic awareness. The two mediating variables, gender and age, were shown to have partial effects as well. Dual coding theory and the importance of instructional intervention have been supported by this study.

Real-life time series characteristic data has significant amount of non-stationary components, especially periodic components in nature. Extracting such components has required many ad-hoc techniques with external parameters set by users in a case-by-case manner. In this study, we used Empirical Mode Decomposition Method from Hilbert-Huang Transform to extract them in a systematic manner with least number of ad-hoc parameters set by users. After the periodic components are removed, the remaining time-series data can be analyzed with traditional methods such as ARIMA model. Then we suggest a different way of setting control chart limits for characteristic data with periodic components in addition to ARIMA components.