A proper development of the epididymis during the early postnatal development is required for successful fertility in the adult male. Direct cell-cell communication via connexin (Cx) molecules is a common way of cellular interactions to achieve normal development of a given tissue consisting of different cell types. The present research was attempted to determine the effect of exogenous exposure to estrogenic agonist or antiandrogen at the weaning age on expression of Cx isoforms in the adult corpus epididymis. Male rats were subcutaneously administrated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or flutamide (Flu) at the weaning age. The tissue was collected at 4 months of age. Expressional levels of Cx isoforms were determined by a quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical comparison showed significant increases of Cxs31, 32, 37, 40, and 43 transcript amounts by a treatment of 0.015 mg of EB /kg body weight (BW). A treatment of 1.5 μg of EB /kg BW caused a significant decrease of Cx43 gene expression but increases of Cxs26, 31, 32, 37, and 40 transcript levels. Exposure to 500 mg of Flu/kg BW induced an increase of Cx37 expression but significant decreases of Cxs43 and 45 mRNA levels. Expression of Cx37 was increased by a treatment of 5 mg of Flu/kg BW, while transcript levels of Cxs26, 30.3, 31, 31.1, 32, and 43 were significantly decreased by same treatment. These results demonstrate that exposure to steroidal compounds at the early developmental age alters expression of Cx isoforms in the adult corpus epididymis.

This study investigated structure and function of the reproductive system in Aplysia kurodai by means of anatomical, histological, and histochemical observation. Reproductive system of this species is consisted of ovotestis, small hermaphroditic duct, ampulla, accessory genital mass and large hermaphroditic duct. The ovotestis is composed of a large number of follicles, and both oocytes and spermatocytes matured in the same follicle. The small hermaphroditic duct is a single tube and contains a swelling, the ampulla, which functions as a storage organ for endogenous sperm and an oviduct. The accessory genital mass is connected to both the small and large hermaphroditic duct, and consisted of three glands: albumen, membrane (winding) and mucus gland. The albumen gland is consisted of granular cells producing basophilic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The membrane and mucus gland are consisted of granular cells producing acidophilc and sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The large hermaphroditic duct is a single tubular gonoduct linking the accessory genital mass to the common genital aperture but is consisted of two parallel compartments. Internally, these two compartments are incompletely divided by internal septum or fold, which are called as the red hemiduct and white hemiduct, respectively. The red hemiduct functions as an oviduct and the white hemiduct functions as a copulatory duct. The reproductive system of A. kurodai is externally comprised a single tube, i.e., monaulic type. However, internal structure of duct is incompletely divided into oviduct and copulatory duct, i.e., the oodiaulic type.

Early life stage mortality in fish is one of the problems faced by loach aquaculture. However, our understanding of immune system in early life stage fish is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few fish species. In the present work, we investigated the expression of immune-related transcripts in loach during early development. In fishes, recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and sacsin (SACS) have been considered as immunological function. In this study, the expression of the both genes was assessed throughout the early developmental stages of loach using real-time PCR method. maRAG-1 mRNA was first detected in 0 dph, observed the increased mostly until 40 dph. Significant expression of maRAG-1 was detected in 0 to 40 dph. These patterns of expression may suggest that the loach start to develop its function after hatching. On the other hand, maSACS was detected in unfertilized oocyte to molura stages and 0 to 40 dph. maSACS mRNA transcripts were detected in unfertilized oocytes, suggesting that they are maternally transferred.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) has emerged as one of the greatest environmental threats facing mining industry owing to its characteristic low pH, high acidity and elevated concentrations of metals and sulphate content. This study evaluates the efficiency of fly ash as a low cost material to remove heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb) from AMD. The effects of varying contact time, dosage and pH on adsorption were investigated using synthetically prepared AMD. The experiments was conducted in series of batches for adsorption using a mechanical shaker with 50mL AMD at various dosages of fly ash (0.1 - 0.8g/L) and coagulation using a standard jar tester of 1000mL AMD with chemical coagulant dosages (0.5 - 10g/L). Tests were also conducted with 50mL AMD without fly to evaluate the treatment efficiency of fly ash to chemicals. All tests were performed in duplicate for consistency and accuracy. The chemical composition of fly ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the result shows the fly ash is rich in calcium (CaO 54.9%). Leaching test of the fly ash was conducted using KLST and TCLP method to compare the results and evaluate the behavior of leaching ash in replenishing acidic media at low pH such as acid mine drainage. pH plays a significant role in heavy metal uptake in this study with increased in pH value the removal rate increased. The optimum dosage for Adsorption was found to be 0.4g/L with 60 min optimum contact time and coagulation 6mg/L with reduced metal concentrations much less than regulation standards for Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb. From all tests conducted fly ash proves more efficient with over 96% removal even at low dosages. The effectiveness of the treatment process will depend on the quality of the fly ash and the AMD. Therefore the use of fly ash for treatment of mine wastewater would represent a new market opportunity for this waste product. Recycling of fly ash will conserve the natural raw materials and abridge the disposal cost. It will also create new revenues and business opportunities while protecting the environment. Most significantly, the two waste products acid mine drainage and fly Ash could be neutralized and when reacted together to produce much cleaner water broadly compared to post process water derived from Lime treated AMD and sulfates removal rates were in the range of 90% in both experiments. Fly ash is more economical, sustainable.

Purpose – Research shows that increased workload and psychological pressure produces tensions in organizations. Such tensions can increase employee aggressive workplace behavior. This study attempted to discover the relationship among verbal aggression, job involvement, and turnover intention. Research design, data, and methodology – A survey of administrative workers in colleges was done between May 20 and May 26, 2015. Result – The findings were as follows. First, verbal aggression directly increased employee turnover intention. Second, stress recognition also created turnover intention among employees, which was detected in the interviews conducted after the survey. Third, both the survey and the interviews showed that stress recognition did not have a significant effect on job involvement. Fourth, both the findings and the interviews after the survey showed that stress increased turnover intention. Last, the finding on the role of self-esteem showed that self-esteem had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between the influence of verbal aggression and stress recognition. Conclusion – Having strong talent at work should lower turnover intention and turnover rates and develop the organization continuously.

Purpose – Based on previous studies, this study extends current research and investigates whether the sub-factors of emotional intelligence increase job satisfaction or employee intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and perceived organizational support. Research design, data, and methodology – This study categorizes service employees' (consultants) emotional intelligence into four sub-factors: regulation of emotion, appraisal of emotion, utilization of emotion, and expression of emotion. The study then investigates the sub-factor effects on job satisfaction. A total of 353 valid questionnaires were collected. Results – The results of the path analysis showed that appraisal, utilization, and expression of emotion had a positive effect on intrinsic motivation, and utilization of emotion had a positive effect on extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation had a positive effect on perceived organizational support and job satisfaction, and perceived organizational support had a positive effect on job satisfaction. Conclusion – As consultants' utilization of emotion is rendered as the ability to use emotion to improve performance, the conclusion is that such factors as monetary performance incentives are important in order to boost job satisfaction of the consultants.

The four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc have been used for making induced pluripotent stem cells. Many efforts have focused on reducing the number of transcription factors, especially c-Myc and Klf4 known as oncogene, for making induced pluripotent stem cells. Recently it have been demonstrated that Oct4 and Sox2 are able to reprogram human fibroblasts or cord blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells and Oct4 has the ability to reprogram mouse and human neural stem cell to induced pluripotent stem cells. These researches imply cell types for reprogramming experiments have great influence on selection of reprogramming factors. Here we report that pig kidney cortex fibroblasts need only c-Myc factor when they are used for making induced pluripotent stem cells. We used two vector system including drug-inducible vector system and constitutive expression vector system. The two systems generate induced pluripotent stem cells from pig kidney fibroblasts successfully. These one-factor induced pluripotent stem cells are not only similar but also different to pig embryonic stem-like cells. These two one-factor induced pluripotent stem cell lines can express pluripotency related genes and be differentiated into all three germ layers in vitro. However, these two cell lines can be sub-cultured as a single cell by trypsin. Our results support that single factor, c-Myc, is sufficient to converting pig kidney cortex fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Light characteristics are very specific in the aquatic environment. Fish vision and different light spectra perception are related to each species’ natural habit. Light is one of the main environmental conditions and can be easily manipulated in artificial rearing settings. Mucus-secreting goblet cells are the main regulators of digestion. In this study, we established whether the light spectrum (natural condition, full spectrum: green, 520 nm; red, 590 nm, and blue, 480 nm) influences growth performance and digestive activity related to mucus-secreting goblet cell activity in order to develop a good management protocol and optimal rearing system for nursery stage of Epinephelus akaara. For each light spectrum, fish (11.5 ± 0.2 g in mean initial body weight, 9.0 ± 0.1 cm mean initial total length) were reared 16 weeks under a flow-through system and fed commercial pellet diets twice daily. At the end of the experiment, the final body weights differed among the fish reared under different light spectra. The highest growth performance value and feed efficiency were observed in fish reared under the green light condition. Mucus-secreting goblet cell activity was significantly higher in the fish under green light condition than in the fish under the natural, red, and blue light conditions. Rearing of E. akaara under the green light condition had positive effects on fish growth performance and digestion. We recommend that the appropriate light spectrum for nursery stage of E. akaara is the green light condition from the perspective of growth performance and the synergistic effects of mucus-secreting goblet cells. However, longer light treatment periods are needed in future investigations to clarify the effects of light spectrum on each growing stage of E. akaara.

The sex of bivalves is classified into gonochorism and hermaphroditism, and hermaphroditism is further divided into simultaneous, and sequential. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is the simultaneous release of eggs and sperm by one organism during the same season. Sequential hermaphrodites are either male or female for one or several annual cycles (Heller, 1993; Gosling 2004; Collin, 2013). T. granosa is a sequential hermaphroditic bivalve undergoing sex change (Lee et al., 2014). However, definitive conclusion on whether the scale and pattern of sex change of T. granosa is always consistent could not be made. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reconfirm sex change in T. granosa and consider the scale and pattern of sex change compared to the results of Lee et al. (2014). The total number of T. granosa used for sex change identification was 777 with a shell length (SL) between 25.1-35.0 (30.9±2.13) mm. For Tegillarca granosa, the scale of sex change during 2006-2007 was reported to be 15.1% (Lee et al., 2014). In this study, the overall scale of sex change in T. granosa was 37.6% during 2011-2012, which was approximately 2.5 times higher than that reported by Lee et al. (2014). In addition, the difference between the sex change ratio from females to males and that from males to females was 15.3% during the period of 2011-2012, which was similar to the finding of 15.0% during 2006-2007 (Lee et al., 2014). The sex change ratio of female→male : male→female was 1 : 3.42 during 2006-2007 reported by Lee et al. (2014). It was 1 : 1.57 during 2011-2012 in this study.

To overcome the risk of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in patients have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to prepare emergency fertility preservation in patients undergoing anticancer treatment, several researchers have reported IVM of oocytes retrieved from ovaries exposed by only hCG priming. However, the maturation rate and the developmental potential of embryos from IVM oocytes are significantly lower than those of oocytes matured in vivo. Here, we investigated the optimal time point for immature oocyte collection at post hCG only injection for in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and blastocyst formation. Immature GV oocytes were collected from 25 days old B6D2F1 female mouse at 12 hr, 14 hr, 16 hr or 24 hr post hCG injection. Oocytes were collected from antral or late secondary follicle by puncturing with 26 G needle. Collected oocytes were cultured in G2 medium with 10% FBS, FSH, estradiol, and hCG for 16 hr in vitro and subjected in vitro fertilization and further embryonic development. To examine follicular maturation, we estimated the numbers of primordial, primary, secondary follicle and antral follicle on ovaries of each time point post hCG. To confirm the optimal time point post hCG injection for collecting immature oocytes, we recovered the oocytes from each time point. There is no difference in the number of oocytes per mice. Oocytes collected at 14 hr post hCG injection were shown higher maturation rate to MII stage and blastocyst formation compare to other three groups (p<0.01). However, there is no difference in the maturation rate on the other three groups. Also, apoptotic signal with TUNEL assay or anti-PARP staining was not change in ovaries from all experimental groups. Granulosa cell proliferation test with anti Ki-67 or anti AMH was not show any difference. According to these results, there are no significant differences in four different time points at 12 hr, 14 hr, 16 hr or 24 hr of collection of immature oocytes in hCG primed mouse. However, oocytes from 14 hr post hCG injection showed higher percentages of maturation rate, in vitro fertilization rate, blastocyst formation.

Cryopreservation has become a powerful method of the assisted reproduction technology and supports fertility preservation of cancer and other indication patients. After controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, surplus oocytes and embryos were recommended to store using cryopreservation. Recently, vitrification is replaced with traditional slow freezing protocol, because of improved survival rates and clinical outcomes. Vitrification requires a high concentration of CPAs that may induce significant osmotic and metabolic damage to cells including oocytes even in a short exposure of a few minutes. Generally, MPF plays a crucial role in the cell cycle regulation and maintaining the meiotic arrest of oocytes. In fact, it has been observed to decline in MII ovine oocytes after vitrification and would be suggested that one of the main causes of low fertilization rate and developmental competence derived from cryoinjury during vitrification. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine treatment on the activity of MPF, MAPK level in vitrified/warmed mouse mature eggs. Caffeine, Phosphataseinhibitor, may maintain active form of MPF. We evaluated their survival after warming procedure, fertilization, cleavage, and developmental rates. Ovulated MII eggs were retrieved from 6 weeks old B6D2F1 female mouse at 14hr post hCG injection. Collected MII eggs were maintained in HTF medium containing 10% KSR with or without caffeine for 1hr. Eggs were vitrified in 7.5%EG +7.5%DMSO equilibrium solution, 15%EG + 15%DMSO + 0.5M sucrose vitrification solution with or without caffeine. Also warming solution contained sucrose (0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0M) with or without caffeine. After warming, eggs were cultured in HTF medium with or without caffeine for 2 hr then fertilized with epididymal sperm in vitro and cultured in KSOM for 5 days to analyze embryonic development. Survival rates were similar in all experimental groups. However, fertilization rate was higher in with caffeine group compare to without caffeine significantly (80% vs. 85%, p<0.05). 2-cell and blastocyst formation were increased in caffeine group (p<0.05). MPF activity and MAP kinase activity were recovered in with caffeine group after vitrification/warming process. In conclusion, Caffeine may maintain MPF and MAPK level in vitrified/warmed MII eggs, and enhance fertilization and further embryonic development.

스테로이드 호르몬의 하나인 여성호르몬 에스트로젠은 난소에서 생성되어 혈관을 통해 표적 세포에 도달하여 단순확산에 의해 표적세포 내로 들어가, 표적세포의 핵 내에 존재하는 전사인자인 에스트로젠 수용체를 통하여 표적 유전자의 전사 활성도에 영향을 미침으로써 그 기능을 나타낸다. 1960년대 후반에 에스트로젠 수용체 알파가 분리되고, 1996년에 스웨덴의 Gustafsson 그룹에 의해 에스트로젠 수용체 베타가 발견되면서 연구에 많은 진척을 가져왔다. 에스트로젠 수용체 연구분야에 에스트로젠에 대한 연구는 생식기능 이외에도 심혈관 질환, 뇌질환, 골다공증 등과 같은 만성 퇴행성 질환 및 유아 청소년의 발달과도 연관이 되어 있어 스테로이드 호르몬 수용체 중에서도 연구가 가장 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 분야 중 하나이다. 분자적 수준에서의 에스트로젠 수용체의 작용기전의 이해는 에스트로젠에 의한 많은 질병의 예방과 치료에 큰 역할을 하고 있으며, 사회적으로 문제가 되고 있는 환경 호르몬에 의한 건강 관리 문제에도 사회적으로 큰 기여를 하고 있다. 에스트로젠 수용체 전사 조절 기전과 에스트로젠과 구조가 유사한 환경 호르몬의 작용 기전에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 환경 호르몬의 스크리닝 기법과 국소적인 여성호르몬 합성을 통한 내분비 교란 등을 통하여 환경호르몬이 유방암, 전립선암, 조기폐경, 성조숙증에 미치는 최근 연구 결과를 발표하고자 한다.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has long been envisioned as a means for generating patient-specific stem cells to treat a range of age-related diseases. Until now, only three research groups have reported the successful derivation of SCNT-derived pluripotent stem cells (SCNT-PSCs). Our group has shown for the first time that human SCNT-PSCs can be successfully generated using dermal fibroblasts from 35 and 75 year-old males, and also recently established another SCNT-PSC from a patient with disease. However, despite cloning success in these groups, the derivation of stem cell lines from cloned human embryos has proven elusive. So, several approaches for the optimization of SCNT conditions, such as the use of protein phosphatase inhibitors, oocyte activation method and epigenetic regulation have been applied in order to overcome the obstacle. This study reveals mechanistic insights and establishes a promising method for improving human SCNT for regenerative medicine.

This study measured the plasma and liver concentrations of cytokines, the distribution of blood lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4 and CD8), plasma levels of nitrite (NO3 –) and nitrate (NO2 –), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and CINC-1 in order to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the cinnamon extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rats. The plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were lower in the cinnamon extract groups than in the control group at both 2 and 5 h after LPS injection. Furthermore, the liver concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were lower in the cinnamon extract groups than in the control group at 5 h after LPS injection. Plasma IL-10 concentrations were higher in the cinnamon extract groups than in the control group at both 2 and 5 h after LPS injection, and liver concentrations of IL-10 did not differ significantly among all treatment groups at 5 h after LPS injection. The distribution of CD4 tended to increase, and that of CD8 tended to decrease in the cinnamon extract groups. The CD4/CD8 ratio was increased in the cinnamon extract groups. The plasma concentrations of NO3 –/NO2 –, ICAM-1, CINC-1, and PGE2 and the PLF concentrations of MCP-1 and CINC-1 exhibited a tendency to decrease in the cinnamon extract groups. These results indicate that cinnamon extract can exert functional anti-inflammatory effects.

Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma (the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, known as lesser galangal), a family of Zingiberaceae, has been used to reduce pain of infection and inflammatory diseases in Asian countries. The present study was focused to evaluate the inhibitory degranulation effect of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. Mast cell degranulation was analyzed by measuring release of β -hexosaminidase in RBL-2H3 cell. Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR and signaling molecules were detected by immunoblotting. The Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract suppressed β-hexosaminidase release in dose-dependent manner and inhibited cycloxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression. Furthermore, it was found that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract reduced mitogen-activated protein kinases, especially phosphorylated p38, at 0.75 ㎎/㎖ of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract concentrations. These data show that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract has immunosuppressive effect in mast cell induced allergic inflammation.

라돈은 우라늄-238과 토륨-232가 방사성붕괴 과정을 거친 후 생성되며, 무색, 무취의 불활성 기체로서 지하 또는 밀폐된 공간에 축적된다. 우라늄-238과 토륨-232는 지각의 암석이나 토양 등에 포함 돼 있다. 건축자재는 암석이나 토양을 재료로하여 만들어 진다. 가스 형태의 라돈은 호흡기를 통해 폐로 유입되고 라돈의 딸핵종이 폐나 기관지에 침적 되어 폐암을 일으키는 원인이 된다. 본 연구는 광주광역시 광산구에 위치한 신축 아파트를 대상으로 창문을 닫고 열은 상태에서 라돈 측정기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정 결과로 보아 신축 아파트 실내 평균 라돈농도는 미국 일반인 공기 중 라돈가스 최대허용농도 기준치 4 pCi보다 이하의 값이 나타난다는 것을 볼 수 있다. 측정 결과로 볼 때 신축 아파트의 라돈농도로 인한 피폭은 크지 않을 것으로 예상한다. 그러나 라돈가스가 신체 내에 축적이 되면 폐와 같은 경우는 폐암과 같은 피폭에 의한 피해를 얻을 수 있으므로 방사선 방어적 측면에서 측정 결과와 같이 라돈 농도를 낮추기 위해 창문을 자주 열어 환기를 시켜 피폭을 줄이는 것이 필요하다고 생각 된다.

본 연구는 몽골 돈디고비(Dundgobi)지역에서 채취한 오일셰일과 석탄 시료들의 유기물 기원, 광물조성 및 분광학적 특징에 대해 조사하였다. 채취한 오일셰일 및 석탄시료들은 Rock/Eval과 총유기탄소(Total organic carbon; TOC) 분석을 통해 케로젠(Kerogen) 종류, 수소 함량, 열적 성숙도, 퇴적환경을 확인하였으며, X-선회절 분석과 분광분석을 이용하여 광물조성을 정의하였다. Rock/Eval과 TOC 분석결과, 에뎀트(Eedemt) 광상에서 채취한 샘플들은 미성숙-성숙 단계의 근원암에 해당하며, 풍부한 수소함량을 보이고, I-형, II-형 and III-형의 케로젠 종류를 가진다. 반면 샤인 어스 쿠닥(Shine Us Khudag) 광상에서 채취한 샘플들의 경우 성숙단계의 근원암으로써, I-형, II/III-형 또는 III-형의 케로젠을 함유하는 잠재성을 가진다. 또한 탄소와 황의 함량에 따르면 두 지점의 퇴적환경은 담수성의 퇴적환경인 것으로 확인되었다. X-선회절 분석으로부터 확인한 오일셰일과 석탄시료들의 광물조성은 석영, 방해석, 고회석, 일라이트, 고령토, 몬모릴로나이트, 아놀소클레이스, 조장석, 미사장석, 정장석, 방비석으로 확인되었다. 가시광선-근적외선-단파적외선 분광분석을 통해 오일셰일 시료로부터 1412 nm, 1907 nm의 점토광물 및 수산화성분에 의한 흡광특성, 2206 nm에서 고령토와 몬모릴로나이트에 의한 흡광특성, 탄산염광물인 고회석에 의한 흡광특성이 2306 nm에서 확인되었다. 그러나 오일셰일의 원격탐사적 탐사를 위해서는 유기물 함량에 따른 분광특성에 대한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Cell-cell direct communication through channel-forming molecules, connexin (Cx), is essential for a tissue to exchange signaling molecules between neighboring cells and establish unique functional characteristics during postnatal development. The corpus epididymis is a well-known androgen-responsive tissue and involves in proper sperm maturation. In the present research, it was attempted to determine if expression of Cx isoforms in the corpus epididymis in the adult is modulated by exposure to estrogenic or anti-androgenic compound during the early postnatal period. The neonatal male rats at 7 days of age were subcutaneously injected by estradiol benzoate (EB) at low-dose (0.015 mg/kg body weight) or high-dose (1.5 mg/kg body weight) or flutamide (Flu) at low-dose (500 mg/kg body weight) or high-dose (50 mg/kg body weight). The corpus epididymis collected at 4 months of age was subjected to evaluate expressional changes of Cx isoforms by quantitative real-time PCR. Treatment of low-dose EB resulted in increases of Cx32, Cx37, and Cx45 transcript levels, while exposure to high-dose EB decreased expression of Cx26, Cx30.3, Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45. Treatments of Flu caused significant decreases of expression of all examined Cx isoforms, except Cx37 and Cx43 shown no expressional change with high-dose Flu treatment. These findings imply that expression of most Cx isoforms present in the corpus epididymis would be transcriptionally regulated by actions of androgen and/or estrogen during postnatal period.

This study has intended to analyze the characteristics of Resource Circulation Networks: Focused on Chungbuk Eco-Industrial Park (EIP). To reach the goal, this study has divided the networks into such fields as energy, waste, and water, and analyzed the characteristics of each field's projects, already finished or in process, in accordance with network development process, environment, and economy. This study analyzed promotion system and treatment method of the network projects for network development process, and environmental pollution load decrease and air pollutants for environment, and treatment cost reduction, resource purchase cost reduction, etc. for economy. This study found the following results: 1) as for promotion system and business type in network development process field, 8 projects adopted corporate-led system and recycling network, and 3 projects governance system and value-added network project respectively; 2) as for environmental pollution load reduction, air pollutant reduction in environment field, both all projects in water and 6 projects in waste have reduced 92,800 t/year of pollution loads, and all projects in energy and 6 projects in waste have reduced 66,000 t/year of air pollutants, especially 48,000 t CO2/year; and3)as for economic benefits in economy field, it has been found that total economic benefits are 30 billion won.