The study was conducted to gather basic information on the occurrence of phytophagous nematodes for the establishment of nematode management strategy in major highland crop production such as chinese cabbage, carrot and potato. Soil samples were collected from five areas in 48 fields in the highland and sub-highland (425m to 1136m asl) areas in 2006. Majority (88%) of the soil samples contained the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla. The average density of the root-knot nematodes in chinese cabbage, carrot and potato fields were 8.3, 18.0 and 25.9 nematodes/100g soil, respectively. Helicotylenchus sp., Pratylenchus sp. and Dorylaimida sp. were also detected but in low densities.Root-knot nematode damage was not detected in potato growth and harvest at 0, 2, 12, 23 nematodes/100g soil densities.

To understand geographic genetic variation of the species and relationships among populations of the bumble bee, Bombus ardens, we sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene, which corresponds to "DNA Barcode" region (658 bp) from 101 B. ardens individuals collected over 11 localities in Korea. The sequence data were used to investigate genetic diversity within populations and species, geographic variation within species, phylogeographic relationship among populations, and phylogenetic relationship among haplotypes. A total of nine haplortpes were found, but they very close to each other (a maximum sequence divergence of 0. 304%). Summarized, overall moderate to low genetic diversity within populations and species was characteristic, concordant with the high potential to disperse of B. ardens in Korea. There was no clear regional subdivision was observed and relatively high rate of gene flow among localities and low FST was characteristic.

This study aimed to estimate control thresholds (CTs) for imported cabbage worm, Artogeia rapae L., injuring chinese cabbage in the field. As a preliminary experiment, five level of densities of second instar larvae of A. rapae were inoculated on plant and checked injury rates under greenhouse condition. Average leaf area consumed for one week by a second larva was 657.7㎟ to the 3-WAT (week after transplanting) and 2495.8㎟ for two weeks to the 6-WAT, respectively. In field experiment, different larvae densities of A. rapae ranged from one to seven were inoculated on 20 plants. The percent yield reduction (Y) of chinese cabbage infested by different densities of A. rapae (X) for a three-week period were estimated by the following equation; (1) Y=1.764X-0.3049 (R2=0.9901) for the 3-WAT; and (2) Y=1.0305X-0.2976 (R2=0.9398) for the 6-WAT. Based on the relationships between the densities of A. rapae larvae and the yield index of chinese cabbage, the number of second instar larvae which caused 5% loss of yield (Gain threshold proposed by Japan), was estimated as 0.15 per plant for the 3-WAT and 0.26 for the 6-WAT.

With the help of KLTER/ME and KLPS in Woraksan, we have surveyed monthly diversity and seasonal prevalence of Macrolepidoptera in Wol-ak-san [Mt.], Jecheon for the period of five months from May to September since 2005. In 2007, to reduce variation, we chose two monitoring points from each of three representative vegetations in the area: Quercus mongolica-, Quercus variabilis- and Pinus densiflora-formations, abbreviated as QM, QV and PD, respectively, and collected exclusively larger moths with bucket-type of light traps for quantified survey. As a result, 1) QM and QV showed the much higher species diversity than PD; 2) in number of individuals collected, QM was the highest, almost twice that of QV, and nearly 8 times that of PD; 3) in Noctuidae and Geometridae collected, QM was the highest, while in Pyralidae and Arctiidae collected, QV was the highest; 4) June was the highest in species diversity, then July was a deep drop, probably due to a storm occurred in July; 5) the number of individuals collected may not be a good indicator as one species may be dominant too much in number of individuals: e.g., Idaea biselata collected in QM in June was over 200, changing the average number of individuals per species to 6.92, which more than twice that of all other sites per month.

This paper describes the traditional Ondol medical care, the specific combination of ancient and contemporary examples to be articulated. As a traditional Korean culture, to be extracted from the historical perspective, it described the relationship and origins between them, From a health perspective, in accordance with the logic and pharmacologyit introduced Ondol as the important principle of health care equipment. The modern architecture of some common harmful to the body, from the perspective of Ondol, it should be improved and based on scientific proof to the theory.

Ondol, Korean traditional heating system, has widely been used due to high thermal efficency based on its character of thermal dynamics. it has been also well known Ondol has improved real indoor thermal comfort compared to the other heating systems. Recently, a lot of numerical studies using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) in order to understand interal thermal and flow field has been corned out. In present study, we find out the variation of temporal temperature in floor of traditional Goodie between Jul-Gorae and Doidon-Gorae, we have performed numerical analysis. According to flow rate streams, Weet-mok's temperature in a Doidon-Gorae is 7 t:: higher than Jul-Gorae 's. This asymmetry part has an influence on decreasing a standard deviation of the temperature.

Insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) complex is reported to improve in vitro development of oocytes and embryos. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of ITS during in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine parthenogenetic and nuclear transfer (NT) embryos on subsequent developmental capacity in vitro. The electrically activated oocytes were cultured in Porcine Zygote Medium (PZM-3) with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of ITS for 7 days. Also, the electrically activated reconstructed embryos were cultured in PZM-3 with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of ITS for 6 days. Addition of ITS to culture medium did not affect development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos in vitro. To test the effect of ITS on the in vitro development of porcine NT embryos, factorial experiments were also performed for in vitro maturation (IVM) medium (TCM-199) with or without 1% ITS and culture medium (PZM-3) with or without 0.5% ITS. Addition of 0.5% ITS to culture medium increased (p<0.05) the proportion of NT blastocysts compared with non-treated group. In contrast, addition of 1% ITS to culture medium was ineffective or had a detrimental effect. Also, addition of ITS only to maturation medium increased (p<0.05) the percentage of NT blastocysts formation compared with the control group. In conclusion, addition of ITS to IVM or IVC medium could improve subsequent blastocyst development of porcine NT embryos.

To examine the differential protein expression pattern in the 11.5 day post-coitus (dpc) and 18.5 dpc placenta of mouse, we have used the global proteomics approach by 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-MS. The differential protein patterns of 3 placentae at the 11.5 dpc and 18.5 dpc from nature mating mice were analyzed. Proteins within isoelectric point range of 3.0~10.0, separately were analyzed in 2DE with 3 replications of each sample. A total of approximately 1,600 spots were detected in placental 2-D gel stained with Coomassie-blue. In the comparison of 11.5 dpc and 18.5 dpc placentae, a total of 108 spots were identified as differentially expressed proteins, of which 51 spots were up-regulated proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein, mKIAA0635 protein and transferrin, annexin A5, while 48 spots were down-regulated proteins such as Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1(PBEF), aldolase 1, A isoform, while 4 spots were 11.5 dpc specific proteins such as chaperonin and Acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, while 3 spots were 18.5 dpc specific proteins such as aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B7 and CAST1/ERC2 splicing variant-1. Most identified proteins in this analysis appeared to be related with catabolism, cell growth, metabolism and regulation. Our results revealed composite profiles of key proteins involved in mouse placenta during pregnancy.