Cordyceps militar is (Clavicipitales) is an edible mushroom which is widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. Various phytochemical constituents, cordycepin, homocitrully laminoadenosine and sterols have been reported from this source and a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, macrophage activation, anticancer, immune modulatory effects were studied. In a continuing search for bioactive constituents from Korean mushrooms, we performed a phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract from the fruiting bodies of C. militaris. By repeated column chromatographic separation of the extract, fourteen compounds, were isolated. The identification and structural elucidation of the compound was based on NMR spectral data. anti-aging activities were performed on adriamycin-induced cellular senescence model. Human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs) and human umbilical endothelial cells(HUVECs) treated with adriamycin for inducing aging were used for cytotoxicity and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase(SA-β-gal) activity assay.

A total of 35 phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from waste bed of Agaricus bisporus in Buyeo-Gun, Chungchugnam-do province and screened for the production of indole acetic acid(IAA). The best IAA producing strain was identified as Pantoea rodasii using 16S rRNA analysis. In addition to the IAA production, this strain could act as an efficient phosphate solubilizer (1100 μg ml-1 after 5 days of incubation) also. The selected strain was cultured under different conditions in order to assess the optimum conditions for maximum IAA production. The nutrient broth (NB) medium was recorded as the best medium, where the maximum IAA production (229 μg ml-1) was recorded at the start of stationary phase (12 hours after inoculation) of the bacteria growth. The performance of the strain was found to be maximum at the temperature of 30°C followed by 25°C. IAA production was found to be increased with increasing tryptophan concentration (from 0.1 to 0.6%), however beyond this limit, a slight reduction in IAA production was observed. The strains’ ability to produce IAA was further confirmed by extraction of crude IAA and subsequent TLC analysis. A specific spot from the extracted IAA preparation was found corresponding with the standard spot of IAA with same Rf value. The results of HPLC analysis conducted in identifying and quantifying the IAA production more precisely, are in agreement with the results of the assessment done with colorimetric method. As revealed by the results of the pot experiment, the isolated strain could significantly enhance the growth (as measured by shoot and root growth) of mung bean plants compared to that of non-inoculated plants. Therefore it can be concluded that the present strain, Pantoea rodasii has great potential to be used as bio-inoculants.

The types, properties, and processes for wear resistance are reviewed from the viewpoints of material properties, metallurgy, and tribology. Though materials such as ceramics and polymers are used as the wear resistances materials to provide various useful properties, they can offer excellent corrosion and wear resistances as well as mechanical, physical and chemical properties when combined with metal materials. This paper presents, first of all, the concept of surface, kinds of wear resistances and methods based on the characteristics of surface. For that reason classifies wear resistances followed by each surface modification. This, combined with numerous sophisticated wear resistances processes recently developed, makes them the choice of modifications in a large number of applications. This review has been written with an emphasis on wear resistance consisting materials as opposed to metals, ceramics and polymers. It is hoped that this review will serve as a useful source for literature survey as well as an introduction to the subject of wear resistance with materials.

The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), was originally distributed in North America and spread into central Europe and eastern Asia in the early 1940s. This species was first found in Seoul, Korea in 1958. In this study, the effect of temperatures on development in regional variation of the H. cunea was investigated. Local populations of fall webworm were collected in Goyang and Pusan, Korea and the larvae were reared on an artificial diet, incubated at seven constant temperatures of 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0 and 32.5℃ under the photoperiod 16L:8D. The average developmental periods decreased as the temperature increased at all stage in the Goyang population. The temperature dependent developmental rates in each stage were well described by linear and nonlinear Briere model in the Goyang population. The lower threshold temperature for development from egg to adult was 13.7℃ and all the eggs did not hatch at 32.5 ℃. Optimum temperatures for reproduction was 22.5℃, and average number of eggs laid by individual female at the temperature was 441.5±121.8. Developmental periods of larval and pupal stage in the Goyang population were not significantly different from those in the Pusan population at 25℃.