To improve survival rates of vitrified pig oocytes, the treatment of cytoskeletal stabilizer on an appropriate time is one of the possible approaches. However, the exact treatment timing and effect of cytoskeletal stabilizer such as cytochalasin B (CB) is not well known during oocyte vitrification procedures. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine optimal treatment timing of CB during vitrification and warming procedures. In experiment 1, the survival rates of the post-warming pig oocytes were analyzed by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays with 4 classifications. In results, post-warming oocytes showed significantly (p<0.05) decreased number of alive oocytes (31.8% vs. 86.4%) compared to fresh control. In detail, the significant difference (p<0.05) was found only in strong fluorescence (18.2% vs. 70.5%) not in intermediate fluorescence groups (13.6% vs. 15.9%). In experiment 2, CB was treated before (CB-Vitri) and after (Vitri-CB) vitrification. In results, group of Vitri-CB showed significantly (p<0.05) higher (91.6%) survival rates compared to group of CB-Vitri (83.7%), significantly (p<0.05) and comparable with group of Vitri Control (88.7%) by morphological inspection. In FDA assay results, group of Vitri-CB showed significantly (p<0.05) higher (44.2%) survival rates compared to groups of CB-Vitri (36.7%) and Vitri Control (35.1%). In conclusion, the increased survival rates of post-warming pig oocyte treated with Vitri-CB method are firstly described here. The main finding of present study is that the CB treatment during recovery could be helpful to refresh the post-warming pig oocyte resulting its improved survival rates.

The current study deals with the effect of urban growth and urbanization on temperature trends over Lahore city of Pakistan. This research was conducted using mean monthly temperature data for the period of 1950-2017. The urban population growth, urban expansion, the increase of vehicles and factories as well as the expansion of built up area have influenced on the change of temperature in Lahore city. The annual trends of temperatures have been analyzed, and their statistical significances are calculated by the linear regression method. It has been deduced that there is a close relation between temperature change and urban growth. The findings are as follows; the mean minimum temperature rises greater than the maximum temperature at urban station and rural station. However, the maximum temperature is not rising positively and thus significantly at both stations. The findings show the fact that mean minimum temperature increasing more quickly after the 1995 due to the increase of urban development in Lahore city in which the built up area has increased from 66 km² to 740 km² since 1950. A massive increase in the numbers of vehicles have also influenced on the change of temperature in the city. However, the mean maximum temperature at rural station of Lahore has significant effect during 1973-1997.

A new embryonic cell line (OFEC-17FEN) derived from olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was developed. OFEC-17FEN cells were subcultured for <30 passages over ~200 days. OFEC-17FEN cells had a doubling time of 114.34 h and modal diploid chromosome number was 48. The pluripotency genes POU5f1 and NANOG were expressed in OFEC-17FEN cells. However, the lack of several pluripotency-related genes expression indicates that OFEC-17FEN cells are not stem cells. OFEC-17FEN cells transfected with plasmid pEGFP-c1 exhibited a strong green fluorescent signal at 48 h after transfection. Accordingly, OFEC-17FEN cells may be useful for both basic research and biotechnological application.

This study is to observe the developmental process of the larval skeleton according to the growth of the trident goby, Tridentiger obscurus belonging to the larvae and juveniles and use it as the basic data of the taxonomic study. 8 days after hatching, the parasphenoid was ossified with an average total length of 3.62 mm, and basioccipital began to ossify. Caudal vertebrae and neural spine ossified in vertebra. 17 days after hatching, the average total length of the long hairs was 4.32 mm, pterotic and epiotic were ossified, and interhyal and subopercle were ossified. 52 days after hatching, the average total length of the juvenile was 18.2 mm, and lateral ethmoid, hypohyal ossified, vertebrae were parapophysis, and epural bone was osseous to the bone.

The present paper describes the design of a Solid State Telescope (SST) on board the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute satellite-1 (KASISat-1) consisting of four [TBD] nanosatellites. The SST will measure these radiation belt electrons from a low-Earth polar orbit satellite to study mechanisms related to the spatial resolution of electron precipitation, such as electron microbursts, and those related to the measurement of energy dispersion with a high temporal resolution in the sub-auroral regions. We performed a simulation to determine the sensor design of the SST using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (GEANT4) simulations and the Bethe formula. The simulation was performed in the range of 100 ~ 400 keV considering that the electron, which is to be detected in the space environment. The SST is based on a silicon barrier detector and consists of two telescopes mounted on a satellite to observe the electrons moving along the geomagnetic field (pitch angle 0°) and the quasi-trapped electrons (pitch angle 90°) during observations. We determined the telescope design of the SST in view of previous measurements and the geometrical factor in the cylindrical geometry of Sullivan (1971). With a high spectral resolution of 16 channels over the 100 keV ~ 400 keV energy range, together with the pitch angle information, the designed SST will answer questions regarding the occurrence of microbursts and the interaction with energetic particles. The KASISat-1 is expected to be launched in the latter half of 2020.

Jang Bogo Station (JBS), the second Korean Antarctic research station, was established in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica (74.62°S 164.22°E) in February 2014 in order to expand the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) research capabilities. One of the main research areas at JBS is space environmental research. The goal of the research is to better understand the general characteristics of the polar region ionosphere and thermosphere and their responses to solar wind and the magnetosphere. Ground-based observations at JBS for upper atmospheric wind and temperature measurements using the Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) began in March 2014. Ionospheric radar (VIPIR) measurements have been collected since 2015 to monitor the state of the polar ionosphere for electron density height profiles, horizontal density gradients, and ion drifts. To investigate the magnetosphere and geomagnetic field variations, a search-coil magnetometer and vector magnetometer were installed in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Since JBS is positioned in an ideal location for auroral observations, we installed an auroral all-sky imager with a color sensor in January 2018 to study substorms as well as auroras. In addition to these observations, we are also operating a proton auroral imager, airglow imager, global positioning system total electron content (GPS TEC)/scintillation monitor, and neutron monitor in collaboration with other institutes. In this article, we briefly introduce the observational activities performed at JBS and the preliminary results of these observations.

Many recent satellites have mission periods longer than 10 years; thus, satellite-based local space weather monitoring is becoming more important than ever. This article describes the instruments and data applications of the Korea Space wEather Monitor (KSEM), which is a space weather payload of the GeoKompsat-2A (GK-2A) geostationary satellite. The KSEM payload consists of energetic particle detectors, magnetometers, and a satellite charging monitor. KSEM will provide accurate measurements of the energetic particle flux and three-axis magnetic field, which are the most essential elements of space weather events, and use sensors and external data such as GOES and DSCOVR to provide five essential space weather products. The longitude of GK-2A is 128.2° E, while those of the GOES satellite series are 75° W and 135° W. Multi-satellite measurements of a wide distribution of geostationary equatorial orbits by KSEM/GK-2A and other satellites will enable the development, improvement, and verification of new space weather forecasting models. KSEM employs a service-oriented magnetometer designed by ESA to reduce magnetic noise from the satellite in real time with a very short boom (1 m), which demonstrates that a satellite-based magnetometer can be made simpler and more convenient without losing any performance.

This paper examines cases in which Korean college students might misinterpret superiority, incongruity, and sarcastic English jokes. In parallel the writer tries to bring to light possible background reasons for their misinterpretation from the perspective of the Benign-Violation Theory’ concepts of norm violation, commitment, and psychological distance. Arguably Korean college students are likely to misinterpret English humor codes influenced by their ingrained belief system of strict moral standard as well as insufficient exposure to particular genres of English jokes.

Purpose - In endless competition, companies pursue cost reduction and work efficiency. So, entrepreneurs try to increase job intensity, which may lead to job stress and high turnovers because of job burnout. But, Information systems are acknowledged as a work support tool that secures work convenience and the productivity of employees. In this study, we aimed to confirm the effects of information systems in reduing the work overload of employees in a human resource intensive industry. Research design, data and methodology - This is based on the job demands-resources model, conducting an empirical analysis of surveys given to hospital employees working in a human resource intensive industry. Results - The research revealed that information systems reduced the work overload of employees in a human resource intensive industry. Conclusion - This study confirmed the effects of information systems as a job resource based on JD-R theory, and presentation of empirical results indicated that information systems alleviate employee job overload and increases job satisfaction in the medical services industry. In the medical services industry, using electronic health record system decreases in work overload, which results in employees gaining time for self-development and time management, reducing job stress, and leading to job satisfaction.

한국의 농업유산 정책은 2002년 FAO가 도입한 GIAHS 제도를 바탕으로 2012년에 농림축산식품부가 도입하였다. 현재 한국 국가중요농업유산(KIAHS)지역으로 지정이 되면, 농림축산식품부의 다원적 자원 활용사업에 의해 3년간 보전 관리를 위한 예산지원을 받도록 제도화되어 있다. 그렇지만, 다원적 자원 활용사업 종료 이후 KIAHS 지역에 대한 실질적인 관리체계는 마련되어 있지 않은 상황으로, 이에 대한 연구가 시급한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 KIAHS 지역에 대한 지속적 관찰 및 데이터 구축을 위한 모니터링 지표 개발을 통하여, 지속가능하고 효율적인 KIAHS 지역의 보전관리체계를 마련하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해, 본 연구는 문헌고찰, 해외사례 조사, 전문가 그룹 인터뷰를 통한 지표의 검증 및 현장 적용의 연구방법을 통하여 모니터링 지표 및 관리체계를 도출하였다. 모니터링 지표는 단계별 검증절차를 거쳐서 총 17개의 공통지표와 각 지구의 특성을 반영하는 자율지표로 구성하여 제시하였다. 제시한 모니터링 지표들은 준비-지정-관리의 3단계로 구분하여 단계별로 적용가능한 지표를 제시하고, 측정시기와 방법, 측정주체 등 관리체계 구축에 필요한 항목들을 함께 제시하였다. 본 연구는 한국 국가중요농업유산의 보전과 관리를 위한 정책적 시사점을 제시하는 데 의의가 있다.

수자원의 추가 확보와 홍수에 대한 선제적 대응을 목적으로 국내 4대강 주요 지점에 다기능보(multi-function weir)를 설치하였다. 다기능보는 흐름 통제 단면으로서 정밀한 유량 산정이 가능한 수리구조물로 하천의 일반적인 수위-유량 관계식보다 정밀하게 산정할 수 있으며, 향후 각 유역의 국가 표준 유량 기준점으로 활용할 수 있는 방안을 강구하는 것이 바람직하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 영산강의 승촌보를 대상으로 현재 취득되는 운영 자료를 분석하여 개선사항을 제시하고, 이를 보완하기 위하여 간접유량추정 방법인 경사-면적법(slope-area method)을 응용하여 정밀한 유량 산정이 가능할 수 있는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 현재 상태는 이론적인 유량계수 범위 초과와 급격한 변동, 상 ․ 하류부의 수위차를 연동하지 못하는 등 이에 대한 보완이 필요하였다. 응용한 경사-면적법은 앞서 제시한 한계점을 보완하고, 자연 하도의 검증된 수리학적 이론에 의해 수면경사와 마찰손실을 반복 계산을 통해 오차를 줄여나가는 상호 보완적인 방법으로 물리적으로 타당하여 적용가능성을 확인하였다. 향후, 다기능보의 최적 운영을 위하여 이를 적용한다면, 실제 운영에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

수문모형의 매개변수 추정에 필요한 유량 관측 자료의 수집은 시·공간적으로 제한이 있어 우리나라도 아직 상당수의 미계측유역이 존재하며, 이를 보완하고자 주변 유역의 정보를 활용하는 지역화 방법들이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 지역적 특성이나 기후 조건에 따라 지역화 방법의 결과가 상이하여 어느 지역에 어떠한 지역화 방법이 가장 우수하다고 판단하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 보편적으로 사용되는 지역화 방법인 지역회귀모형의 설명 변수에 공간근접모형으로 추정한 수문모형의 매개변수를 추가하여 회귀모형의 적합성을 향상시켰으며, 이를 하이브리드 지역화모형이라 정의하고 기존 방법들과 비교하였다. 계측유역으로는 관측 자료가 충분한 남한의 37개 유역을 선정하였고, 수문모형은 개념적 수문모형인 GR4J를 사용하였으며, 계측유역에 대한 수문모형의 매개변수 산정은 Shuffled complex evolution 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 유역 특성변수들 간 다중공선성을 고려하기 위해 Variation inflation factor를 사용하였고, Stepwise regression을 통해 회귀모형의 최적 설명변수를 선택하였다. 통계 값을 통해 모형의 적합성을 비교한 결과, 하이브리드 지역화모형에서 가장 작은 RMSE 값을 나타내었으며, 유역별 모의 값의 변동성이 줄어들어 결과의 불확실성 또한 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 하이브리드 모형이 미계측유역의 유출량 산정을 위한 하나의 대안이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Dendropanax morbifera Léveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea and has been used in folk medicine and health functional food. Several studies have indicated that extract of D. morbifera (DP) has cytotoxic activities on a number of human cancers, such as, breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatoma, and chorioepithelioma. Recently, polyacetylene and triterpene compounds have been isolated from the DP and showed to have anti-complement activity. β-Amyrin, α-amyrin, dendropanoxide, and β-sitosterol are isolated from DP. However, its biological activities in cancer have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity of isolated triterpenoids from the DP leaves by measuring the levels of cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer and A549 human lung cancer cells. Six triterpenoids were isolated from the n-hexane fraction of DP leaves along with the known compounds. β-amyrin (1), α-amyrin (2), olean-12-en-3,24 β-diol (3), dendropanoxide (4), β-sitosterol (5), and stigmasterol (6). Compound 3 and 6 were isolated from DP for the first time. Cytotoxic activities of six compounds were evaluated against two human cancer cell lines by using the MTT in vitro assay. Among them, five compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) showed moderate cytotoxic activities toward the tested cell lines, and were safe to normal cells. Western blot analysis showed a decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in MCF-7 and A549 cells treated by β-amyrin and α-amyrin. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that five compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) treatment increased populations of sub-G1 (apoptosis) phase. The results of the present study revealed that triterpenoids from DP have the potential for further development as anticancer agents.

Purpose: The purpose of this study were; 1) to review the developmental stages and their features of the past, and current status of sport psychology in Korea, and 2) to suggest appropriate implications for future development. Methods: Articles published in Korean Journal of Sport Psychology(KJSP: 1990-2017) were reviewed and its chronological and academic meanings were examined to extract meaningful implication. Results: Five developmental stages, (i.e., dawn, beginning, growth, development, and stagnant period) and their features of each stage were introduced. Results revealed that Korean Society of Sport Psychology(KSSP) has been developed in various aspects but still needs more actions to develop further. Conclusion: If no innovative means are adopted nor all KSSP members give their maximum efforts to develop further, no further development is guaranteed. And current is the right time for all KSSP members to pull their socks up again to prepare the future.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of adopting an expansive (vs. contractive) posture on college students’ perceptions of career search self-efficacy and affect Methods: Participants were 31 Koomin university students (20 males and 11 females). Participants were randomly assigned into two groups involving either an expansive or contractive posture and completed measures of Career Search Self-Efficacy Scale(CSES), the Korean Positive and Negative Affect Schedule(K-PANAS) and Korean-Profile of Mood States (K-POMS). Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups for the positive affect factor of the K-PANAS, and the vigor-activity and fatigue-inertia factors of the K-POMS and job exploration efficacy, interviewing efficacy, networking efficacy factor of CSES. Conclusion: This study confirms that adopting an expansive (vs. contractive) posture can affect career search self-efficacy, positive affect, vigor-activity, and fatigue-inertia ratings in Korean college students despite the known cultural differences to Western culture. It is now necessary to study how to adopting an expansive posture impacts upon performance in other contexts such as daily life and sports.

While the number of women labor force in Malaysia is increasing, only a few of them make it to the top. For many reasons, some women turn down top position offer and some of them refuse to stay working. Commitment to the family, work-life conflict and lack of support from the family and the colleagues are among issues that caused women to have less interest to pursue career advancement. This article examines the role of work-life balance and its relationship to women career advancement, and why both are important in Malaysia. The arguments are arranged based on a review of the previous literature to conceptualize the relationship between work-life balance and career advancement. It is found that both work-life balance and women career advancement are important to retain women in the working world as well as to motivate them to pursue promotion to a higher position. Even though some researchers agreed that the relationship between work-life balance and career advancement is mostly negative, others found positive relationship between both constructs. At the end of the paper, some suggestions on how to improve work-life balance and career advancement are presented as well as suggestion for future research.

Purpose: We examined the mediating role of physical self-worth in the relationship between physical activity and quality of life in Korean adolescents. Methods: Data from 236 middle school students were used for the present study (boys = 139, 58.9%; girls = 97, 41.1%; middle school first grade = 127, 53.8%; middle school third grade = 109, 46.2%). Questionnaire data on demographics, physical activity, physical self-worth, subdimnesions of quality of life, and global quality of life were collected. We utilized the Hayes’ (2013) PROCESS Macro to test mediation models. Results: Results revealed that physical activity was associated with physical self-worth, which in turn, was associated with subdimensions of quality of life (e.g., physical, psychological, and emotion and moods quality of life) and global quality of life. Conclusion: More physical activity led to higher perceptions of physical self-worth, thereby contributing to higher perceptions of quality of life. Implications and directions for future research were discussed.

본 연구는 기상학적 및 수문학적 가뭄지수를 이용하여 가뭄사상의 첨두 심도 발생시점과 가뭄발생 기간에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구를 수행하기 위해 사용한 가뭄지수로 기상학적 가뭄지수는 표준강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI)를 사용하였으며, 수문학적 가뭄지수로는 하천가뭄지수(Streamflow Drought Index, SDI)와 표준하천유량지수(Standardized Streamflow Index, SSI)를 이용하였다. 연구 대상지역은 농촌과 도시가 공존하는 청미천 유역을 선택하였으며, 평가기간은 1985년 1월부터 2017년 6월까지 32.5년을 평가하였다 하천유량은 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 산정하였다. 수집한 데이터를 이용하여 가뭄지수를 산정한 후에 시계열을 토대로 가뭄의 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 수문학적 가뭄은 기상학적 가뭄이 발생한 후에 발생하는 것을 확인할 수 있다. SDI가 SSI보다 SPI와의 첨두 발생시점, 가뭄 시작일의 차이와 평균 가뭄기간이 더 크게 나지만, 가뭄지수의 심도를 비교해보면 일반적으로 SSI가 SDI 보다 심각한 심도를 나타내고 있다. 그러므로 가뭄의 특성을 확인하기 위해서는 기상학적, 수문학적 가뭄지수 등 다양한 가뭄지수를 검토해야 한다.

본 연구에서는 집속초음파에 의한 하지정맥류 치료에서 치료의 효율과 안전성을 높이기 위한 영상유도 알고리즘을 제안하고자 하였다. 하지정맥류가 발생한 위치에 따라 영상 유도 기법을 달리하여 알고리즘을 수립 하였다. 심부성 하지정맥류의 경우는 획득된 초음파영상에서 혈관의 가로 단면 영상을 추출하고 혈관중심부의 목표영역을 표시하도록 하였으며, 표재성 하지정맥류의 경우에는 인체의 표재정맥에서 획득한 CCD 카메라 영상에서 혈관 영역을 분리한 영상을 기반으로 한 영상 유도 시스템을 제작하고 하지정맥류 진행 정도에 따라 각기 다른 알고리즘을 설계 하였다. 실험결과 초음파 영상 기반의 알고리즘은 전체적으로 최대 830 ㎛ 정도의 낮은 오차를 보였으나 CCD 영상 기반의 알고리즘은 일부 데이터에서 최대 8.3 mm 정도의 오차를 보였다. 이에 표재성 하지정맥류 영상 유도 알고리즘에 대해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 예상되며 이후 간단한 시스템을 구성함으로써 혈관 추적의 정확도를 평가할 필요성이 있을 것으로 예상된다.

비침습적 치료 효과에 대한 기대로 집속 초음파를 이용한 하지정맥류 치료에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초음파 정맥류 정맥 치료 효과 평가에 적용할 수 있는 생체 조직 팬텀과 조직 등가 팬텀을 제시 하였다. 제작된 팬텀은 음향학적 특징과 초음파 조사에 따른 수축률을 평가함으로써 유용성을 평가하였다. 하지정맥류가 발생하는 조직의 구조를 고려하여 피부, 지방, 근육의 세 층으로 된 다층 구조 팬텀을 제작하였으며, 각 층을 구성하는 물질은 인체와 유사한 특성을 갖도록 제작하였다. 또한 혈관 유사물질을 매식한 다층 구조 팬텀과 동물 혈관을 이용한 다층 구조 팬텀, 동물 조직을 이용한 다층 구조 팬텀을 제작하였으며, 초음파 조사에 따른 혈관 유사 물질 및 혈관 조직의 수축 정도를 B-mode 영상을 이용하여 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 제시된 팬텀이 초음파 하지정맥류 치료 평가에 유효하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 집속 초음파를 이용한 하지정맥류 치료 장비 개발 및 치료 효과 검증에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 판단된다.