Storm sudden commencements (SSCs) occur due to a rapid compression of the Earth's magnetic field. This is generally believed to be caused by interplanetary (IP) shocks, but with exceptions. In this paper we explore possible causes of SSCs other than IP shocks through a statistical study of geomagnetic storms using SYM-H data provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism – Kyoto and by applying a superposed epoch analysis to simultaneous solar wind parameters obtained with the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite. We select a total of 274 geomagnetic storms with minimum SYM-H of less than –30nT during 1998-2008 and regard them as SSCs if SYM-H increases by more than 10 nT over 10 minutes. Under this criterion, we found 103 geomagnetic storms with both SSC and IP shocks and 28 storms with SSC not associated with IP shocks. Storms in the former group share the property that the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), proton density and proton velocity increase together with SYM-H, implying the action of IP shocks. During the storms in the latter group, only the proton density rises with SYM-H. We find that the density increase is associated with either high speed streams (HSSs) or interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and suggest that HSSs and ICMEs may be alternative contributors to SSCs.

This paper looks at pro-form and cohesion in English writing from the angle of Korean L2 writers' mental script and attempts to suggest an interpretation of their responses in pro-form substitution. In English writing, to boost cohesion repetitive key nouns are typically substituted by pro-forms only if clarity is salvaged. However, how can we explain contrastive cases where Korean L2 writers prefer repetitive nouns to remain as they are without weakening the cohesion of a text? The writers attempt to explain this unsolved question, based on the survey results from Korean L2 writers and by referring to related theories of Oshima and Hogue (2006), Hyland (2009) and Hyun (2015). So far our research indicates that such response is attributable to Korean L2 writers' own schema and then this schema issue subsequently translates into their genre difference.

Purpose – This paper compares current requirements for depreciation accounting from the Financial Accounting Standards Board in America for equity securities and all debt securities with determinable fair value, and disclosure requirements related to the fair value of securities below registered cost with the requirements of the international Financial Reporting Standards Board and accounting standards committee. Research design, data, and methodology – Mini-review statements are examined relating to depreciation of investments in America and the Financial Accounting Standards depreciation of investments in Iran that meet the requirements of international reporting standards and the Iranian Accounting Standards Committee. Results – Accounting rules for depreciation of investments in securities requires a good deal of judgment. In particular, devaluation decisions during the recession and market crisis were controversial, although even with no clear guidelines on devaluation, sometimes such decisions were simple. Conclusions –Companies can choose from formal policies applied uniformly and documentations of interest to provide a summary of the principles and conclusions obtained through disclosure, enabling market participants to assess the entity's conclusions reasonably, thereby easing investor and market worries.

Radish is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops in Korea. Root is the major part of radish supplied to the market, thus the size, shape, and quality of radish roots are main targets of breeding programs. Despite of the importance of this crop, the molecular breeding of radish is still in the rudimentary stage. In Golden Seed Project, we aim to establish the molecular breeding program of radish using genome-wide approaches. To this end, we selected inbred lines that have distinctive root traits such as yield, shape, disease resistance, and texture. Single nucleotide variation (SNV) among these lines will be identified based on the low coverage genome sequencing data. These SNVs can be used for finding genomic regions associated with root traits from segregating mapping populations which are also in the middle of development. Korean radish roots are harvested after being grown for only nine weeks. During that period, root biomass reaches to more than two kilograms. While investigating the root growth of radish inbred lines, we found that cytokinin contributes as a key growth regulator that promotes radial growth of radish roots. A difference in growth rates of two distinctive inbred lines was explained by the difference in response to cytokinin. Genes responsive to cytokinin are highly enriched in the cambium, the meristematic cell population that drives radial growth. For comprehensive understanding of genes that affect yields of radish roots, we turned to developing a tissue specific transcriptome data using laser capture microdissection. We expect that the compendium of genomics-based data will help establishing molecular breeding of radish at a fast track.

In recent years, the efficiency and accuracy of QTL analysis for identification of useful traits have been increased by high-throughput genotyping. In a previous study, the genome variation of significant DNA polymorphism was observed in early maturing type rice mutant (EMT) by comparing with that of wild type (WT). For detection of major QTL for flowering time, we constructed a linkage map of 36 InDel- and 6 SNP- markers. In the linkage analysis of F2 plants derived from the cross “WT x EMT”, we have detected one potential QTL region on chromosome 6 by M6-3 marker. Also, the Hd1, which contained the target fragment of M6-3 marker, exhibited the relatively high nonsynonymous substitutions in genes located on chromosomal region from M6-2 to M6-4. To evaluate the reliable allele segregation related to expected Mendelian ratio between M6-3 and its flanking markers, M6-3 marker developed in Hd1 gene exhibited the 1:2:1 ratio as clear monogenic segregation in heterozygous F3 plant. Additionally, we further analyzed the different transcript regulations of OsGI and Hd3a gene related to Hd1 involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway. Although the mRNA levels of Hd1 had no difference between WT and EMT, the Hd3a as downstream effector of Hd1 significantly upregulated in EMT, suggesting that Hd1 gene may become nonfunctional.

Arsenic (As) is accumulated in rice grain due to environmental reasons such as polluted ground water and soil, and As toxicity constitutes a serious threat to human health. However, the accurate information required for understanding As-responsive mechanisms remain mostly unknown in rice. Here, we performed the comparative genome-wide transcriptome analysis between As tolerance type (ATT) rice mutant induced by γ-irradiation and its wild type (WT). As compared to WT after As treatment of 150 ppm, ATT exhibited the phenotypic differences such as vigorous growth in shoots and root hairs, and low accumulation of H2O2 in rice roots. In transcriptome analysis, we found between WT and ATT that As toxicity commonly affected to inhibit gene regulations involved in photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport and lipid biosynthesis metabolism. While, many genes associated with cysteine synthesis metabolism considerably up regulated in both As-treated plants. Additionally, we found the potential As tolerance-related genes involved in abiotic stress-responsive mechanism and RNA-protein synthesis for protein degradation and modification. To further analyzes the genetic variations of As-responsive genes, the DNA polymorphic DEGs associated with oxidoreductase significantly distributed in ATT more than in WT.

Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) catalyze the hydrolysis of the thioester bond that links the acyl chain to the sulfhydryl group of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP. This reaction terminates acyl chain elongation of fatty acid biosynthesis, and in plant seeds it is the biochemical determinant of the fatty acid compositions of storage lipids. A full-length cDNA of an acyl-ACP thioesterase, named CvFatB, was isolated from oil plant Cuphea viscosissima accumulating up to 90% caprylate (8:0) and caprate (10:0) in its seed oil. This cDNA contains a 1,245-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 415 amino acids. The deduced sequence also contains two essential residues (H317 and C352) for TE catalytic activity and a putative chloroplast transit peptide at the N-terminal. Overexpression of the CvFatB cDNA in Arabidopsis resulted in increased levels of saturated fatty acid, especially palmitate, and reduced levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The findings suggest that CvFatB from oil plant C. viscosissima can function as a saturated acyl-ACP TE and can potentially be used to diversify the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to produce novel fatty acids.

The influences of ethylene inhibitors (AgNO3 and silver thiosulfate) and cytokinins (BAP and TDZ) on shoot regeneration from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of B. napus cv. Youngsan were investigated. The presence of 50 μM Silver thiosulfate (STS) in shoot regeneration medium formed shoots at 60-68% after 3-4 weeks of culture, which was enhanced by 2-fold compared to that of Silver nitrate (AgNO3). Moreover, cotyledon explants were more regenerative than hypocotyls; shoots from cotyledon explants began to occur 4-5 days earlier than that of hypocotyl explants. TDZ at a concentration of 8-10 μM was effective for shoot regeneration, compared with BAP. Consequently, the optimal shoot regeneration response was observed in medium supplemented with 50 μM STS + 8 μM TDZ. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, higher density of silver nanoparticles was shown to be accumulated widely inside the cell wall and plasmodesmata of regenerating leaf cultured in medium supplemented with AgNO3. By contrast, in the cell cultured in medium with STS, fine-grained deposits were partly observed in the surroundings of the cell wall.

The vascular system of plants consists of two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem, which differentiate from procambium cells. Xylem serves as a transporting system for water and signaling molecules and is formed by sequential developmental processes, including cell division/expansion, secondary cell wall deposition, vacuole collapse, and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD during xylem differentiation is accomplished by degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, and it is required for the formation of hollow vessels, known as tracheary elements (TEs). Our recent study revealed that the small GTPase RabG3b acts as a regulator of TE differentiation through its autophagic activation. By using an Arabidopsis in vitro cell culture system, we showed that autophagy is activated during TE differentiation. Overexpression of a constitutively active RabG3b (RabG3bCA) significantly enhances both autophagy and TE differentiation, which are consistently suppressed in transgenic plants overexpressing a dominant negative form (RabG3bDN) or RabG3bRNAi (RabG3bRNAi), a brassinosteroidinsensitive mutant bri1-301, and an autophagy mutant atg5-1. Wood (called secondary xylem) is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants including Populus and Eucalyptus, and therefore is considered to be one of the most cost-effective and renewable bioenergy resources. In an attempt to enhance xylem differentiation and thus to improve biomass traits in poplars, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing the RabG3bCA form. As notable phenotypes, both stem height and diameter were increased and xylem area in vascular bundles was significantly expanded in RabG3bCA transgenic poplars compared to control plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RabG3b regulates xylem differentiation in both Arabidopsis and Populus. This study enhances our understanding of biological mechanisms underlying wood formation and serve as a framework to engineer the quality and quantity of wood as useful biomass.

Much effort has been expended to find agronomically important QTLs for improving soybean yield. However, the complexity of genome, such as genome duplication, limits the utility of genome-wide association studies and linkage analyses to identify genes controlling yield traits. We propose the variation block method, a three-step process for recombination block detection and comparison. The first step is to detect variations by comparing short-read DNA sequences of the cultivar to a reference genome of the target crop. Next, sequence blocks with variation patterns are examined and defined. The boundaries between the variation-containing sequence blocks are regarded as recombination sites. All the assumed recombination sites in the cultivar set are used to split the genomes, and the resulting sequence regions are named as variation blocks. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the identification of a putative locus determining soybean hilum color and known genes such as flower color gene. We suggest that the variation block method is an efficient genomics method for recombination block-level comparison of crop genomes. We expect that this method holds the prospect of developing crop genomics by bringing genomics technology to the field of crop breeding.

In rice, the stage of the meiosis in the pollen is sensitive stage resulted in the pollen sterility to reduce yield. Dianxi4 is a cold tolerant line. To monitoring the proteome expression patterns in the pollen of Dianxi4 under the cold stress, shotgun proteomic analysis was conducted to the anther of Dianxi4. The rice plant was grown in the peedy rice field then in the 10 DBH(days before heading), one individual rice plant was moved in the growth chamber under the condition of12℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). Also the plant used as control was moved in the growth chamber unde the condition of 28℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). after 4 days treatment, the plant were moved in a greenhouse. The treated rice anther were collected in the one day before heading. From the shotgun proteomic analysis, total of 3,855 non-redundant proteins were identified. Among them, 2,360 proteins were reproducibly identified through the treatment and replications. By the T-test, 1,181 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Through the GO analysis, proteins related in gene expression, cellular process, cellular biosynthetic process were enriched.

The goals of this research project are to identify the genes controlling plant architecture through the establishment of foundation for molecular breeding and to develop new rice varieties with useful characters associated with high yield leading to its commercialization. The research subjects of this project are as follows: improvement of plant architecture including tiller angle and number associated to harvest-index, construction of genetic and QTL map related to plant architecture and isolation of target genes, development of molecular markers with high efficiency, and further study for the mechanisms of recombination event and reproductive barrier occurring from cross between subspecies, development of new elite rice varieties with high yield and its commercialization. The isolated genes and products of this research project will be patented and molecular markers for those genes will be applied to breeding procedure. The breeding materials produced as outcomes will be provided to other breeders for further breeding programs. The developed varieties will be patented and registered to the national list of varieties, and will be distributed to our agricultural industries for the increase of its competitiveness and farmer’s income. The patents for genes, molecular markers, and varieties will be licensed out to uphold the agricultural biotechnology industries.

Perilla is a annual herb plant of the mint family, Laminaceae and mainly cultivated in eastern Asia, i.e. Korea, China and Japan. In response to an increased interest for healthy supplement food from the public, people are focusing on the properties of perilla. The applicable parts of perilla plants are the leaves and seeds. Perilla has been cultivated as a source of unsaturated fatty acid oil. But in spite of advantage of the important nutritional traits the genome or molecular studies on perilla remains largely unknown. Sequence comparisons of chloroplast (cp) genomes or nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) are of great important to provide a evidence for taxonomic studies or species identification or understanding mechanisms that underlie the evolution of perilla species. So, we tried to study a structural analysis of perilla genome and 45s nrDNA using 9 species (3 Diploid; Perilla B-17, P. hirtella, P. setoyensis / 6 Tetraploid; YCPL 285, YCPL 170, YCPL 205-1, YCPL 181-1, YCPL 177-1, YCPL 207-1). The complete cp genome and nrDNA of 9 perilla species were determined using Illumina sequencing technology and analyzed on the variance in base level between perilla B-17 and salvia miltiorrhiza. Total chloroplast genome size of perilla B-17 as a reference was 152,589 bp in length. We also identified an slightly overlapped intergenic regions between salvia miltiorrhiza and B-17. The results above will contribute to growing of molecular or genome structure and functional genomics of perilla available in studying perilla biology. For further study, we will look for genetic diversity of perilla species.

In the genus Chrysanthemum, repetitive DNA sequences, the dominant part of a genome, are still to be elucidated. To explore the matter, the present study applied fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to the mitotic metaphase chromosome of Chrysanthemum boreale with C0t DNA as probes. Based on DNA re-assotiation kinetics, three kinds of C0t DNA exhibiting different degrees of repetitive nature were fractionated and used as FISH probes to map the repetitive sequences. Signals from all C0t DNAs were successfully observed but their coverage on the chromosomes was different among C0t-1, C0t-10, and C0t-100. C0t-1 FISH signals resulted to have its intensity on the telomeric region and were also dispersed on both chromosome arms except for some distal regions. In C0t-10, signals were observed in all parts of the chromosome with greater intensity around pericentromeric regions. FISH with C0t-100 DNA was observed in bright signals all over the chromosome. Signals of C0t FISH found in this study covered the regions where ribosomal DNAs and telomeric repeats of C. boreale have been distributed (previous report), thus signifying their repetitive attributes. The present results could enhance the efficiency of studying genomes, chromosomes and repetitive sequences of C. boreale and subsequently hasten the realization of the genetic scheme of Chrysanthemum.

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a member of the Ericaceae and eleven varieties have been registered at the Korea Seed & Variety Service for Plant Variety Protection (PVP). This study was to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and to analysis genetic relationship of blueberry 31 varieties. Highbush blueberry ‘Camellia’ and rabbiteye blueberry ‘Alapaha’ varieties were used as sequencing materials. Out of total 987 SSR primers detected between ‘Camellia’ and ‘Alapaha’, 148 SSR primers were initially applied to select SSR markers for identification of blueberry varieties. Fourteen SSR markers showed polymorphism between 8 varieties. Seven SSR markers showed reproducibility and clear peak among 14 SSR markers. Genetic relationships of 31 blueberry varieties were analyzed and identified using 7 SSR markers. A total of 30 polymorphic SSR alleles were obtained and two to seven alleles were detected for each locus with an average of 4.3 alleles per locus. Average polymorphism information content was 0.556, ranging from 0.374 to 0.714. Genetic distance of clusters ranged from 0.38 to 0.93 by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical average based on Jaccard’s distance coefficients. These newly developed SSR markers indicate usefulness for variety identification related to seed dispute and distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) test for blueberry.

Low temperature germinability (LTG) is an important trait for breeding of varieties for use in direct-seeding rice production systems. Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) is generally sensitive to low temperatures, genetic variation for LTG exists and several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been reported. The objective of this study was to develop and employ high-efficiency molecular markers for evaluation of LTG in rice germplasm. A panel of japonica rice accessions (n=180) from temperate regions in Asia was evaluated for LTG and genotyped with markers from regions previously reported to harbor other LTG QTLs. ANOVA revealed that four markers on chromosome 2, 4, and 11 from previously reported QTLs showed highly significant value (p < 1.0e-04) and their R2 ranged 0.083 (qLTG11-1) to 0.190 (qLTG4b-1). An association analysis was conducted using SNP data generated by sequencing of the panel. Eight SNP markers were found to be significantly associated with LTG using general and mixed linear models. Three SNP-based CAPS and dCAPS markers from these results were developed and showed higher accuracy in predicting sensitive LTG germplasm. These new LTG markers will be useful for molecular evaluation of germplasm, particularly to identify sensitive or weak LTG accessions.

The objective of the study was to identify 52 Asian pear accessions, two primary pear species, and one reference pear Asian pear with 12 microsatellite markers to maintain pear germplasm collection. The number of alleles of 12 microsatellites detected ranged from eight at CH03d12 to 18 at CH01f07. Gene diversity ranged from 0.7053 at CH01d08 to 0.9224 at CH01f07. The lowest value of PIC was 0.6600 at CH01d08 and the highest was 0.9171 at CH01f07. A group consisting of ‘Ooharabeni,’ ‘Bartlett,’ and P. calleryana was out-grouped and served as a reference to determine the relationship among Asian pear accessions. Except for the out-group, 50 Asian pears were segregated into two groups. Group I was divided in two small groups. Each small group was characterized by P. bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis, respectively. Group II was characterized as P. pyrifolia, and the group was divided in four small groups. The eigenvalue, difference, proportion, and cumulative of six principal components based on PCA to 12 microsatellite. The eigenvalue of the first principal components was 5.5850. The proportion of the first principal component was 0.9308. The cumulative value of the first two principal components was 0.9801. Consequently, nearly all of the results were elucidated by the two principal components. The results from analysis of the standard set of microsatellites in this study may be used as basic materials for the management of Asian pear germplasm collections, and the data might be useful in the development of a core collection.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental species in the world due to the great diversity of inflorescence form and color. There has been increasing demands for various types of chrysanthemums, such as cut flowers, potted plants and bedding plants. However, the genomic studies of this species have been not extensively conducted relative to other ornamental species due to high levels of polyploidy (2n = 4x =36 or 2n = 6x = 54) and heterozygosity as well as large genome size. In this work, we developed a molecular tool for cultivar identification using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and investigated genetic diversity in 127 chrysanthemum cultivars. Of the 150 SSR primer pairs tested in this study, 62 primers were obtained from previous studies, while 88 primers were designed using the unigene sequences of C. nankingense and the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences of C. morifolium in the NCBI database. Thirty SSR primers were selected based on polymorphism and banding patterns in a subset of 8 cultivars and used to amplify the DNA of 127 chrysanthemum cultivars. The UPGMA dendrogram based on these 30 SSR markers showed that most of chrysanthemum cultivars were divided into five clusters. These results will benefit chrysanthemum research community to develop elite cultivars.

To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis in rice, ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) treated Ilpoom mutant line with semi-narrow and adaxially rolled leaf phenotype was identified. The leaf rolling character is said to be more advantageous under high temperature and heat stress, and play as one of the defensive mechanisms. The F1 plants, generated from a cross of Ilpoom and mutant, showed normal phenotype. Genetic analysis of its F2 population suggested that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene with segregation ratio of 3:1. Using F2 mapping population derived from a cross of Ilpoom mutant and Milyang23, each chromosomes were screened with STS markers by the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. The candidate region was detected to a long arm of chromosome 1 near the centromeric region. Fine mapping of the locus is currently conducted. Moreover, other morphological characterizations of the mutant plants were identified. Cytological analysis of the leaf suggested that deformation of the bulliform cells led to the smaller size and less number of the bulliform cells, and caused leaf rolling trait.

Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial herbal plant belongs to Campanulaceae family. It has very important genetic value as a major plant in Asterids order. The major ingredients are platycosides, terpenoid saponins. In Korean industrial plants market, it was produced 5,633 tons in 2013, and the total amount of production was less than only five species, omija, ginger, raspberry, yam and deodeok. P. grandiflorum is called ‘Gilgyung’ and is used as a fresh vegetable and an ornamental plant. Nowadays, various components of P. grandiflorum were already published. But, genetic research is in the starting stage. In this study, 11 cultivars; 1. MariesⅡ, 2. Hakone double white, 3. Hakone double blue, 4. Fuji white, 5. Fuji pink, 6. Fuji blue, 7. Astra white, 8. Astra pink, 9. Astra blue, 10. Astrasemi double blue, 11. Jangback, were analyzed using 60 Operon Universal RAPD primers. The results were phylogenetically analyzed and related to the morphological characteristics of the cultivars.