수난 현장의 경우 부유물 등에 의하여 시계가 어두워 인명구조 및 인양에 어려움이 많다. 이에 시계뿐만 아니라, 시계를 대신해줄 수 있는 시스템이 필요로 한다. 최근 해상과 강에서의 사고가 빈번하게 일어나고 있으며, 이런 사고 구조 및 인양에는 잠수부들이 직접 들어가는 경우가 많다. 하지만 열악한 수중 환경으로 인하여 구조 및 인양에 어려움이 있고, 잠수부들의 2차 피해도 발생할 우려가 있다. 이러한 열악한 환경 중, 시계 환경의 열악함으로 잠수부들의 위치인식 불가, 구조물 확인 불가 등의 사유로 수난구조에 있어 중요한 정보들을 잃어버리는 경우가 많다. 현재 세계적으로 이러한 수중환경에서의 시계확보를 위한 초음파 카메라 등의 시스템이 제작 및 시판되고 있지만, 현재 개발 및 시판되는 시스템들은 시스템의 조작 및 이동에 두손이 사용되어져, 잠수부들이 구조 활동 중 구조물의 파악, 생존자의 구조 및 익사자의 인양 등에 사용 되어지는 두 손을 사용할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 잠수부가 두 손을 자유롭게 사용할 수 있는 헬멧형 수난 구조탐색시스템을 개발하려고 한다. 헬멧형 수난구조 시스템을 개발함으로써 악조건의 수중환경에서도 시계 확보가 가능해지고, 잠수부들의 구조 활동 시 두 손의 사용이 자유로움으로 인해 구조 활동의 효율성이 오를 것으로 기대된다.

Images created by stack imaging spectral amplitudes based on the impact-echo (SIBIE) method are largely one-dimensional because a single frequency domain spectrum for waves reflected below a single point of impact is used to create them. The method has limitations for representing defects in a cross section of a concrete structural element using two-dimensional coordinates. This study focused on defect detection and visualization in a concrete structural element using multiple impacts and accumulated SIBIE. An impactor was used to induce energy at multiple points positioned at prescribed intervals along the structural element. A modified SIBIE method was applied to the collected data for each point and the modified SIBIE images were accumulated to generate one image (an accumulated SIBIE image). As a result, the defect positions could be represented in the cross section of the structural element using a two-dimensional coordinate system. And the method appears to improve upon existing methods to detect voids or other defects in concrete.

In this study, comparative analysis has been performed with regard to a bending stress and deformation at bottom slab of a concrete floating container terminal by live load distributions. In addition, a structural performance and behavior of the floating structure is considered using a numerical analysis. Through reviewed structural performance of a floating structure by live load distribution, the structure presented tensile behavior by two live load cases (A, B, D-type). Then, the other live load cases (C, E, F, G, H, I, J-type) shows compressive behavior. Especially, immoderately compressive stress was generated on bottom slab at specific load distribution. but, that should be decreased through controling buoyancy pre-flexion. Through reviewed structural behavior, slopes of structure by four live load cases (B, E, F, H-type) were exceeded in design criteria of mega-float. It should be estimated that it get out of the load case at loading container. In all, the present study can be considered as a benchmark of a floating container terminal in the absence of analysis and will be used to guide-line about serviceability of concrete floating container terminal.

This paper reports the test results of the floating floor system used to reduce the floor noise of apartment buildings. Recently, many soft resilient materials placing between the reinforced concrete slab and finishing mortar are used. The resilient material should not only reduce the floor impact sound vibration from the floor but also support the load on the floor. Thus, even if soft resilient materials satisfy the maximum limitation of light-weight impact sound and heavy-weight impact sound, these materials may not support the load on the floor. The experimental program involved conducting sixteen sound insulation floating floor specimens. Three main parameters were considered in the experimental investigation: resilient materials, loading location, and layers of floor. Experimental results indicated that the stiffness of resilient material significantly influenced on the structural behavior of floating floor system. In addition, the deflection of the floating concrete floor loaded at the side or coner of the specimen was greater than that of the floor loaded at the center of the specimen. However, the aerated concrete did not effect on the cracking strength of floating floor system.

We analyzed with HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis photosynthetic pigments and environmental factors, microscopic observations of the phytoplankton and zooplankton in the seawater every month from February 2009 to November 2010 in Haengam Bay. The level of dissolved inorganic nutrients was the highest between July and September, when freshwater influx was at its peak, whereas chlorophyll a levels were the highest in April and August. Also, phytoplankton pigment concentration increased when dissolved inorganic nutrients are carried into nearshore waters by rainfall runoff. Based on identification of phytoplankton and photosynthetic pigments results, diatoms were mainly dominant while dinoflagellate populations increased at July and August 2009, May 2010. The zooplankton communities are dominated in terms of Noctiluca scintillans. The contribution of Noctiluca scintillans in 2010 accounts for approximately 77.3% of the total zooplankton. Distribution patterns over time of zooplankton in the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton showed a different pattern.

인양장비는 원자력발전소에서 발생하는 사용후핵연료를 운반하는 운반용기를 인양하기 위해 사용된다. 본 연구는 원자력 안전위원회고시 제2013-27호와 미국 10CFR Part 71 §71.45에서 규정하는 기술수준에 따라 이론적인 방법과 유한요소방법 으로 인양장비의 구조적안전성을 평가하였다. 이론적으로 평가한 결과 모든 구성 요소에서의 응력이 응력제한치 내에 있어 운영상 발생하는 구조적 안전성을 확보하고 있는 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 유한요소해석을 통한 평가결과, 항복과 극한조건 모두에서 설계기준을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다. 모든 구성요소에서 충분한 안전여유도(항복조건에서 3 이상의 안전율, 극한조건에서 5 이상의 안전율)를 갖는 것으로 나타나 구조적으로 안전하다고 판단하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of regional ageing rate to industrial structures of rural areas in Korea. This paper shows that there are cause-effect relations between the industrial specialization and ageing rate in 'Agriculture', 'Finance & Insurance', and 'Real Estate & Leasing' sectors. The ageing levels are classified into ageing society, aged society, and super-aged society according to UN standard that cause different impacts on industrial specialization of regions. This paper finds that the industrial specialization is determined by the ageing levels. If there is an increase in ageing rate by 1% in ageing society, the industrial specialization of the three industries could be strengthened by 0.14%. But, ageing rates have negative impacts on the industrial specialization in aged society and super-aged society by 0.76% and by 1.20%, respectively, as increasing ageing rate by 1%. As the ageing rate progresses, 'Agriculture', 'Finance & Insurance' and 'Real Estate & Leasing'sectors have positive impacts on the industrial specialization in the ageing society. But 'Finance & Insurance' and 'Real Estate & Leasing' sectors have changed into negative impacts on the industrial specialization in the aged society. In the aged society, the employment of elderly persons of 'Agriculture' and 'Finance & Insurance' sectors increase by 1% makes positive impact on the industrial specialization by 1.54%, by 0.45%, respectively. The result of this paper can be applied to a significant guideline at establishing regional employment planning such as elderly customized employment, vocational training for rural areas, where above 14% of ageing rate.

The purpose of this study is to show the relation of the change between spacial structure and social conditions of rural area. The spacial structure change of Asan city was analyzed using Space Syntax, and multiple regression analysis (dependent variables: connectivity, global integration, local integration / independent variables: population, household, farm population, farm population of 65years old and over, farm household, part-time farm households, cultivated land) was accomplished. As th result, that the increase of connectivity is related to the increase of population and farm population of 65years old and over and the decrease of farm population, and the increase of local integration is related to the increase of farm population of 65years old and over was showed. However, that global integration is not related to change of social conditions was proved.

구조물에 최적화된 센서 배열(Sensor Array)을 수행하는 것은 센서 네트워크 설계에서 중요한 요소이다. 그러나 센서의 설치와 관리는 구조물이 처해 있는 환경이나, 경제성 그리고 센서의 주파수대역의 제한과 같은 다양한 원인으로 인해 매우 어려울 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 일반적인 문제와 환경에서 현재 사용되고 있는 물리적 센서 대용으로 가상 시각 센서(VVS: Virtual Visual Sensor)를 제안하였다. 가상 시각 센서는 설치가 간편하고 경제적이며 관리가 편하다는 큰 장점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 가상 시각 센서의 기본적인 아이디어는 최첨단 컴퓨터 시각 알고리즘과 마커 추출 기법의 적용으로 이루어진다. 이 연구에서는 가상 시각 센서를 이용하여 모드 형태와 주파수를 추출하는데 용이하다는 점을 보여주며 이를 구조물 건전성 모니터링에 적용할 경우 효율적이라는 점을 입증하였다.

Ecotourism has the potential to boost the energy of a village as it pays keen attention to the ecosystem and the residents of the village. It is empowered by participation of and cooperation among stakeholders who are closely involved in ecotourism. However, many of them express difficulty in striking a right balance between development and conservation with regard to promoting ecotourism. Against this backdrop, this research paper investigates the structure of conflict that the stakeholders, especially those in Stork Village in Yesan County, South Chungcheong Province of Korea, experience during the process of establishment of government-led ecotourism. In addition, this study examines the problems of government-led ecotourism model and how they can be addressed. To analyze conflict structure, this paper used Q methods and found out that the budget-related stakeholders are largely divided into four groups as who; a) complain about how business profits are distributed; b) secure profits by expanding programs; c) consider human settlement, and; d) broaden people's participation. The biggest contributor to the conflicts is found that compensation was given discriminately to different jurisdictions. The second finding is that residents became less cooperative when the financial compensation did not live up to their expectation. For instance, they would demand the tourism facility physically expanded, repeatedly complain about the process of the work, and even accuse the government of degrading ecosystem. In other words, unless the compromise is reached with the residents regarding financial compensation, it could be difficult to encourage their participation and develop as a program-oriented tour. Lastly, the tour program needs to induce voluntary participation of the residents and deliver proper information on ecosystem and natural resources so as to last as sustainable ecotourism. The success of ecotourism will be subject to the cooperation of stakeholders in a region, conservation of our fragile ecosystem, and realization of sustainable growth through sharing economic benefits. This study looks into the cause of the conflicts of ecotourism sites and their structure. If this paper can bring about cooperation of stakeholders, the management and operation of ecotourism sites would be more sustainable.

본 기사는 교량의 이음부(joint) 설계를 위한 새로운 구조적 퓨즈 개념을 다루고 있다. 제안하는 개념은 경제성, 명확한 하중경로, 그리고 지진 후 보수의 용이성 등을 포함한 여러 가지 장점을 가지고 있다. 기본적인 아이디어는 평상시의 사용 상태에서는 탄성거동을 할 수 있을 정도로 강하지만 동시에 주요 지진이 발생하였을 때는 파괴될 수 있을 정도로 약한 구조적 퓨즈를 설계하여 지진에너지가 퓨즈를 통과하지 못하도록 하겠다는 것이다. 두 가지의 대표적인 프로젝트를 소개하여 구조적 퓨즈의 개념이 실무에 어떻게 성공적으로 적용될 수 있었는지 보이고자 한다.

최근에 건설분야 RC구조물의 시공도중 및 완공 이후에 이산화탄소 및 염소이온 등의 외기환경 노출과 콘크리트자체의 열화로 구조물의 사용성 및 구조성능 저하를 초래할 수 있다. 재료 및 시공적 측면에서 콘크리트의 탄산화 및 균열과 철근부식을 억제하고 제어할 수 있는 다양한 기술과 연구결과가 개발되고 소개되고 있다. 본 특집기사에서는 RC구조물을 건설하는데 있어 콘크리트의 내외부적인 요인에 의해 발생될 수 있는 열화와 그에 대한 대책과 관련된 최근기술 및 공법을 소개함으로써 관련기술에 관심을 갖고 있는 실무자나 연구자에게 유용한 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 첫째로, 동절기에 시공되는 옥외노출 콘크리트 수평부재에 동결융해로 인한 사용성 및 내구성 저하의 발생원인과 저감방법을 조사하는 기술을, 두번째로, 해상에 건설되는 콘크리트 토목구조물의 염해로 인한 콘크리트 및 철근의 열화요인과 대책에 대해 케이슨 구조물의 시공사례소개와, 마지막으로, 콘크리트의 수축에 의한 균열문제를 해결하기 위해 개발된 원통거푸집을 이용한 팽창콘크리트의 구속팽창 시험방법에 대한 개요와 활용사례에 대해 소개한다. 향후, 콘크리트 구조물의 열화에 따른 보수 및 보강에 관련된 첨단기술을 다시 소개하는 장을 마련할 수 있었으면 합니다.

대규모 실내 3D 게임 장면에서 차폐 컬링 정보를 미리 계산하는 잠재적 가시 집합(potentially visible set: PVS)은 데이터를 처리하고 저장해야하는 양이 상당히 크지만 많은 부분이 0으로 표현된다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 환경의 3D 게임 장면 트리 구성 중에 PVS 데이터를 ZRLE (zero run length encoding) 방식으로 압축하는 효과적인 하드웨어 압축 구조를 설계한다. 3D 게임 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안하는 구조의 PVS 데이터 압축 비율, PVS 컬링과 절두체 컬링에 따른 렌더링 속도 (frame per second: FPS)를 분석하였다.

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the shrine forest vegetation located in Jirisan national park affiliated to an ecotone in southern part of Korea, foreseeing a vegetation change based on composition species and dominant species on canopy, and proposing the direction of vegetation management. The shrine forests were classified into the 7 community units as Chamaecyparis obtusa-Cryptomeria japonica afforestation, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Kerria japonica for. japonica community, Phyllostachys bambusoides forest, Camellia japonica community. This research is also expatiated on the analogous results of ordination analysis with phytosociological analysis. The constituents of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate zone were appeared in the most vegetations. It emerged less that the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the cold-temperature zone. The life form analyses were made use with the two ways: appearance species in total communities and each community. The species diversity of shrine forests is declined because the high dominances of Sasa borealis and Pseudosasa japonica emerged in the shrub and herb layers. These shrine forests will be succession to Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community as the representative vegetation of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone, owing to the temperature rise by global warming, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest will be able to be also formed if a temperate rise will be continued. The one of the artificial management of shrine forests is to consider the introduction of the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone.

The spatial and temporal changes of the annual mean urban heat island(UHI) intensity were investigated using near surface temperature data measured at 16 automatic weather systems(AWS) in Busan metropolitan area(BMA) during the 11-yr period, from 2000 to 2010. For nighttime, the annual mean UHI intensity at Dongnae(U1) in 2000 was weaker than it in 2010. However the change of the annual mean UHI intensity at Daeyeon(U2) during 11 years was different from it at U1. The annual frequency of the UHI intensity over 5℃ considerably increased at U2 and decreased at U1 during 11 years. The center of the UHI also spatially shifted southward with Daeyeon and Haeundae in BMA. It would be caused by the increase of urban area, population-density and transportation near U2 and by the decrease of them near U1. We found that the spatial and temporal differences of the UHI intensity have coincided with changes of land-use, population density and transportation in BMA.

최근 구조물의 노후화에 따른 급속 교체, 교통 영향 및 환경 영향 최소화의 요구에 따라 프리캐스트 기술을 활용한 모듈러 교량 연구가활발하게 진행중에 있다. 본 연구는 모듈러 교량과 관련된 연구의 일환으로 모듈러 슬래브 교량의 횡방향 연결부를 대상으로 반복하중 재하 실험을 통하여 횡방향 연결부의 반복 하중에 따른 구조적 거동 특성을 파악하고 사용성 평가하였다. 반복하중의 크기를 결정하기 위하여 RC 보를 1개 제작하였으며 반복하중 재하 실험을 위하여 일체형 RC 보 1개와 분절형 실험체 3개를 제작하였다. 실험결과, 분절형 실험체는 하중 반복 횟수가 증가함에 따라 처짐 및 균열폭이 거의 일정하거나 수렴하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 일체형 RC 보와 비교하여 최대처짐, 잔류처짐, 균열폭 모두 작게 나타났다. 또한 사용하중을 반복 재하한 실험체의 경우, 처짐 및 균열에 대한 사용성 기준을 모두 만족하였다.