New two macrocyclic compounds using as carriers of liquid emulsion menbrame, have been synthesized. These reuslts provide evidance for the usefulness of the theory in designing the systems. The efficiency of selective transport for heavy metal ions have been discussed from the membrane systems that make use of SCN^- I^- , CN^- and Cl^- ion as co-anions in source phase and make use of S_2O_3^2- and P_2O_7^4- ion as receiving phase, respectively. The transport, rate of M(Ⅱ) was highest when a maximum amount of the M(Ⅱ) in the source phase was present as Cd(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M, Hg(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M) and Pb(CN)_2([CN^-]=0.40M). The Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) over each competitive cations were well transprted with 0.3M-S_2O_3^2- and 0.3M-P20_7^4 , respectively in the receiving phase. Results of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First one must effective extraction of the M^n+ into the toluene systems. The effectiveness of this extraction is the greatest if logK for M^n+-macrocycle interaction is large and if the macrocycle is very insoluble in the aqueous phase. Second, the ratio of the logK values for M^n+-receiving phase (S_2O_3^2- or P_2O_7^4-) to M^n+-macrocycle (L_1 or L_2) interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of M^n+(Cd^2+, Hg^2+ or Pb^2+) at the toluene receiving phase interface. L_1(3.5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7,diazabicyclo(8,5,5) eicosan) forms a stable Cd^2+ and Pb^2+ complexes and L_1 is very insoluble in water and its Cd2^+ and Pb^2+ complex is considerably less stable than Cd^2+-(S_2O_3)_2^2- and Pb^2+-P_2O_7^4- complexe is On the other hand, the stability of the Hg^2+-L_1 complex exceed that of the Hg^2+-(S_2O_3)_2^2- and Hg^2+-P_2O_7^4- , and the distribution coefficient of L_2(5,8,15,18,23,26-hexaoxa-1,12- diazabicyclo-(10,8,8) octacosane) is much smaller than that of L_1. Therefore, the partitioning of L_2 is favored by the aqueous receiving phase, and little heavy metal ions transport is seen despite the large logK for Hg^2+-L_1 and M^n+(Cd^2+, Pb^2+ and Hg^2+)-L_2 interactions.

In aqueous acid solution [Cr(CN)_6]^3- aquates via a series of stepwise stereospecific reactions to give [Cr(H_2O)_6]^3+ as the final product.Some of the intermediate cyanoaquo complexes in the sequence have been isolated.These complexes aquate by both acid independent and acid denpendent pathways,the latter involving protonation of the cyano ligands followed by aquation of the singly protonated species. The kinetic data for the aquation of [CrCN(H_2O)_5]^2+ are consistent with the transition state structure, [(H_2O)_4Cr(CN)-OH-Cr(H_2O)_5]^3+.Addition of Cr^2+ to solutions of cyanocobalt(III) complexes produces the metastable intermediate[CrNC(H_2O]^2)+.This isomerizes to in a Cr^2+ -catalyzed reaction which occurs by a ligand-bridged electron-change mechnism. From acid catalysis on these aquation reactions, it product HCN. Especially, HSO_3 ions do the role of catalyst in the formation of HCN from CrCN^3+.

This study was performed to evaluate the contents of heavy metals in water, sediment and soil of the 7 different sampling points along the West Nakdong river. The results were as follows: the concentrations of Zn, P, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the sediment were 197.48, 551.85, 67.01, 2.54, 491.39, 42.95 and 10.52ppm,respectively. The concentrations of Zn, F, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the soil was 83.32, 482.89, 17.15, 1.02, 226.02, 26.15 and 7.29ppm, respectively, The concentration ratios of heavy metals in the water to the sediment were 593 - 12700 (Cd >> Cu > Zn > Mn > As > Pb) and that of the water to the soil were 152 - 5100 (Cu > Cd > Zn > Mn > As >Pb). The correlation coefficients of Cu and Pb were high among the water, sediment and soil. Because the accumulation amounts of heavy metal in the sediment were high, the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was higher than in soil. The correlation coefficient of heavy metals among water, sediment and soil was high (0.79 - 0.95).

This study was conducted for the efficient utilization of biomaterials such as starch residue, tangerine skin, and green tea residue, which are agricultral by-products discarded in Cheju Province annually, as adsorbents and biomaterials were examined for their removal ability of heavy metal ions in waste water by batch adsorption experiments. The removal efficiency of biomaterials for heavy metal ions was above 80-90% and almost similar to activated carbon and the adsorption ability of those treated with 포르말린 was improved in the green tea residue only for Pb^2+, Cu^2+, and Zn^2+. In the conditions of pH, the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions was high in the range of 5-7. In the solutions which heavy metal ions were mixed, the removal efficiency was similar at Ag^+, Pb^2+ and reduced to about 10% at the other ions, as compared with the solutions they were not mixed. Adsorption isotherms of biomaterials was generally obeyed to Freundlich formular than Langmuir formular and Freundlich constant, 1/n were obtained in the range of 0.1-0.5.

Result of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First, one must effective extraction of the post transition metals, Cd^2+ Pb^2+ and Hg^2+,into toluene membrane. The effectiveness of this extraction is greatest if log K values for the metal-macrocycle interaction is large. Second, the ratio of the log K values for the metal ion-receiving phase to the metal ion-macrocycle interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of the metal ion at the toluene phase interface. Control of the first step can be obtained by appropriate selection of macrocycle donor atom, substituents, and cavity radius. The second step can be controlled by selecting the proper complexing agent for inclusion in the receiving phase. The order of the transport, when using the several A^- species such as SCN^-,I^-,Br and Cl^- is the order of the changing degree of solvation for A^- and the transport of the metals is also affected by the control of concentration for receiving species because of solubility-differences. In this study, we can seperate each single metal ion from the mixture of Cd^2+, Pb^2+, and Hg^2+ ions by using the toluene membranes controlled by optimized conditions. Transport of the single metal is also very good, and alkaline and alkaline earth metals as interferences ions did not affect the seperation of the metals in this macrocycle-liquid membrances but transition metal ions were partially affected as interferences for the post transition metal ions.

In this study, we have investigated leaching characteristics of heavy metals and alkalinity centering around steel mill slags by several extraction methods, for the purpose of risk assessment that exert influence on environment and offer of the foundation data of reuse by slags. Korean standard method, U.S.EPA Extraction Procedure, alkalinity extraction test and 9 step sequential fractionation experiment by Miller et al. were carried out for investigating leachability of steel mill slags. As a result of this experiment, heavy metals were little detected and it was considered that alkalinity does not exert a bad effect around environment in slags with large particle size. By the result of 9 step fractionation experiment, heavy metal contents in slags were not plentiful, in addition, even comparatively plentiful contended heavy metals, for the most part, were likely to detained or bonded in silica matrix. Therefore, in case of slags with large particle size, it seems that leachability of heavy metals were next to impossible that is existed as a safety condition.

경남 하동군 일대에 분포하고 있는 화강암질 암체내에서는 대규모의 Ti광체가 부존되어 있으며, 특히 옥종면 정수리 일대에서는 회유금속원소(REE)를 함유하는 갈렴석 결정들이 다수 발견되었다. 본 연구에서는 갈렴석에 대해 광학적연구, 전자현미분석, 원자흡수분광분석, X선회절분석, 적외선흡수분광분석, 비중 및 미경도 측정을 실시하였다. 갈렴석은 최대 크기 3×6cm 정도의 괴상형태로 산출되며 석영, 녹염석, 저어콘, 흑운모, 백운모 등과 공존한다. 갈렴석의 연마면 관찰로는 누대구조가 관찰되는데 이것은 자철석이 산점상으로 분포하기 때문이다. Th으로부터 방출되는 α-입자의 존재가 방사능사진법에 의해 확인이 되었음에도 불구하고 메타믹트상태의 정도가 뚜렷하지 않다. 이 갈렴석내에는 ΣREE가 19.88-23.99%정도로 높은 편이며 CaO함량이 8.35-10.29wt%로 적은 편이다. 갈렴석의 성인에 대해서는 아직 확실하게 규명되지 않았으나 TiO2의 함량(0.89-1.13wt%)이 높은 것과 저어콘과 같은 광물과 공존하고 있는 것으로 보아 마그마와 관련된 REE와 Ti성분이 풍부한 용액으로부터 정출된 것으로 추축된다.