The purpose of this article is to investigate the idea of apokatastasis panton (universal Salvation) of the radical pietists, J. W. and J. E. Petersens. The idea of apokatastasis panton had existed before the traditional view of twofold eternal destiny(blessedness and damnation) was established. The idea of apokatastasis panton was systematized by Greek Father Origenes who was condemned as heretical at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in Constaninople in 553. The Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin also condemned the idea of apokatastasis panton as heretical. Despite its problematic nature, the idea has intermittently attracted speculative minds. During the Reformation, certain spiritualist and Anabaptist group advocated the idea of apokatastasis panton. Therefore the Confessio Augustana and the Reformed Confessio Helvetica Posterior also condemned the idea. In more recent times it was especially Radical Pietism that strongly propagated the idea that was abandoned. J. W. and J. E. Petersens as Radical Pietists were the unique and fascinating figures who reignited the pilot light of the idea of apokatastasis panton in the Protestant world. They were in the initial stages influenced by the Pietist Father Ph. J. Spener’s eschatological view represented through “Hoffnung besserer Zeiten für die Kirche auf Erde.” They went further and without hesitation accepted and enthusiastically widespread the idea of apokatastasis panton. They argued that the idea of twofold eternal destiny after the last judgment contradicts the loving God who created the world as something very good and has through Christ redeemed the whole creation without any exception. They believed that evil cannot prevail against God’s original blessing and that “where sin increased, God’s grace increased much more”(Rom 5:20). They tried to ground their arguments upon the Bible. They agreed that the last judgment will take place and the unrighteous who don’t accept the gospel to the end and reject it, are destined to eternal punishment. However, they understand “eternal” in the sense of limited span compared to that of God. J. W. and J. E. Petersens did not agree that the teaching of apokatastasis panton would destroy not only the seriousness of sin, but also the urgency of repentance. Rather, they thought that the teaching of apokatastasis panton makes all humans realize the universal love of God and move them to live a grateful better life.

본 연구는 원예활동이 결혼이주여성의 사회적 적응 및 부부관계 개선에 미치는 영향에 대해서 알아보고자 실시하였다. 원예활동은 다문화 가정의 안정과 이주여성들의 한국 문화 적응을 돕고 정신건강과 부부관계개선을 위해 이들의 고유한 문화를 존중해 줄 수 있는 프로그램을 설계하였다. 또한 원예활동을 통해 이주여성들에게 사회적 공감대를 형성하도록 하였으며 새로운 지식습득으로 자신감을 갖도록 하였다. 그리고 결과물을 부부간의 의사소통 매개체로 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 원예활동 실시 전·후 대상자들의 사회적 회피와 불편감 척도의 조사결과 대상자들의 사회적 회피와 불편감이 원예활동을 통해 감소되어지는 것을 볼 수 있었고 부부관계의 검사 결과 유의하게 부부관계가 개선되어 지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이와 같이 결혼이주여성들을 대상으로 원예 프로그램을 실시한 결과, 원예활동은 이주여성들에게 긍정적인 경험을 제공하여 부부관계 개선은 물론 한국 사회 문화 적응에 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다. 앞으로 본격적인 다문화 사회로 진입하고 있는 한국 사회에서 이주여성들의 문화적 충돌을 완화시켜줄 수 있는 다양한 원예 프로그램이 개발 및 적용이 된다면 이주여성들의 문화적 균형을 통하여 진정한 동화가 이루어질 것으로 생각되었다.

This study identifies the spectrum of different forms of sharing labor in farm houses following the increase in the production of organic produce and deals with the gender division of labor and every day life of the farm households. The increased labor burdens of organic farming give more work opportunities to wives, weakening the gender barriers. However, some of the farm households seeking for economic feasibility are strengthening the gender barriers by specialized work divisions, leading to outside order labor of harvest, sorting, and packaging in order to increase efficiency in agricultural management in extreme cases. Even in the alternative distribution system, farm households has become subject to the distribution system as it is shown that coop claimed the segmentation of sorting work. This is because the convenience of the customers goes before the advantages of producers. Jinju, seeking for economic feasibility, has established the springboard for growth by greenhouse through monoculture and specialization and are operating economic growth stably. Farm couples with this condition, where their incomes are relatively high, are attempting to recharge their energy during low seasons. It is expected that this will be a model case of conventionalization of organic farming. Significance of organic farming in this matter is discussed.