With the increasingly mature development of China's Internet technology, China's e-commerce has developed, which has given a huge boost to China's economic growth. In recent years, mobile payment has become a bright spot in China's economy, promoting the further development of e-commerce. On the one hand, various e-commerce sales and service platforms in China have greatly developed and with Alibaba as the representative, the annual turnover of e-commerce sales platform has increased year by year. On the other hand, with the implementation of the "one belt and one way" policy, cross-border electricity providers have promoted China's trade with the world and become China's new economic growth point. This paper analyzes the current situation of e-commerce in China and puts forward Suggestions for the further development of e-commerce in China.

The paper aims to combine balance sheet analysis at the firm level with the International Monetary Fund’s public debt sustainability assessment framework to assess state-owned enterprises’ (SOE) leverage as a contingent liability to the public sector. Based on company data and the interest coverage ratio as a measure of debt at risk, aggregate baseline scenarios are projected to gauge the magnitude of SOE debt as a contingency. SOE’s financial and debt ratios are first bootstrapped to generate firm-level distributions and then averaged into a fan chart of the economy-wide SOE contingent liability. Applied to the People’s Republic of China as an example, the study finds that by the end of 2015 SOE leverage had grown to a substantial liability. However arbitrary the assumptions underlying these projections, it would appear that even if authorities had to mop up as much as 20% of SOE debt at risk gone bad, this would have been manageable at roughly 2.7% of the gross domestic product in 2016 or 5.5% by 2021. This projection framework is fully amenable to alternative assumptions and settings, which makes it a useful analytical tool to monitor contingent liabilities from non-financial corporate debt that have been building in emerging and advanced economies alike.

Purpose - Along with Chinese exchange rate's reform advancement, the issue of exchange rate of RMB has increasingly become the heated focus in the world. In July 2005, China carried out the reform of the exchange rate system, and this behavior has aroused the attention of the world. However, the dispute on whether the theory of purchasing power parity holds or not in China still exists. As such, this paper will attempt to explore whether the purchasing power parity is significant in China. Research design, data, and methodology – The monthly data from July 2005 to December 2017 will be employed to analyze the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar and the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the euro. Based on these datum, an empirical analysis will be conducted under the unit root test and the cointegration test to exploit the significance of purchasing power parity in China. Results - The findings of this paper reveal that an increase in China’s consumer price index will lead to an increase in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to the depreciation of RMB. Concomitantly, an increase in the consumer price index in the US and Europe will result in a decrease in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to an appreciation of RMB. In general, in terms of the US, if US consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will decrease by 0.905%; if China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will increase by 0.648%. In terms of Europe, if Europe consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will decrease by 0.277%; If China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will increase by 0.235%. Conclusions – Generally speaking, the empirical evidences this paper provided show that the purchasing power parity theory has a certain explanatory ability for the decision of RMB exchange rate. As such, the purchasing power parity cannot hold completely, and China's government should continue to deepen the reform of the exchange rate system to improve China's exchange rate market.

In the context of the internationalization of higher education, "Sino-foreign cooperation in running a school" is a new mode of running a school arising from the cooperation between China and other countries or regions in the field of higher education. But the school-running mode in China is still in the exploration period, the research present situation and existing problems from China and South Korea's cooperation in running schools, by analyzing the current general situation of the China and South Korea cooperation in running schools, puts forward some problems existing in the China and South Korea in the process of cooperation in running schools, and in view of the questions related to thinking and Suggestions are given.

Purpose - The industrial structure upgrading can play an important role in promoting the carbon emission efficiency. Thus, this paper attempts to study the impact of industrial structure upgrading on carbon emission efficiency in order to reduce carbon emissions. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper selects panel data of 30 provinces and municipalities (autonomous regions) in China from 2001 to 2016, and divides them into three regions. The Moore index is used to measure the industrial structure upgrading, the non-radial SBM model based on undesired output is used to measure the slack variable to calculate the total factor carbon emission efficiency. Finally the impact of industrial structure upgrading on the carbon emission efficiency are analyzed. Results - It is found that the Moore index and the carbon emission efficiency in the eastern region is the highest in the three regions. Conclusions - The influence of various influencing factors on carbon emission efficiency is different between regions. The Moore index has a positive effect on the carbon emission efficiency in the eastern region, and has a negative influence coefficient on the central region. The effect on the western region is not obvious.

With the continuous development of northeast Asian integration, the establishment of free trade zones between China, Japan and South Korea has become a development trend. This paper USES the GTAP model to simulate the changes and impacts brought by the reduction of agricultural tariffs in the free trade zones of China, Japan and South Korea on agricultural trade. The research results show that: first, the gradual reduction of tariff barriers for agricultural products of China, Japan and Korea will have a greater trade effect on China; Second, the creation effect of China-south Korea trade is far greater than that of China and Japan. Third, the reduction of agricultural tariffs will promote the growth of the overall economic aggregate of the three countries and change the terms of trade.

We examined if the enhanced forests could modify thermal climatic conditions in the southwestern China and its surrounding regions. We used the continuous time-series of annual forests fraction obtained from He et al. (2017) and sensible heat flux and temperatures from the European Center for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA-Interim) for 1982-2011. In the linear regression trend analysis, the forests fraction, area-averaged over the southwestern China, significantly increased by 15.46% over the three decades. Significantly negative correlations of surface sensible heat flux during the summer growing season (June through August, JJA) with the area-averaged time-series of annual forests fraction were shown in the southwestern China. Correspondingly, the significantly negative correlations of JJA temperature at 925hPa with the annual forests fraction were observed in the southwestern China as well as the surrounding regions propagated to the east. The spatial patterns of negative correlations between the thermal climatic variables and forests fraction were consistent with the difference patterns of sensible heat flux and temperatures between high-fraction and low-fraction years of forests in the southwestern China. The results indicated that the enhanced forests in the southwestern China could reduce thermal energy transfer from land to atmosphere during JJA and, consequently, lower atmospheric temperatures. Based on the temperature trend analysis using the Chinese weather station data, we inferred that the forest-induced cooling effect might be one of the factors of relatively less summer warming, even cooling, trends in the southern China.

Prior literature has posited that the sport industry has been effective method to drive the economic growth. Given the rationale, this study sets China as a research object with a quarterly data from the first quarter of 2003 to the fourth quarter of 2017 to explore how the sport industry affects economic growth. This study employed Johansen cointegration test and dynamic ordinary least squares as methods for an empirical analysis. The input of sport industry, the labor input, the capital input, and the economic growth are used as research variables. The results show that there is a long-run relationship among them. Johansen cointegration test’s estimation indicated that 1% increase in the input of sport industry will lead to 0.064% increase in economic growth. Dynamic ordinary least squares’ estimation showed that whenever in the one lead, in the one lag and in the present period, the input of sport industry always poses a positive effect on economic growth. Labor input also has a positive effect on economic growth. The capital input has a negative effect on economic growth. Finally, even though the input of sport industry has a positive effect on economic growth, its impact on economic growth is relative weak.

동중국해는 황하(Huanghe), 장강(Changjiang) 및 한국의 여러 강들로부터 많은 양의 퇴적물을 공급받는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 각 강들의 영향 및 퇴적과정을 밝혀내기 위해 많은 연구가 수행되었으나, 의견일치가 이루어지지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 동중국해 퇴적물의 기원지 및 퇴적 환경 유추를 위해, 99MAP-P63 코어 퇴적물에 대해 입도, 점토광물 및 희토류원소 분석을 수행하였다. 점토광물 분석 결과, 일라이트(illite)의 함량이 가장 높고, 카올리나이트(kaolinite) 및 녹니석(chlorite), 스멕타이트(smectite)의 순으로 풍부하며, 점토광물을 이용한 99MAP-P63 퇴적물의 기원지는 깊이에 관계 이 모두 장강인 것으로 판단된다. 희토류원소 분석 결과, 99MAP-P63 퇴적물들은 중국 강 퇴적물의 희토류원소 함량과 매우 유사하다. 따라서 99MAP-P63 퇴적물들의 기원지는 장강이며, 한국 강의 영향은 미미하거나 없을 것으로 판단된다. 99MAP-P63 퇴적물은 대체로 사질 실트로 구분되지만, 코어의 최상부는 모래의 함량이 85 %인 사질로 구분된다. 주변 코어들과 비교한 결과, 사질 실트는 해수면이 낮았던 저수위기(lowstand stage)에 해당되며, 장강의 고수로를 통해 퇴적물들이 직접 공급되었을 것으로 판단된다. 코어 최상부의 사질 퇴적물은 해침기(transgressive stage)에 해당되며 해수면 상승으로 인해 강 하구와의 거리는 멀어졌지만, 현재보다 높은 해저면의 응력으로 인해 조립질 퇴적물들이 공급될 수 있었으며, 인근에 퇴적되었던 고 장강(paleo-Changjiang) 퇴적물들이 재동된 것으로 해석된다.

러시아 니꼴라이 1세(НиколайⅠ)는 1852년 청국과 일본과의 개항을 추진하기 위해서 러시아 제독 뿌쨔찐(Е.В. Путятин)을 특사로 임명하였다. 팔라다호는 1852년 10월 7일 끄론쉬따트(Кронштат)를 출항했고, 1853년 8월 10일 일본의 나가사키(長崎)에 도착하였다. 전함 팔라다호(Фрегат Паллада)는 1853년 8월 9일과 10일 사이 나가사키(長崎) 항구에 정박하여 일본을 1차로 방문하였다. 팔라다호는 일본정부와의 수교협상이 지연되자, 1853년 11월 5일 식료품을 보충하기 위해서 상하이로 떠날 것을 결정하고 11월 11일 출발하였다. 그 후 팔라다호는 상하이 근처 새들 군도(Saddle Islands)를 출발하여 1853년 12월 24일 나카사키에 정박하여 일본을 2차로 방문하였다. 팔라다호는 1854년 2월 27일 마닐라를 출발해서, 5월 22일 시베리아 해안에 진출하였다. 그 사이 팔라다호는 1854년 4월 2일부터 4월 7일까지 거문도에 정박했고, 1854년 4월 9일 나가사키 항구에 정박하여 일본을 3차로 방문하였다. 팔라다호는 조선의 지도 보완 등을 이유로 거문도와 동해안을 방문하고 조사하였는데, 4월 20일부터 5월 11일까지 조선의 동해안 전역을 실측하였다. 곤차로프는 중국, 일본, 조선 등의 과거와 현재를 세밀하게 관찰하였다. 곤차로프는 계층 사회로 이뤄진 일본의 관료주의, 일본인의 권력에 대한 공포심 등을 비판하였다. 곤차로프는 개인주의로 팽배한 중국이 뇌물로 부패하였고, 모든 것이 풍족하기 때문에 중국인이 더 이상 발전을 꿈꾸지 않는다고 판단하였다. 중국이 단일성과 전체성을 상실하여 개인주의와 불합리성에 빠져들었다고 생각하였다. 그런데 곤차로프는 조선인이 중국인과 일본인 보다 빨리 서양을 수용하여 발전할 수 있는 원동력으로 ‘사물의 호기심’과 ‘변화의 욕망’이라고 파악하였다. 곤차로프는 중국, 일본, 유구(琉球), 조선 등의 민족을 하나의 가계라고 인식하였다. 곤차로프는 4개 민족 모두가 외모, 성격, 사고방식 등 공통되는 정신적 삶을 형성하고 있다고 파악하였다. 그런데 곤차로프는 ‘황폐한 문명’이라는 시각에서 4개 민족을 비판적으로 바라보았다. 그럼에도 곤차로프는 기본적으로 조선, 중국, 일본이 인접성의 장점 때문에 유럽과 동북아의 상업적 미래가 희망적이라고 판단하였다. 일본과 조선이 가깝고, 두 나라는 상하이와 가깝다. 곤차로프는 삼국이 유럽의 무역과 항해를 위해 자유로운 공간이 될 것이라고 예측하였다.

북한 무산 철광상과 중국 안산-번시 철광화대는 시생대 호상철광층으로 북중국 지괴의 동쪽 블록 중 용강 블록에 속한다. 무산 철 광상을 배태하는 변성퇴적암은 무산층군이고 안산-번시 철 광화대를 배태하는 변성퇴적암은 안산층군으로 이들은 주로 철질 규암, 각섬암, 편암, 혼성암으로 구성되어 있다는 공통점을 갖고 있다. 주 광종은 주로 철질 규암에 배태되어 있는 자철석이다. 광체의 모양은 무산 철 광상의 경우 습곡에 의해 말발굽 모양을 갖지만 안산-번시 철 광화대의 경우 대부분 층상의 모양을 갖는다. 호상철광층의 생성 연대는 무산 철 광상은 약 2.66-2.52 Ga이고, 안산-번시 철 광화대는 2.55-2.53 Ga로 보고되어 시기적으로 유사하며, 광상형은 모두 알고마 유형으로 알려져있다. 결론적으로 무산 철 광상과 안산-번시 철 광화대는 지질 및 형성 시기, 그리고 광상 특성이 매우 유사하다고 볼 수 있다.

오늘날 세계 각 도시들은 도시에 내재된 유·무형의 자원에 기초하여 도시의 내재적 정체성과 상징을 확립하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 이에 따라 각 도시는 경제적 성장을 넘어 그 도시가 가지고 있는 고유의 문화와 가치를 차별화하기 위해 도시브랜드의 전략을 도입하고 있다. 중국의 경우도 대다수 도시들은 다양하고 풍부한 자연조건과 지역문화 사상을 기반으로 도시 브랜드 정체성을 확립하기 위한 노력을 도모하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 중국의 도시브랜드 개발 사례 중 대표적 3개 도시 -항저우(杭州), 쑤저우(苏州), 시안(西安)- 의 사례연구를 통해 이를 비교·분석하였다. 이를 위해 도시브랜드와 관련된 선행연구, 문헌을 통하여 기초적인 개념을 정리하였으며, 지리 위치적 요소, 문화유산 요소, 정책 요소, CI·홍보 요소 등 4가지의 요소를 선정하여 이를 기반으로 도시가 가지고 있는 자원들을 어떻게 활용하는지를 분석하여 중국의 도시브랜드에 나 타난 상징과 의미를 파악해보았다. 중국 다른 기타 도시들도 본 연구에서 제시된 지역문화의 발굴, 과거와 현대적 문화의 융합, 사람중심, 도시이미지의 구상화에 기초하여 도시에 함축된 의의와 특유성을 찾아내어 도시의 정체성에 적합한 도시 브랜드 전략을 추진해야 할 것이다.

The rising of E-business and network trade has promoted the transform and new development of international trade. Due to this, this paper attempts to investigate the impact of E-business on international trade between China and South Korea. On the grounds of rapid development of E-business, the E-business is regarded as a determinant that can impact the international trade between China and South Korea. Meanwhile, the quarterly data form the first quarter of 2000 to the fourth quarter of 2017 are employed to conduct an empirical analysis under the vector auto-regressive model. The international trade between China and South Korea is treated as an independent variable. The E-business, the foreign direct investment and the real exchange rate are treated as dependent variables. Furthermore, a menu of statistic approaches such as the Granger causality test and the vector auto-regressive estimates will be used to testify the impact of E-business on international trade between China and South Korea. Via the Granger causality test, the results report that the E-business is major reason that can drive the development of international trade between China and South Korea. Through the vector auto-regressive estimates, the results also report that the E-business has a positive effect on international trade between China and South Korea. Furthermore, this paper provides a view that the E-business is a kind of a determinant that can promote the international trade between China and South Korea. Therefore, the China’s government should pay much attention to the infrastructure of E-business so as to enlarge the trade volume between China and South Korea.

Trade and investment and consumption are the three important engine of economic growth. In 2016, the contribution rate of consumption of China's economic growth reached 64.6%, more than 33 trillion yuan, the total retail sales of social consumer goods consumption has become the first constitution of the national economic growth. This marks, China has entered the consumption boom at the same time also means that China Daily chemical market has entered a rapid growth of the golden age, daily chemical industry usher in a new round of major development machine pedantic. Under the new situation, to a strong rise of local brands from its former glory, and how in foreign trade brand market competition, how to embody fully respect on consumption subject and how to obtain competitive advantage, comprehensive this faster growth in promoting consumption and promoting the development of the globalization of domestic brands, no doubt is of great strategic significance and realistic significance.

This study on various kinds of footwear in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China (1840-1949) is based on the collections in the Folk Costume Museum of Jiangnan University. The utility functions of the various kinds of footwear are introduced in depth according to their different formation features and ergonomics. The basic utility function of the traditional footwear is to meet the basic needs of the body (mainly the foot) and people’s daily life with the special design of material, shape-making, craft skill and relevant foot accessories in the process of making and using of footwear under certain material conditions, such as abrasion resistance, anti-skidding, waterproofing, and warmth retention, etc. In addition, the traditional Chinese footwear has some comfortable and hygienic functions, such as hygroscopicity, breathability, antibacterial property, deodorization and foot massage and so on, which has much reasonableness and practical value for wearing. Therefore, the utility function of traditional footwear in Modern China is not an empty, isolated or intentional addition, but constantly discovered, summed up and amended in people's long-term living and working.

The public and the corporate itself are increasingly paying attention to the ethical problems because of the notorious conducts in corporate management, such as bribery, financial report fraud, dishonesty and trade secrets theft. The non ethical behavior doing harm to social conducts and hurting the relations between the corporate and the stakeholders has direct influences on the corporate image and long-term corporate profitability. Thus under the pressure of the public and self-sustaining development, the corporate ethic is brought into sharp focus. The corporate ethical capability refers to the overall ethical level shown by the corporate in the activities of management and marketing. The capability covers not only all the resources and mechanism but also the unique behavior both in the internal environment and external environment. In a sense, the corporate ethical capability is the highest level of the core competence. Therefore, to make rational criteria for the corporate ethical evaluation system and to build fair evaluation system are put forward as an important part. This article will probe into rational alternatives for the corporate ethical evaluation system under Chinese current situation in the perspective of the internal and external environment.

With the rapid development of the Internet and modern economy, people gradually come into contact with mobile terminals, and their demand for them is also growing. In particular, in recent years, the number of mobile payments in China has also shown a continuous growth trend, and there have been mobile payment means such as Alipay, WeChat, Apple pay and so on. At the same time, with the emergence of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and financial payment, the technical means of mobile payment have become more and more diverse, which provides space for the continuous development of mobile payment. The construction and improvement of the bus card system has always been an important issue to promote the development of urban traffic. It is also a problem that the government should solve in the construction of a new city. A more perfect bus card system can help to improve the frequency of the residents to use the bus travel and help to solve the urban traffic problems. This paper mainly aims at the application of mobile payment in the field of public transportation, analyzes the current situation and trend of the payment in the field of public transportation, and analyzes and studies the existing problems and solutions of the application of mobile payment in the field of public transportation.

Purpose - This paper discussed and illustrated the most efficient method to calculate the distribution centers for a national project in China. Through demonstration of implementing the GIS, spatial analysis, and location calculation model, this paper mainly dealt with the construction distribution problem and inconvenient supply of materials problems. Research design, data, and methodology – In this paper, the research design structure based on three steps: implementing the Geographic Information System to locate the points coordination data, calculating the distribution centers of the project, and optimizing the most efficient and effective coordination. The data of the calculation is from an actual project. The methodology of this paper is summarizing the spatial analysis capabilities and digital graphic data calculation to locate logistics distribution centers, and since the illustration of the calculation is useful for locating the coordination, the result of this paper has certain reference values for the project construction. Results - This paper illustrates the steel and cement resource of every distribution point to confirm the most efficient distribution center location coordination. Conclusions - The integrated logistical management models are used to ensure the results for the purposes of our calculation. The result of the calculation is also a useful example for future Chinese national projects.

Purpose - The effect of regional culture has been acknowledged for decades. However, very little research takes it as an important issue in the medical tourism service decision process. This study focuses on regional culture to identify customers’ preference for medical tourism in the international environment. It is proposed that regional culture may work as an critical moderator in the international medical tourism destination choice process. Especially, the destination attributes may vary according to regional culture. Research design, data, and methodology - By the questionnaire survey, the sample is collected from 2,041 potential Chinese residents in different regions of China. Regression analysis is constructed to test the effect of regional culture on Chinese customers’ destination preference. Results - Results imply that regional culture plays a critical moderating role in the destination choice process. Results also indicate that destination attributes including medicine and travel characteristics are the important predictors of destination preference. Conclusions - This study provides the fundamental base to use regional culture as a descriptive variable for segmentation when establishing an effective marketing strategy. Furthermore, this research suggests that different strategies relied on destination attributes should be made to attract more Chinese customers for the development of medical tourism industry.

현대화와 글로벌화는 사회 전형과 문화 변동을 초래하고 이로 인해 무형 문화재는 전승의 위기를 직면하게 되였다. 중국의 오천년 문명 세례 후 보존된 진귀한 유산으로서 단순히 문화 시스템 자체의 힘으로는 더 이상 진행이 어려워 외부 환경에서 새로운 보완 조치를 모색해야 한다. 애니메이션은 문화 전파의 중요한 운반체의 하나로서 개방성, 민간성, 다양성, 포용성의 특점과 강대한 문화 홍보 능력을 가지고 있어 무형 문화재를 보호하는 현대화 방법과 수단으로 문화 전승의 의무와 책임을 질수 있다. 본 문은 중국의 무형 문화재의 발전을 연구 배경으로 하고 동서방 애니메이션 예술의 차이를 분석 대조하여 중국 애니메이션 예술의 표현 특징 및 외연 발전을 정리하고 중국 애니메이션이 전통 문화와 결합하고 공통 발전하는데 더 적합하다는 관점을 표명하였다. 애니메이션 예술과 중국 전통 문화의 융합 각도에서 상세하게 논술하여 양자의 융합은 대중들에게 문화재 지식을 최대한 직관적이고 생동하게 전파할수 있다는것을 알게 되고 동시에 전통 문화의 정수를 섭취하여 중국 애니메이션 산업의 글로벌 영향을 확대할수 있고 중식 심미를 갖춘 애니메이션 특징을 보완할수 있다. 본 문은 우시 박물원 “자옥금사” 전시관의 실천 연구를 기초로 하여 자사호를 알고 인지하는 응용 스포트웨어 “자옥금사”를 개발 시도하고 360 전경 전시 기술로 서로 다른 형태의 자사호를 전모 전시하며 선묘 애니메이션의 표현 수법으로 자사호의 유지보수 및 선출 절차를 해석하여 중국 무형 문화재의 애니메이션화 변환 및 표현은 가능하다는 것을 논증하였고 이는 중국 전통 문화의 새로운 발전, 새로운 번영에 중요한 조치이다.