메리 F. 스크랜턴 선교사는 조선 말엽 개화와 개혁을 추구하는 시대의 요구를 이해하고 이를 선교에 접목시킨 선교사였다. 특히 그녀는 교육과 의료선교를 통해 사회 변혁을 꾀하고 가난하고 소외된 여성들에게 기독교교육을 통해 인권을 회복하고 여성의 가치를 고양시킨 여성교육의 선구자적 삶을 살았다. 스크랜턴은 기울어가는 조선의 운명을 바라보면서 조선의 여성들에게 조선인으로의 긍지와 자부심을 갖도록 했으며 조선의 미래를 당당하게 세워갈 수 있도록 교육을 통해 계몽시켰다. 그녀의 선교적 열정과 헌신, 그리고 용기는 어둠에 쌓여 있던 조선에 한줄기 빛이고 희망이었다. 또한 복음의 불모지 조선 땅에 개신교의 여명이 밝아오게 만드는 장본인이었다.

본 논문은 ‘최초의 한인 선교사가 누구인가?’라는 주제를 다루는 연구이다. 흔히 감리교의 홍승하와 장로교의 이기풍을 최초의 한인 선교사라고 언급한다. 하지만 그들이 왜 최초의 선교사인가에 관한 연구는 아직 심도 있게 다루어지지 않았다. 우선 감리교에서는 1997년 이전까지 국외에 있는 교포들만을 대상으로 사역을 해도 선교사로 인정하였다. 그러므로 1903년 하와이에 파송된 감리교의 홍승하는 최초의 한인 선교사가 맞다. 반면 장로교에서는 1907년에 파송을 받아 1908년에 제주도에 도착한 이기풍을 한동안 해외 선교사로 간주 하다가 1915년 이후부터는 그를 더는 선교사로 보지 않았다. 왜냐하면 장로교는 외국인을 위해 사역을 하는 목회자들만 선교사로 간주하였기 때문이다. 특히 제주도는 국외지역이 아니므로 이기풍을 해외 선교사로 간주하는 것은 재고의 여지가 있다.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) is an economically important horticultural crop. This study reports a new pathogen of brown leaf spot disease in kiwifruit. Brown leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of cv. Redvita in Jeju, South Korea. The leaf spot diseases appeared as extensive, angular, brown, yellow, white or fused color spots on the leaves. Fungi were isolated and identified as Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with mycelium and the conidia inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from the artificially developed symptoms, and identified as F. tricinctum as Koch’s postulates were confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the brown leaf spot caused by F. tricinctum on kiwifruit.

Biological control is becoming an increasingly important part of integrated pest management programs in Korea. For this reason, effective and sustainable insect pest management is a priority for many growers. And the success of biological control depends upon the use of the economical methods such as a combination of proper natural enemies and plants (banker, habitat, trap, companion, etc.). For the last nine years, we have developed simple and reliable new habitat plants system with natural enemies, and named it『Natural Enemy in First Method』that we are introducing here. Our goal was to better understand the potential for effective use of beneficial insects and their habitat plants for the management of thrips, spider mites, and aphids in greenhouses. This approach is being developed to improve biological control in various crops in Korea.

Solenopsis geminata has been found in South Korea, suggesting a risk of its invasion has been increased by rapid climate change. This situation requires species distribution modeling to predict possibility of Solenopsis geminata introduction, but information necessary for performing it is very limited. In this study, we developed a map for global distribution of Solenopsis geminata so that the map can be used for future species distribution modeling. Also, as the first step to assess Solenopsis geminata introduction, climatic similarity between its origin (Puerto Rico) and major cities in South Korea was compared. We used ArcMap (version 10.0) for creating the distribution map by obtaining current habitat from public database, and CLIMEX was used to compare climates based on CMI value. The result showed that climates were not similar as indicated by CMI less than 0.52, suggesting the risk of intial introduction is low under the current climatic condition. However, it should be noted that climatic similarity did not consider biological characteristics of Solenopsis geminata and climate change. Thus, the next study will be devoted to climatic suitability simultaneously considers meteorological data, distribution and biological information.

본 연구는 지속가능한 유기농업의 실천을 위하여 국내 작부체계와 농업환경에 적합한 한국형 현장적용 기법을 구축하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구의 기본 개념은‘Natural Enemy in First (NE가 먼저)’로 해충 발생시기의 예찰 없이 주 작물을 정식함과 동시에 천적과 선발한 보조식물을 혼합 적용해서 해충발생 이전에 천적을 포장에 먼저 정착시키는 생물적 방제기법이다. 미끌애꽃노린재 서식처로 Portulaca sp.를, 콜레마니진디벌 서식처로 옥수수를 선발하여 시설 토마토에서 방제효과를 확인하였다. 미끌애꽃노린재 단독처리와 천적 서식처(Portulaca sp.) 혼합처리구에서 관행방제 처리구(약제처리)대비, 각각 82%, 73%의 총채벌레 밀도 억제 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 진딧물의 경우, 모든 처리구에서 3줄기 당 평균 0.5마리 이하의 낮은 밀도를 유지하였다.

Triceratopyga, is a common and synanthropic genus of medical and forensic significance in eastern Asia which have includes only one species, Triceratopyga calliphoroides. In this study we are reporting the complete mitogenome of the only member of the genus Triceratopyga. The structure of the compete mitogenome is similar with the common ancester fly mitogenome. The size of the mitogenome is 16,529 bp. This is the longest mitogenome recorded from the family Calliphoridae. Although the size of mitogenome is longer than previous records, structure and gene positions are identical with ancestral insect genome.

The beet armywom, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, originated from Southeast Asia is one of important agricultural pests worldwide. The moth having no diapause mechanism has highly migratory capacity which contributes to population outbreaks and geographic expansion. Although the moth was first reported in 1926 from Korea, it has been important since the late 1980s. In July 2018, the species outbreaked in Gimje, Jeonbuk Province causing serious damage to soybean in several paddy fields. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of the outbreaking populations using a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA COI gene. 37 COI sequences obtained from specimens collected at the fields of Gimje, Korea were compared with 249 COI sequences from GenBank. In total, 25 haplotypes were detected from 18 countries. Three haplotypes (H1, H2, and H5) found in Korea were all shared with those in China. Haplotypes H1 and H2 were prominent in Korea as well as in invasive regions worldwide. This suggest that outbreaking populations in Korea were invaded from China. The migration source was estimated using backward trajectory analysis, and found to be Zhejiang Province, China.

A genus Cryptaulus Ôhira (Coleoptera: Elateridae) includes 15 species in Palearctic region and two of them, C. berus (Candèze) and C. larvatus pini (Lewis), have been recorded from South Korea. Recently, a rare species of genus, C. yamato (Nakane) which is regarded as endemic to Japan, was newly discovered from Gwangneung forest, South Korea with a DNA barcode sequence (In press). As results of the present study, a complete mitochondrial DNA genome of Cryptalaus yamato (Nakane), is reported for the first time. The genome consists of 15,882 base pairs including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNAs, two rRNAs and a 1,279 bp long AT-rich region. The overall base composition is 69.4% AT and 30.6% GC. The maximum likelihood analysis based on nucleotide sequence data of 13 PCGs supported that C. yamato is involved in monophyletic group of Elateridae.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith is a noctuid moth endemic throughout the Western Hemisphere that has recently become widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. In Asia, FAW was firstly reported at corn fields in India, SriLanka, Bangladeshi, Miyanmar and Thailand in 2018. In January 2019, FAW was also found in Yunnan province of China. In March 2019, the larvae which could be tentatively identified as FAW were caught at a corn field of Plant Protection Center of Lao PDR, which is located in Vientiane, Laos. Species identification was confirmed by DNA barcoding using the COⅠ segment of the four larvae, which were found to be the haplotype of rice strain (COⅠ-RS). The host strain identity was additionally analysed as a Tpi-C (C-strain allele) by Triosephosphate isomerase gene (Tpi) segment located on the Z sex chromosome. The result shows that the FAW specimens in Lao is the subpopulation of COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C (COⅠ and Tpi haplotype combination). It was reported that COⅠ-CS/Tpi-C were more frequently observed than COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C in Western Hemisphere and Western Africa, but COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C were more frequently observed in Eastern Africa. It can be supposed that the subpopulation of COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C in Lao is one of the subpopulations which have migrated into the Indochinese peninsula from Eastern Africa, with more detailed analysis for more diverse nationwide specimens left.

The aphid genus Stomaphis Walker, 1870 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) is Palaearctic origin group with 30 valid species. It is associated with variable woody host plants, having very long rostrum, which enables them to feed crevices in thick bark of trees. In this study, Stomaphis (stomaphis) pini pini is newly recorded in the Korean Peninsula on Pinus densiflora (Pinaceae). We described morphological features of alate viviparous females, apterous males and oviparous females, respectively. Furthermore, little known forms, sexual morphs of giant oviparous females and dwarfish apterous males are observed.

The genus Etainia Beirne is one of the small group in the family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) and is comprising 16 described species in the world. Among them, just four species have been known from the East Palearctic region. As results of taxonomic studies on Korean nepticulids, two species of Etania, E. peterseni Puplesis and E. trifasciata (Matsumura), are newly recognized from Korea. Description and illustrations of diagnostic characteristics including male genitalia for each species are provided with information of host plants.

중기문응애목에 속하는 기생응애과(Parasitidae) 응애는 몸집이 크고 활동력이 왕성한 중요 토양 포식자이다. 토양응애 다양성 연구 중 국내 미기록종 기생응애과를 발견하여 보고하는 바이다. 이 논문에서는 온판기생응애속(genus Cycetogamasus) 2종, 한국온판기생응애(Cycetogamasus coreanus), 주름온판기생응애(C. corculatus), 두판기생응애속(genus Neogamasus) 5종, 두판기생응애(Neogamasus eogenualis), 티코미로비두판기 생응애(N. tikhomirovi), 이쁜두판기생응애(N. laciniatus), 경기두판기생응애(Neogamasus kengicus), 마훈카두판기생응애(Neogamasus mahunkai) 를 한국의 미기록종으로 보고한다.