This study investigates whether capital structure in international joint ventures conforms to the norms of dominant partners, follows the local norms, or has mixtures of local and foreign norms, or varies to exploit economic opportunities and firm specific advantages. The results of this study show that it follows neither local nor foreign norms. Factors such as industry classification, size, tax rate and years of establishment are not significant determinants of capital structure, either. Percentage of foreign owned equity and profitability are significant factors. Importance of ownership and profitability seems to suggest that firm specific or environmental variables play an important role in deciding capital structure in international joint ventures.

Technology is unevenly distributed across countries, thus constituting an entry barrier. Under several simplifying assumptions, technology licensing strategies among incumbent and entrant firms in the intermational context are analyzed. First, in a model with two monopolistic firms, the conditions for licensing to occur are elaborated as a function of the costs of the two firms. Licensing is likely to occur only when the entrant has a more competitive cost position than the incumbent to compensate for the royalty payment. However, if the incumbent has much lower marginal cost than the entrant, the incumbent has an incentive not to license the technology. Second, a new set of issues arises when multiple potential licensors are considered. The maximum and minimum values of the royalty payment decrease as the number of incumbents with the technology increases. Moreover, each incumbent has an incentive to sell the technology before other incumbents do, which leads to a Prisoner`s Dilemma situation. Third, in the case of multiple licensees, a potential entrant`s willingness to pay for a license depends upon the strategies of other firms. The optimal pricing strategy of the licensor is identified.

Joint ventures are frequently used for entering foreign markets by firms from developing countries. Yet, compared with much research on joint ventures from developed countries, few research has been reported on the joint ventures from developing countries despite of the growing importance of LDC joint ventures in the field. Thus, the paper reports the findings on the characteristics and determinants of performances of joint ventures are found to be different from those found on joint ventures from developed countries. It is also found that performances of the Korean joint ventures are determined by commitment and control.

There has been established bilateral and multilateral agreements of fisheries in the North Pacific, such as, the Agreements of International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, of Japan-Soviet Fisheries Commission for the Northwest Pacific and of the Furseal and King Crab. The auther reviewed these agreements and discussed about the growth of the International Fisheries Agreements in the future. This paper concerns with the present status of demersal resources which are important in commercial fisheries and caught in the North Pacific.

Cross-cultural adaptation is a social behavior that occurs when individuals enter a foreign cultural environment. Cross-cultural adapters learn the moral norms, language customs, and other aspects of the host culture, gradually adapting to and accepting it. They integrate their inherent beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and behavioral patterns with the host culture, forming a diverse multicultural background. Since humans have engaged in cross-geographical interactions, cross-cultural adaptation has existed worldwide. With the development of science and technology and the advent of global economic integration, the world has become a global village. Nowadays, more and more people travel far from their hometowns to study, work, and engage in activities in foreign countries. Cross-cultural encounters bring novelty, mystery, and a sense of pressure, as living in a different culture means making specific changes in lifestyle and thought patterns. This change can be stressful, and not everyone can overcome it to adapt to life in a foreign country successfully. Therefore, cross-cultural adaptation is one of the most essential areas in today’s cross-cultural education. This study explores the internal and external factors that affect the cross-cultural adaptation of international students in South Korea and proposes relevant strategies to improve their cross-cultural adaptation.

It has been 30 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, and South Korea is one of China’s most important trade partners in Northeast Asia. However, with the change in manufacturing competitiveness, the global value chain position of China and South Korea, and the rise of anti-globalization and trade protectionism, the trade between China and South Korea has also suffered a significant impact. This paper first used the international market share and trade specialization coefficient to make a quantitative comparison of the competitiveness of the primary industries of China and South Korea. Then it measured the trade integration index and export product similarity index of China and South Korea. It is found that: although China and South Korea have a particular competitive relationship in the main industrial fields, the differences in their respective areas of strength are significant, and the two countries show a good complementarity of resources. Therefore, China and South Korea should abandon suspicion, strengthen mutual trust, further optimize the trade structure between the two countries, make use of the framework of the regional agreement of RCEP, support China and South Korean enterprises to jointly develop the third-party market, and maintain and consolidate China-South Korea relations to promote the long-term development of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

China and South Korea, as countries belonging to the East Asian cultural circle, have always attached great importance to education service trade. Nowadays, economic diversification has become the trend of world development, education service trade has become an important factor affecting the comprehensive strength competition between countries. China and the ROK are close in geographical location and have profound cultural origins. Over the years, the two countries have conducted fruitful bilateral cultural exchanges. This paper takes China and South Korea as the research object, and the comparative study of Sino-South Korea education service trade is of great significance to promote the development of China’s cultural products and service trade. Enhancing the competitiveness of China’s trade in cultural products and services can further improve China’s cultural soft power, so as to improve the development strategy of service trade and enhance its international influence in the context of China’s economic globalization.

The ongoing impact of global inflation, economic pressures and the current complex international geopolitical and trade situation have created new challenges for international settlement activities, including debt recovery. One of the characteristics of international documentary collections is to obtain payment mainly relies on the commercial credit of the payer, rather than the bank’s bank credit, so the risk is relatively high. We use the typical stationery misuse -- from the perspective of export companies -- to analyze the problems and risks of stationery itself, and put forward relevant measures to avoid and evade risks. We hope that practitioners living in this field can learn from it.

The RCEP rules are the basic guarantee for the settlement of international trade competition disputes. Only by establishing fair competition in relevant markets can the objectives of the Free trade Agreement be fully realized. Therefore, we should study the RCEP rules and summarize the shortcomings of the RCEP rules. In view of these deficiencies, a scientific and reasonable solution to the RCEP international competition dispute settlement rules will be found to solve the practical difficulties existing in the relevant rules of international competition dispute settlement, so as to promote the better realization of the objectives and purposes of international competition dispute settlement, and ultimately provide a fair market environment for further promoting the development of foreign trade of all countries.