The 47th Session of the UNCITRAL finalized the draft Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration. It aims to provide a mechanism to allow the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency to be applied to investment dispute arbitrations mandated by investment treaties concluded before April 1, 2014. This paper intends to examine these UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency and the draft Convention on Transparency. It is particularly in contrast with the relevant rules in the NAFTA, the U.S. Model BIT 2012 and the ICSID Rules 2006, to see if transparency can be enhanced in treaty-based investor-State arbitrations and to extrapolate the implications of the Rules on Transparency and the draft Convention for China’s strategy in BIT or FTA negotiations amid the trendy advancement of transparency standards.

Benzene was oxidized by binary oxidants composed of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 80℃. The product obtained was analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Eight high value compounds, 2-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol, 4-chloro-2- nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol and 2-chloro-4,6-dinitro-phenol were found, which they have high contents in the range from 4.28% to 32.52%. These compounds are very widely used in organic synthesis. e.g., synthesizing dye, medicines and chemical reagents, pesticide, explosive, polymer, etc.

The paper focuses on the clothing codes described in the Analects of Confucius, and explores the reasons for the rules setting up, including the rules of color, the design, the pattern, and even the material of the clothes whose distinct features reflect the ceremony and etiquette of the time in the classic, which are in correspondence with the requirements of Confucianism, especially for stressing the social rights, obligations and codes of conduct to everyone in the society.

Over the last 30 years the extent of sea-ice covering the North Pole has declined about 15∼20% on average, and it is expected that by the end of the 21st century, vast areas of the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free during the summer season, thus, increasing the possibility of ship navigation across the Arctic Ocean. In this paper, we have developed a model of shipping for the Northwest Passage (hereinafter NWP) in northern Canada to determine whether ice thinning will make this route more economically viable when compared with the Panama Canal. Among the 7 routes of the NWP, Route 2 and Route 3 offer better navigational conditions than the others. However, Route 3 has a depth limit of only 10m, so here we use Route 2 which is suitable for deep draft navigation to carry on our analysis. Container ships of 4,500∼15,000 TEU under Hub and spoke mode, container shipping between Busan port and New York port is simulated for the Panama Canal and the NWP. This paper considers Canada’s sovereignty in matters of navigation over the waters at the Arctic Archipelago, in the form of a toll fee for passage usage. We concluded that the NWP has an advantage over the Panama Canal if it is open for free international passage, regardless of ship size. However, if it is not free, its advantages depend on its toll fee. The lower the toll fee is, the more advantages the NWP will boast.

Crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, produced by Bacill us thuringiensis (Bt) have been generally used used to control insect pests. In this st udy, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Plutella xylostella, Spodopt era exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes wi th enhanced insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 24 amino acid sequen ces by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 34 mutant cry gen es. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded in to polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activit ies of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella, S. exigua, and O. furnacalis were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compar ed to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, among them Mutant-N16 showed th e highest insecticidal activity against to both of P. xylostella, S. exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis. Therefore, Mutant-N16 is estimated to have the potential for the efficac ious bioagent.

The subfamily of Phycitinae is one of the largest groups in family Pyralidae, as Solis and Mitter (1992) estimated, about 4000 species in the world. The Phycitinae are characterized by the following characteristics: forewings long and narrow, with 11 veins or less, R3 and R4 stalked at base or fused completely, both male and female with only one frenulum; gnathos usually rod-shaped or coniform; valva usually hairy, with well-developed costa, sacculus well-sclerotized, shorter than valva, transtilla free or connected at top, juxta and vinculum U-shaped; most of male with culcita; ductus bursae usually from corpus bursae. The larvae of phycitinae are leaf rollers, leaf bores and leaf miners, also they are predators and products pests. Their distribution is throughout the world (Munroe and Solis, 1999). Leech and South (1901) first reported 3 species of Phycitini from the Korean Peninsula; after that, several researchers respectively made contributions to the fauna of Korean Phycitinae. Until 2008, Bae et al. recorded 79 species from South Korea. Currently, Qi and Bae (2014) added two more phycitinae species for Korea. In the present study, we identified two more Phycitinae species which are newly recorded from Korea. The morphology of adults and genitalia are redescribed and illustrated, the specimens examined are deposited in Incheon National University, Korea.

Tsushima Island (Daemado) belonging to Japan is an island located between South Korea and Japan, so this island is very important geographically. Tsushima is divided into two main islands on North (Kami Jima), South (Shimo Jima). The highest mountain of south Island is Yatateyama (649m) and Mitakeyama in north Island (487m). Almost area is mountainous and forested. We collected for three years from 2012 to 2014. First Collecting site is Miuda beach (28m. 34°40'34.39"N, 129°27'51.35"E), second is Ayumodoshi (65.7m. 34°09’ 06.70”N, 129°12’ 31.1” E), third is Mt. Eboshi (11.7m. 34°22’35.5” N, 129°18’ 33.6” E). The moths were collected by the light trap including one Mercury vapor lamp and two UV lamps with white screen. A total of 17 species, 12genera of Crambinae were identified. The materials examined are deposited in Incheon National University.

Taxonomic history of Korean Arctiidae was recently revised by Park (2000), comprising a total of 59 species, 31 genera from South Korea. Subsequently, Choi (2004, 2010) added two more arctiine species, and Bae et al. (2013) enumerated 63 species, 31 genera including one unrecorded species, and Lee et al. (2014) reported one more lithosiine species from South Korea. In the present study, we report and confirmone rare species, Spilarctia robusta (Leech, 1899), which has been reported by Nam (1985) from Jeju Is., but it has been omitted from the Check List of Insects from Korea (1994), due to that no specieman has been collected after Nam (1985). We found this species from the collection of the Korea National Arboretum (2012), and redescribed with illustrations of genitalic structure. Therefore 65 species of Arctiinae are known to the fauna of Arctiinae from South Korea.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of defaunation (removal of live protozoa) on fermentation characteristics, degradation of ryegrass hay and CH4 (methane) production by rumen microbes when incubated with plant oils (SO, sunflower oil and LO, linseed oil) in vitro. Sodium lauryl sulfate (0.000375 g/ml) as a defaunation reagent was added into the culture solution and incubated anaerobically up to 24 h at 39℃. pH from defaunation was increased for all treatments from 6 h incubation times (p<0.01-0.001) compared with those from fauantion. Concentration of ammonia-N from defaunation is higher than that from faunation at 3 h (p<0.001), 12 h (p<0.05) and 24 h (p<0.001) incubation times. Defaunation decreased (p<0.01-0.001) total volatile fatty acid concentration at all incubation times. Molar proportions of C2 (acetate, p<0.05-0.001) and butyrate (p<0.01-0.001) were also decreased by defaunation at all incubation times. Molar proportion of C3 (propionate), however, was increased by defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.001). Thus the rate of C2 to C3 was decreased by defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.001). Defaunation decreased ED (effective degradability) of dry matter (p<0.001) and ED of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.001) of ryegrass hay. Defaunation decreased total gas, CH4 production, CH4 % in total gas and CH4/CO2 at all incubation times (p<0.001). Oil supplementation decreased total gas (p<0.05-0.001), CH4 production (p<0.001) and CH4 % in total gas (p<0.001) compared with control at all incubation times. The result of this study showed that defaunation combined with oil supplementation may cause an alteration of microbial communities and further medicate the fermentation pattern, resulting in both reduction of degradation of ryegrass hay and CH4 production. No difference, however, was observed in all the examinations between SO and LO.

명나방과(나비목)의2종, Asclerobia sinensis (Caradja & Meyrick, 1937) 와 Acrobasis malifoliella Yamanaka, 2003는 한국에서 처음으로 보고된다. 본 연구에서는 이들 2종에 대하여 재기재하고 성충 및 생식기의 도해도를 제시하였다.

Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU) is recognized as a cultural tourism destination in Indonesia. The aim of this paper is to study the consumer personal value toward SAU. This research reported that consumers perceived angklung as an unique and attractive musical instrument and felt very satisfied to performance in SAU.

Customer loyalty programs have been widely adopted for customer relationship management all over the world. The proliferation of loyalty programs causes program competition which weakens the effectiveness of loyalty programs at the end of customers. In general, existed research suggests that the increasing competition among rival programs in a single industry may cancel out the expected roles of loyalty programs (Mägi, 2003). For example, program competition is a substantial threat to customer lifetime value and share of wallet (Leenheer, van Heerde, Bijmolt, & Smidts, 2007; Meyer-Waarden, 2007). Liu and Yang (2009) find the sales impact of a single loyalty program diminishes as program competition increases. Their study also shows this negative effect is weaker in a highly expandable product category. Although previous studies have examined the suppressive effect of program competition on financial outcomes of loyalty programs, little research has explored its role on attitudinal customer loyalty formation process. This study aims to explore the differential roles of program competition on two formation processes of customer loyalty. It intends to contribute to the loyalty programs literature in two aspects. First, this study examines two routines of customer loyalty formation in the context of loyalty programs. That is, a company can leverage program offerings to build customer loyalty through increased customer satisfaction or strengthened customer identification with the company. Second, this study examines the moderating roles of program competition on those two loyalty-generating routines. Specifically, it finds customer identification is more important for building customer loyalty at the presence of program loyalty.

This paper presents a research study into urban adult Chinese consumers’ preferences in China with an analysis of the literature on country of origin effects on consumer brand preferences. The study implemented a mixed methods approach. Analysis of quantitative and qualitative data with results and conclusions are given.

Subjective knowledge (SK thereafter) is defined as what consumers think they know, or their perceived level of knowledge (Brucks, 1985). SK influences what consumers search for, the effort that they put into searching, and the purchasing decision and choice of brands they finally make (Hadar, Sood, & Fox, 2013; Moorman, Diehl, Brinberg, & Kidwell, 2004). The existing literature on consumer knowledge development mainly argues that SK development is associated with consumers’ product related experience, such as product ownership and experience from usage (Alba & Hutchinson, 2000; Park, Mothersbaugh, & Feick, 1994). This study contributes to the literature as follows. We consider a broad market segmentation where the market consists of product owners and non-owners, The literature suggests that these two groups of consumers should have different levels of perceived knowledge due to their different product-specific experience (Park et al., 1994). Our research specifically contends that it is important to distinguish, within the group of non-owners, between those who intend to buy and those who do not intend to buy the product. Thus, this study examines how previous ownership and intention to buy, which is the goal motivation, influence the SK levels of consumers, which in turn impacts on consumers’ heterogeneous preferences for different attributes within a product category. It is contended that the motivation to learn about a product category of non-car owners who have strong intentions to buy influences what this group learns compared to those non-owners who do not intend to buy. More specifically, the research proposes to uncover how learning influences how different groups of consumers perceive their subjective knowledge and how this relationship in turn shapes their preferences, especially when we compare owners and non-owners who have strong intentions of buying a product. Therefore, we develop following research hypotheses: H1: The SK level is positively associated with the product ownership experience. H2: The SK level is positively associated with purchase intention. H3: The relationship between purchase intention and SK level is moderated by the ownership of the product. H4: Preference heterogeneity for different types of brand attributes of the product between owners and non-owners is moderated by the SK level. The empirical context that illustrates the importance of this research is the Chinese car market where the majority of consumers are first time buyers. Our research shows that the SK level is positively associated with both car ownership and purchase intention. Furthermore, the segmentation analysis finds that purchase intention has a significant effect only on non-car owners’ SK level, while the effect on car owners’ SK level is insignificant. An interesting finding is that SK development, in turn, influences consumer’s preferences for different types of brand attributes of a product. We demonstrate the role of SK in forming consumer preference heterogeneity by comparing preferences for a tangible and a non-tangible brand attribute respectively across different consumer segments. We further show how this preference heterogeneity across two consumer segments (car owners versus non-car owners) depends on their SK level. The results of this study can be generalized beyond the specific context of the empirical study of the Chinese car market when marketers are considering new products launch or launching products where the majority of consumers may be unfamiliar with the product.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula)의 천적인 벼룩좀벌 일종(Anastatus orientalis Yang et Gibson(Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae))의 자연 상태에서 기생율을 조사한 결과: (1) 산동성 Yantai 에서 가장 높은 69.0%의 꽃매미 난괴가 기생 당하였고; (2) 최고 기생율은 33.0%로 북경시 하이디엔(Haidian) 지역에서 관찰되었고; (3) 기생봉의 알은 산시성의 양링(Yangling)에서 가장 빨리 부화하였으며, 천진시의 옌타이(Yantai)와 광앙(Guangang) 지역, 하북성의 친황다오(Qinhuangdao), 하이디엔(Haidian)에서 약간의 차이를 보였으며; (4) 성비는 채집된 지역에 따라 1.3에서 1.9로 다양하였고; (5) 꽃매미 난괴에 대한 기생율은 기주식물인 Populus sp., Salix sp. Toona sinensis에서 유의할 만한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으며, 최고기생율은 T. sinensis에서 64.3%로 나타났고, Ailanthus altissima에서는 27.4%로 가장 낮았다. (6) 꽃매미 알에 대해서도 꽃매미 알이 발견된 기주식물별로 차이가 없었고, 평균 30.0%의 기생율을 나타냈다.

The family Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) is one of four quadrifid noctuoid families recently redefined by Zahiri et al. (2011) and Zaspel et al. (2012). Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005) verified the monophyly of Erebidae in terms of morphology but retained Arctiidae and Lymantriidae as separate families. These two groups were readjusted as erebid subfamilies in the latest phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Zahiri et al., 2011), and by van Nieukerken et al. (2011). Erebidae, as currently defined comprises 1760 genera and 24.569 species (van Nieukerken et al., 2011), representing the largest family of the Lepidoptera. The quadrifid Noctuoidea describes taxa in which forewing vein M2 arises closer to the origin of M3 than M1, in the lower part of the discal cell, so that the cubital vein appears to be four-branched; M2 in the hindwing is present giving vein Cu a four-branched appearance. Taxonomic study of the Arctiidae in Cambodia has been done by a few foreign entomologists. As the results of this study, about 98 species of 45 genera belonging to Arctiidae were recorded from Cambodia, most of them are recorded for the first time in Cambodia.

Anatatus orientalis is an important natural enemy parasitizing eggs of lanternfly Lycorma delicatula White. In order to effectively utilize this parasitoid, the parasitism rates of lantern-fly and emergence of its parasitoid were surveyed in different areas. Results showed that the emergences of wasp Anatatus orientalis from different areas had significant differences. Those parasitoids emerged from lantern-fly eggs collected from Yangling of Shaanxi province, Qinhuangdao of Hebei province, and Dagang District of Tianjin City came out focus on May only, while wasps from Yantai of Shandong province showed 2 obvious emergence peaks in May and September respectively. Wasp populations with emergence asynchrony in Yantai area were analyzed by different periods. Results revealed that the emergence percentages in spring (May) were significantly lower than that in fall (September), but the sex ratios did not differ significantly between the two seasons. The emergence asynchrony of parasitoid may be induced by the diapause of species, which is a long-term coevolutional outcome of parasitoid with host for maintaining its population. These findings provided some scientific bases for the rational utilization of this parasitoid in practice.

To investigate lignification process and its physiological significance under water-deficit condition, the responses of peroxidases, polyphenol oxidase(PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) in relation to leaf water status to the short term of water deficit treatment in the leaves with different maturities in forage rape were measured. The significant decrease in relative water content(RWC) and leaf osmotic potential(Ψπ) were apparent after 5 d of water-deficit treatment. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase(GPOD), ascorbate peroxidase(APOD), coniferyl alcohol peroxidase(CPOD), and syringaldazine peroxidase(SPOD) was depressed especially in middle and old leaves when compared with that of control leaves. On the other hand, in young leaves, a significant increase in CPOD(+34%) and SPOD(+24%) activity as affected by water-deficit treatment was apparent. The activation of PAL and PPO was observed in middle and old leaves for PAL and in young and middle leaves for PPO. These results suggest that peroxidases in middle and old leaves did not involve in lignification under mild water-deficit stress, whereas CPOD and SPOD in young leaves participate in lignification by a coordination with PAL and PPO to incorporate phenol and lignin into the cell walls.