Phthorimaea operculella is a pest causing serious damages in worldwide potato cultivation. As climatic factors are considered to be the most crucial on species’ distribution, we tried to compare climatic conditions between a native area of Phthorimaea operculella with cities in South Korea and other areas in Asia based on climatic similarity provided by 'Match Climates' function of CLIMEX software. Even though there is arguing regarding origin of Phthorimaea operculella, we selected Peru and Bolivia as home climate, and compared its climatic similarity to other areas in Asia with application of SRES A1B 2030 climate change scenario. Result showed that South Korea has favorable climatic condition for Phthorimaea operculella. Also, most of Asia except north China and south Russia showed the similar climate suitable for Phthorimaea operculella.

Climatic factors are known to be the most critical on estimating potential distribution of species, suggesting that an area having similar climate to origin of a pest may be vulnerable to its invasion. In this study, we selected Leptoglossus occidentalis, a pest causing significant forest damage in South Korea, and compared current climate of its 3 known origins with that of 74 cities in South Korea by using ‘Match Climate’ function in CLIMEX software. Result showed that overall climatic similarity between them was moderately high, indicating consistency of climatic similarity with the current distribution of Leptoglossus occidentalis in South Korea.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, possesses a cholinesterase expressed exclusively in the salivary gland (ClSChE). In this paper, we investigated the molecular structure, tissue distribution patterns, and biochemical properties of ClSChE and showed that ClSChE exists as a soluble monomeric form or a soluble dimeric form connected by a disulfide bridge. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ClSChE was expressed in the epithelial cells of both the salivary gland and the duct. In addition, the secretion of monomeric ClSChE through the proboscis during feeding was detected by western blotting using a ClSChE-specific antibody. To predict the role of ClSChE injected into the tissue of an animal host, we analyzed the extent of sequestration and hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh)/choline (Ch) by ClSChE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis revealed that ClSChE possesses extremely low Km (high affinity to ACh) and Vmax values. These findings suggest that ClSChE functions as a sequestering enzyme specific to ACh (not to Ch) by having a very strong affinity to ACh but an extremely long turnover time.

Methyl benzoate (MB) is a natural compound in many plants and shows insecticidal toxicity against various insect pests. We determined contact, fumigant, and repellent activities of MB against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Complete contact mortality was obtained by 4% MB. Contact mortality at 2% MB into eggs, 4th instar nymphs and adults were 69.4%, 91.6% and 80%, respectively. Fumigation of 2% MB killed 95% of adults. In addition, treatment of 4% MB repelled 60% adults. There was no significant different between two species. Our results suggest that MB has high potential as an natural pesticide for sustainable pest management in crop production.

Fungus gnat, Bradysia impatiens is the most serious pest of different vegetable crops, mushroom and ornamental crops. In this study, we compared the control efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode; Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabdistis indica in Bradysia impatiens last instar maggots at 25℃ in laboratory. Our present study shows that, nematode infection and reproduction both were higher in the warm adapted nematode H. indica than the cold adapted S. carpocapsae. Therefore, entomopathogenic nematode H. indica can be use for control the Badysia impatiens as the efficient biological control agent.

The genus Aphidius is one of the largest groups of aphid parasitoids. Aphidius colemani is most common and commercially available for the aphid control. Recently, the mummies of Rhopalosiphum padi were collected from barley banker plants in Yecheon. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified its parasitoid as A. transcaspicus, which is morphologically similar to A. colemani. Interspecific variation of both COI and ITS2 between two species was 5.13 and 10.73%, respectively. Intraspecific variations of both COI and ITS2 of A. transcaspicus was 1.85 and 4.96%, respectively. We assume the barley banker plants for A. colemani were contaminated by A. transcaspicus. Thus, precise identification of natural enemies is required for more effective pest control.

Bemisia tabaci is a vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) but Trialeurodes vaporariorum is not. To determine the effect of TYLCV acquisition on vector and non-vector, we compared various physiological characteristics between two species. Our results showed that TYLCV acquisition significantly affected B. tabaci but not T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci increased susceptibility against thermal stress but weakened chill coma recovery, shortening of longevity, low fecundity and abbreviated developmental time by virus acquisition. At the molecular level, B. tabaci increased hsp70 and hsp90 levels by TYLCV ingestion. However, T. vaporariorum did not shown any changes of those characteristics. Therefore, the physiological manipulation of TYLCV was specific to vector species but not non-vector species.

목적: 이물감 및 자극감을 줄이기 위해 개발한 쉬르머용지의 신뢰도 및 임상적 유용성을 평가하고자 하 였다. 방법: Whatman 용지(#41)를 길이 41 mm, 너비 5 mm, 삽입되는 부분의 폭 3 mm의 스트립 형태로 만 들고 청색 염료가 포함되도록 제작하여 K-쉬르머용지라 명명하였다. 검사법의 신뢰도, 용액의 양과 흡수된 길이의 상관성은 2-10 ㎕의 용액을 1분간 10회씩 흡수시킨 후 평가하였고, 임상 시험의 경우에는 3회 반복 측정하여 평가하였다. 건성안 감별을 위한 민감도 및 특이도 평가는 TBUT 측정값을 기준으로 하여 ROC curve를 이용하여 평가하였다. K-쉬르머용지와 현재 사용되는 쉬르머용지를 비교·평가하기 위해서 시판되 고 있는 Schirmer tear ®(EagleVision Inc., Menphis, TN, USA)를 이용하여 동일한 조건에서 평가하고 비교하였다. 반복측정에 의한 신뢰도는 급내상관계수로 평가하였고, ROC curve는 통계프로그램 Medcalc version 17.5.5(Medcalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium)를 사용하여 cut-off 값과 곡선아래면적을 정확 도의 지표로 활용하였으며, 유의수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결과: K-쉬르머용지와 쉬르머용지 검사법의 신뢰도는 모두 99.9%로 높았고, 용액의 양과 흡수되는 길이 의 상관성 또한 각각 0.982, 0.981로 매우 높았다. 임상검사에서 K-쉬르머검사 결과는 쉬르머검사보다 작 게 측정되었지만(p=0.03), 반복측정에 의한 신뢰도는 66%로 쉬르머검사의 신뢰도 58%에 비하여 높게 측정 되었고, 자극감은 쉬르머검사에 비해 더 작았다(p=0.02). K-쉬르머검사와 쉬르머검사는 상관성을 보였으며 (r=0.59), K-쉬르머검사와 쉬르머검사의 건성안에 대한 민감도와 특이도는 각각 40.35%, 79.07%는 50.88%, 62.79%로 나타났다. 결론: K-쉬르머용지는 신뢰도가 높고 기존의 쉬르머용지에 비해 자극감을 줄일 수 있어 눈물검사도구로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freeze dried placenta supplementation on reproductive performance, colostrum and plasma biochemical composition in pregnant sows. Eleven Landrace × Large white sows were fed with corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with or without 1% freeze dried placenta powder from 10 days before their expected farrowing dates until 10 days postpartum. The colostrum protein content was significantly higher(P=0.043) in the treatment group than in the control group. Compared to the control group, the immunoglobulin G(IgG) concentration in the colostrum was significantly higher(P=0.004) in the treatment. In day 25 piglets plasma, the IgG concentration was higher(P=0.184) in the treatment than the control. The mortality rate was lower(P=0.102), and the piglet weight gain was higher(P=0.35) in the treated group. Overall, the treatment group showed greater levels of protein and IgG concentration in the colostrum, when compared to control group. Therefore, the freeze dried placenta supplementation on pregnant sows can enhance its colostrum composition, hence decrease the mortality and increase the growth rate of piglets.

목적: 흡수성이 좋은 셀룰로오스(cellulose, CEL) 필터와 고흡수성 폴리머(super absorbent polymer, SAP)를 삽입하여 제조한 튜브형 눈물검사키트의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 흡수성이 좋은 재질 중 셀룰로오스 필터와 고흡수성 폴리머를 튜브에 삽입하여 튜브형 눈물검사키 트(CEL-키트 와 SAP-키트)를 제작하고 제작한 눈물검사키트의 재현성을 평가하기 위하여 0.1-2.0 ㎕의 용액의 양과 1-5초 검사시간에 따라 10회 반복 측정하여 평균값을 사용하여 평가하였다. 검사키트의 유용성 을 평가하기 위하여 용액의 양과 흡수 시간에 따른 눈물검사키트 흡수 길이의 상관성을 분석하고, 다중회귀 분석을 이용하여 용액의 양과 흡수 시간이 흡수 길이에 미치는 영향력을 분석하였다. 결과: CEL-키트와 SAP-키트 모두 용액의 양과 흡수 시간이 증가함에 따라 흡수된 길이가 유의하게 증 가하였지만, CEL-키트는 2.0 ㎕ 이내에서 상관성이 좋았고, SAP-키트는 1.5 ㎕ 이내에서만 상관성을 보였 다. CEL-키트와 SAP-키트의 흡수된 길이와 용액의 양에 대한 상관계수는 각각 r=0.683, r=0.705, 흡수 시간에 대한 상관계수는 r=0.665, r=0.530로 나타났다. CEL-키트와 SAP-키트는 용액의 양과 흡수 시간 에 대하여 0.840, 0.776의 설명력(R 2)을 나타내었다. CEL-키트와 SAP-키트의 신뢰도는 각각 0.998, 0.987로 측정되었다. 결론: 개발한 CEL-키트와 SAP-키트는 용액의 양과 흡수 시간에 따라 정확도가 높고 용액의 양과 흡수 시간에 대해서도 높은 설명력을 보여 눈물 양 검사에 좋은 방법으로 생각되며, CEL-키트가 더 유용한 검사 키트로 생각된다.

The present study aimed to investigate the change in the morphological and physiological characteristics within sesame plant when subjected by regulating water levels. The experiment was conducted at ground water level(GWL) 0, 20, and 40 cm in a paddy field soil. The results showed that sesame growth characteristics, such as shoot length, stem thickness, leaf length, and leaf width were significantly higher in sesame at GWL 0 cm at 10 days after treatment(DAT) and 20 DAT than in those grown at a GWL of 40 cm. The shoot length and stem thickness of sesame grown at a GWL of 20 cm was significantly higher than those grown at a GWL of 40 at 10 DAT. The chlorophyll content was significantly lower in plants grown at a GWL 40 cm at 10 and 20 DAT over sesame grown in GWL of 0 and 20 cm. The stomatal conductance remained consistent in all the GWL at overall time period. Moreover, the Ca content of sesame was reduced in both GWL 40 cm and 20 cm at 10 DAT and 20 DAT as compared to GWL 0 cm. The K content was increased at 10 DAT but was reduced at 20 DAT at both GWL 20 cm and GWL 40 cm over plant grown at GWL 0 cm. Likewise, the P content was decreased at 10 DAT in both GWL 20 and GWL 40 cm but was significantly increased at 20 DAT in GWL 20 cm as compared to plant at GWL 0 cm. Since the experimental soil is paddy field soil these results helps to understand the efficiency of sesame to tolerate the different stress levels of soil moisture. Therefore, these research may help to predict the appropriate level of irrigation to be provided at different time period for the sesame if it is grown in rice field as a commercial crops.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined drying conditions on the quality characteristics of lotus root chips. A combined drying was conducted using the superheated steam (SHS) at 220°C for 6 min, then subsequent contact drying at 150°C for specified times (2, 4 or 6 min) and finally hot air at specified temperatures (50, 60 or 70°C) for 1 hr. Changes in appearance of lotus root chips such as surface color, shrinkage and deformed shape were resulted from the extent of time and temperature of post-drying conditions. Moisture content of lotus root chips decreased with increasing the time and temperature of post-drying process. Surface color of lotus root chips was determined mainly by the contact drying step of a combined drying process. Polyphenol content was influenced by the temperature of hot air rather than the duration of contact drying. Meanwhile hardness of lotus root chips decreased significantly with increasing the duration of contact drying. These results suggested that a combined drying process with appropriate processing conditions could be applicable successfully for the manufacturing of un-fried lotus root chips.

Physicochemical properties of cherry tomato dried using the conventional hot air (HA) and superheated steam (SHS) combined with either HA or far-infrared (FIR) were measured to evaluate the effects of combined drying process on the product quality. Conventional HA drying caused the greater extent of water removal than that of SHS combined with HA or FIR due to comparatively its longer drying time, resulting the lower water activity. Total acidity of cherry tomato produced by combined drying processes was slightly lower than that of conventional HA drying. Application of SHS combined with FIR resulted in higher retention of vitamin C and lycopene content with faster rehydration capacity than those of both conventional HA and SHS with HA drying. These results suggested that SHS combined with FIR would replace the conventional HA drying process successfully in production of dried cherry tomato with appropriate quality characteristics

Transcellular transport in epithelial cell is a method for absorbing calcium from intestine to blood, providing effective mechanism of utilizing calcium at low calcium intake. In this study, we aimed at theoretically developing a simple mechanistic model explaining transcellular transport in calcium absorption process. Transcellular calcium transport was schematized into 3 steps which were entry, diffusion, and extrusion. Each step was separately modeled to include the specific feature of them. In detail, electro-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics were employed to model calcium entry, diffusion, and extrusion, respectively. Then, the developed models were numerically solved to find a solution which simultaneously satisfied 3 models under steady-state assumption. Result of model simulation was consistent with the known behavior of transcellular calcium absorption, showing that transcellular calcium transport became saturated with increase of luminal calcium concentration. Because transcellular calcium transport depends on calcium binding protein mediated by vitamin D we expect that this model can be used to find optimal regulatory point for increasing calcium absorption.

The effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments on tenderization of beef were investigated. The beef was prepared by using the eye of round. PEF treatment of beef was performed using a newly manufactured movable batch chamber. The PEF treatment was conducted with electric field strength of 0.5~2.0 kV/cm using a fixed pulse width of 30 μs and frequency of 20 Hz. There was no significant change in appearance of PEF treated beef. The cutting force [N] of the sample was greatly reduced as the field strength of the PEF was stronger. The cutting force of beef treated with PEF at 2.0 kV / cm was 41.18 ± 3.28 N and the control was 57.25 ± 4.16 N. In the texture profile analysis, hardness and chewiness weakened as the field strength increased (p <0.05). There was no difference in springiness, cohesiveness, resilience before and after PEF treatment (p <0.05).