The embryogenesis stimulating activity(ESA) had been shown in co-culture of embryos with bovine oviduct epithelial cell(BOEC) and culture in BOEG-conditioned medium. The present study was undertaken to purify and quantify the embryotropic proteins and to determine the optimum concentration of the embryotropic protein for the proper development of embryos. In BOEC-conditioned medium, five major bands of proteins were detected(66, 53, 40, 32 and 24 kDa) by SDS-PAGE. From these proteins, 288pg of protein that had a 32kDa molecular weight was purified by gel filtration column and perfusion chromatography ion-exchange column. When purified protein was supplemented to the in vitro culture media at various concentrations in protein-free media, 2.5g /ml supplement group showed significantly higher rates of embryo development into morula /blastocyst stages than other groups(p<0.05). In conclusion, we purified 32kDa protein from BOEC-conditioned medium and this protein showed optimum embryogenesis stimulating effect at 2.5g /ml.

From September 1993 to August 1997, we treated ovarian disorders in 1,782 repeat breeder cows after diagnosis by ultrasound on 35 farms in Kyeong-ki do. The rates of ovarian appearance were 59.8% of CL group, 16.7% of ovarian atrophy or hypofunction, 15.4% of luteal cyst, 4.3% of follicular cyst and 3.7% of follicle group in diagnosis with rectal palpation and ultrasound. The results of treatment for ovarian disorders were 1,316 cows(73.8%) in estrus, 348 cows(19.5%) in non-detected and 118 cows(6.6%) in unidentified. The rates of PGF, GnRH and mineral vitamin complex treatment to estrus were 79.6, 69.2 and 50.3%. Two groups were treated with 5 ml PGF intramuscular injection(I.M.) and 1.5 ml PGF intraovarian injection(I.O.), and the results of 1.5ml PGF I.0. were significantly higher than that of 5ml PGF I.M. in inductiom estrus(p<0.05). The pregnant rates were 29.8% in total repeat breeder cows with ovarian disorders following diagnosis and treatment. In summary, rectal palpation and ultrasonography were proven to be useful tools of diagnosis and treatment in ovarian disorders, and it was also suggested that the response to treatment with PGF I.0. was better than PGF I.M.

The objectives of the present study were improvements in the efficiency of developmental rates to morula and blastocyst stages to produce a large number of genetically identical nuclear transplant embryos. The oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured for 24 h and then enucleated and cultured to allow cytoplasmic maturation and gain activation competence. And then the donor embryos were treated for 12 h with 10 g /ml nocodazole and 7.5 g /ml cytochalasin B to synchronize the cell cycle stage at 26 h after the onset of culture. The blastomeres were transferred into the perivitelline space of the enucleated nocytes and blastomeres and oocytes were fused by electrofusion. The cloned embryos were then cultured in various conditions to allow further development. The age of the recipient(30 vs 40 h) had no significant effect on the fusion rates(82.4 vs 82.1%) and the developmental rates to morula /blastocyst(9.8 vs 11.0%). Effect of Nocodazole treatment on the donor cell cyle synchronization to improve the developmental rates of bovine nuclear transplant embryos was significantly higher than control group(21.4 vs 10.1%, p<0.05). Significant differences were in the percentage of fusion rates(72.9,77.1vs 61.9%) in three types of fusion medium(PBS(+), mannitol and sucrose, p<0.01). The developmental rates of bovine nuclear transplant embryos appeared to be highest in mSOF medium under 5% 0 condition, but no significant differences were found when compared with TCM199-BOEC and mSOF under two different oxygen ratio(5 and 20%).

To examine the critical effect of oxygen concentration on embryonic development, in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured in media(TCM199 vs. SOF) supplemented sera(1O% FCS vs. 10% HS) with and without bovine oviduct epithelial cells under two gas atmosphere (5% in air vs. 5% , 5% , 90% ). Oocytes, obtained from abattoir ovaries, were matured in EGF containing TCM199 medium co-cultured with BOEC for 24 hours, followed by exposure to frozen-thawed, heparin4reated spermatozoa in TALP for 30 hours. And then early embryos(1~2 cell) were cultured in both TCM199 and SOF supplemented with 10% FCS or 10% RS under 5% in air or 5% COi, 5% , 90% . Development to morulae and blastocysts was recorded on days 7, after the start of in vitro fertilization. The developmental rates of in vitro fertilized embryos to morulae and blastocysts cultured in SOF with BOEC under 5% , 5% , 90% (24.4%) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than cultured in SOF with BOEC under 5% in air(14.1%) at seven days after in vitro fertilization. When early bovine embryos were cultured in TCM 199 and SOF under two different gas atmosphere, there were no significant differences in the developmental rates to morulae and blastocysts between supplements of 10% FCS and 10% HS. The rates of development to morulae and blastocysts were significantly(p<0.01) higher in TCM 199 with BOEC(24.7%) than TCM199 without BOEC(10.9%) under 5% in air, otherwise SOF without BOEC(36.4%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in SOF with BOEC (24.4%) under 5% , 5% , 90% . In summary, these experiments have proved that the culture system in SOF supplemented 10% ES is effective on in vitro development of early bovine embryos under 5% , 5% , 90% . In addition, it is effective to development of bovine embryos that TCM 199 should be co-cultured with BOEC and SOF should be cultured without somatic cells under two different gas atmosphere.

The objective of this study was to produce calves derived from in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured follicular oocytes. Oocytes aspirated from small antral folicles of ovaries obtained at a local slaughter house were matured and fertilized in vitro. At l8hrs after insemination with Korean native cattle semen, oocytes were co-cultured for 6~7 days by utilizing co-culture system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell. After co-culture, good or excellent quality late morulae or early blastocysts were selected by morphological criteria under stereo microscope. Selected embryos were transferred to recipients on day 6 or 7 (estrus = day 0). Recipients were monitored by observation for estrus and rectal palpation after 60 days from embryo transfer. One of them went to term with the birth of a calf. This case is the first production of calf derived from in vitro fertilization in Korea.

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of co-culture with granulosa cells on in vitro fertilization and cleavage of early bovine embryo development. Bovine oocytes were matured for 20-24 hrs in vitro with granulosa cells or without and then fertilized in vitro using frozen-thawed spermatozoa treated with BO-caffeine, BO-BSA(2OmM heparin added). At l8hrs after insemination, oocytes were fixed and examined or further cultured in TCM 199 for 48hrs. The fertilization rates between the control(70.4%) and the groups of co-cultured with granulosa cell(2.5106 cells/ml; 71.6%, 5.0 106/ml; 71.9%, l.0 107/ml; 71.1%) did not differ significantly. The cleavage rates in the groups co-cultured with granulosa cell(2.5 106 cells/mi; 43.6%, 5.0 106/ml; 46.8%. l.0 107/ml; 45.0%)were significantly higher than that of without granulosa cell, respectively(P<0.05). However there were no significant differences between the groups co-cultured with granulosa cells. The result indicated that co-culture with granulosa cell was effective means to cleavage of bovine follicular oocytes but did not affect the in vitro fertilization.

雪溪 文勵(1553-1605)는 曹植의 제자인 文益成의 아들이자, 조식의 고제자 인 鄭仁弘의 제자이다. 그는 임진왜란 중 의병장으로 활약했으며, 난후에는 그 의 충의에 감격한 명나라 장수들에게서 󰡔翰墨流芳󰡕을 선물받기도 했다. 지역 한문학적 측면에서 陜川을 연구하기 위해서도, 그리고 南平 文氏의 학맥을 연 구하기 위해서도 문여에 대한 연구는 필수적이다. 그러나 그의 생몰연대는 물 론 죽음의 이유까지 그릇되게 기록되어 있는 것이 오늘날의 현실이다. 본고는 이에 그의 삶과 시를 조명하고자 하였다. 그는 일찍이 학문보다는 姜呂尙처럼 출사하여 경제제민의 포부를 펼치고자 했다. 그러나 뇌물수수 사건에 연루되어 억울한 누명을 쓰고 옥사하고 말았으 니, 그의 꿈은 미완의 상태로 남아 있을 수밖에 없었다. 그의 시는 자연의 승경 을 노래한 시를 제외하고는 대부분 눈물로 점철되어 있다고 해도 과언이 아니 다. 임진왜란 중의 우국충정의 시, 이별을 읊은 시, 보고픈 이를 그리워하고 고 향을 그리워하는 시가 그러하다. 이것은 민족의 대재앙이었던 임진왜란이라는 시대상을 반영한 것으로, 그의 시는 길 위에서 방황하는 동시대인의 아픔과 소 망을 대변하고 있다고 하겠다.

木溪 姜渾(1464-1519)은 중종반정에 참여한 靖國功臣으로, 홍문관 대제학 과 이조ㆍ공조ㆍ형조 판사를 두루 거쳐 판중추부사에 이르렀다. 특히 그의 시 는 晩唐의 체를 얻어 당대 최고의 시인으로 일컬어졌으며, 그는 뛰어난 문장과 인품으로 뭇 선비들은 물론 성종에게도 촉망받던 인재였다. 그러나 연산조 말 승지로 있으면서 응제시로 아부하여 부귀를 탐한 간사한 인물이라는 오명을 얻 었고, 이로 인해 사림에게 배척 받은 것은 물론 그의 문집도 제대로 간행되지 못하였으니, 그의 저술은 백에 하나도 남아 있지 못한 실정이다. 그러나 여러 증언과 정황을 고려해 볼 때, 강혼이 연산군 밑에서 벼슬하고 글 을 지은 것은 어쩔 수 없었던 일이었으며, 그에 대한 비난도 매우 편향적이고 부당한 면이 있었다. 이러한 점에서 강혼의 생애와 사상 및 그의 문학은 재평가 되어야 할 것이다. 강혼은 훈구에 속하는 명문가에서 태어났지만, 김종직을 스승으로 섬기고 그 제자들과 두루 사귀었다. 이러한 점을 반영하듯 그 당시 훈구와 사림이 첨예하 게 대립한 昭陵復位論과 薦擧別試制(賢良科)를 통해 볼 때, 강혼의 정치적 입지 木溪 姜渾(1464-1519)은 중종반정에 참여한 靖國功臣으로, 홍문관 대제학 과 이조ㆍ공조ㆍ형조 판사를 두루 거쳐 판중추부사에 이르렀다. 특히 그의 시 는 晩唐의 체를 얻어 당대 최고의 시인으로 일컬어졌으며, 그는 뛰어난 문장과 인품으로 뭇 선비들은 물론 성종에게도 촉망받던 인재였다. 그러나 연산조 말 승지로 있으면서 응제시로 아부하여 부귀를 탐한 간사한 인물이라는 오명을 얻 었고, 이로 인해 사림에게 배척 받은 것은 물론 그의 문집도 제대로 간행되지 못하였으니, 그의 저술은 백에 하나도 남아 있지 못한 실정이다. 그러나 여러 증언과 정황을 고려해 볼 때, 강혼이 연산군 밑에서 벼슬하고 글 을 지은 것은 어쩔 수 없었던 일이었으며, 그에 대한 비난도 매우 편향적이고 부당한 면이 있었다. 이러한 점에서 강혼의 생애와 사상 및 그의 문학은 재평가 되어야 할 것이다. 강혼은 훈구에 속하는 명문가에서 태어났지만, 김종직을 스승으로 섬기고 그 제자들과 두루 사귀었다. 이러한 점을 반영하듯 그 당시 훈구와 사림이 첨예하 게 대립한 昭陵復位論과 薦擧別試制(賢良科)를 통해 볼 때, 강혼의 정치적 입지