We studied the infection rate of and various metacercariocidal approaches to controlling Gymnophalloides seoi for prevention of human infection in cultured and natural oysters in Korea. The selected survey areas were Aphae-do (Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do), which is an endemic area for G. seoi, and Tongyeong (Geonsangnam-do), which is the main production area of oysters in Korea. In the Tongyeong area, the metacercariae of G. seoi were not detected in cultured oysters (0/201) or wild oysters (0/134). Seventy-two G. seoi metacercariae were observed in 33 of 265 natural oysters collected from Aphae-do; however, metacercariae were not detected in the cultured oysters (0/1101) purchased from the Daejeon Fish Market. To investigate the viability of G. seoi metacercariae, various metacercariocidal treatments were used with 3.5% saline and oyster juice used as positive controls. The metacercariae survived for 75.4 h in 3.5% saline and 112.6 h in oyster juice. After the metacercariocidal treatment, G. seoi metacercariae were survived for 13.29 min in tap water, < 20 sec in 4.3% vinegar, no effect in a rinse of the whole oyster body in 70°C water for 1 sec, but 1 sec in a rinse of the whole oyster body in 90°C water for 1 sec. The greatest metacercariocidal effect on G. seoi was from rinsing oysters in 90°C water followed by those from treatment with 20% ethyl alcohol, 4.3% vinegar, and tap water. However, we suggest that the most actual prevention to G. seoi human infection is rinsing the oysters with tap water for at least 30 min.

최근 신재생에너지의무화제도(RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standard)대상 신재생에너지 항목에 발전소 온배수가 신재생에너지공급인증서(REC:Renewable Energy Certificate)의 수열에너지(가중치 1.5)로 추가되어 온배수 열원에 대한 가치가 높아졌다. 본 연구에서는 고탁도지역 온배수의 직접적인 활용을 위한 방안으로 히트펌프시스템 내 탁도저감장치를 도입하여 열교환기에 가해지는 오염물질의 저감 효과를 확인해보기 위해 한 달 동안 실증테스트를 실시하였다. 실험결과 탁도 저감효과가 80 % 이상으로 고탁도 지역의 온배수 활용을 위한 방안으로 탁도저감장치의 적용가능성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 탁도저감시스템에 따른 열교환기의 오염도 저감 효과를 검증하기 위해 30일간 운전한 열교환기를 해체하여 분석해본 결과 탁도저감시스템을 거친 열교환기보다 그렇지 않은 열교환기의 오염정도가 높은 것을 확인하였다. 열교환기에 유입된 오염물질(스케일)을 분석해본 결과 주로 SiO2, Na(Si3Al)O8, CaCO3, NaCl 성분의 광물이 검출되었는데 이는 높은 탁도로 인해 해양퇴적토가 열교환기에 유입된 것으로 분석되었다. 그 외에도 소량이지만 TiO2, MnO, Cr2O3가 검출되었다. 이는 열교환기를 세척할 때 열교환기 재료로부터 기인한 중금속이 소량 용출된 것으로 판단된다.

In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.

A filtration-tapingmethod was demonstrated to fabricate carbon nanotube (CNT) emitters. This method shows many good features, including high mechanical adhesion, good electrical contact, low temperature, organic-free, low cost, large size, and suitability for various CNT materials and substrates. These good features promise an advanced fieldemission performance with a turn-on fieldof 0.88 V/mm at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2, a threshold fieldof 1.98 V/mm at a current density of 1 mA/cm2, and a good stability of over 20 h. The filtratio-taping technique is an effective way to realize low-cost, large-size, and high-performance CNT emitters.

Lentinula edodes is known by oak mushroom. It has been favored as delicious and nutritious food and the low-calorie food with a high nutritional value. It is also functional food since it contains a material well-known for its medicinal benefits. Since the growth and quality of oak mushrooms are sensitively affected by environmental conditions, an adequate environmental control is very essential to improve the yield and quality under protected cultivation. The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of mycelial growth and in vitro fruiting of Lentinula edodes. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of L. edodes were PDA and MYA. Similarly, optimum temperature was 25℃. Malt extract(2%) and yeast extract(0.2%) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimal culture period was 110~120 days in sawdust medium. Among different five log types, highest mycelial growth and fruiting productivity were observed in Quercus variabilis sawdust(20.9%).