Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea’s newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country’s shortage for quality hay.

Pressure monitoring is expected to be expanded in a water distribution system according to accelerated development of smart water network management technologies caused by appearances of affordable digital infrastructures like computing, storage and bandwidth. However, the placement of pressure sensors has been determined by engineer’s technical decisions since there is no well-defined criteria for deciding a suitable location of pressure sensor. This study presents a placement method of pressure sensors based on the consideration of allowable error in calibrating water network analysis modeling. The proposed method is to find a minimum set of pressure sensors for achieving a reliable management of water transmissions main and increasing the efficiency of their real-time operation. In the case study in Y area’s transmission main, the proposed method shows equally distributed pressure sensors in terms of hydraulics. It is expected that the proposed method can be used to manage transmission mains stably and construct a robust real-time network analysis system as a minimal criteria.

층면구조 안정성 다이어그램은 층면구조가 주어진 입도와 유속에서 나타나는 층면구조의 모양과 크기를 지시한다. 이 다이어그램은 대부분 수조실험에 의해 획득한 실험 데이터를 기반으로 작성되었다. 일반적으로, 수조실험은 입자의 크기와 유속사이의 관계를 이해하기 위해 분급이 좋고 단일입도의 분포를 보이는 퇴적물을 이용하여 수행되었다. 이 다이어그램에 의하면, 세립사와 중립사 퇴적물 표면에서 유속이 빨라지면서, 평행층에서 연흔이 형성되기 시작한다. 이 연구의 목적은 층면구조 안정성 다이어그램의 결과가 실험을 통하여 잘 재현되는지를 확인하고, 분급이 좋은 퇴적물과 달리 분급이 불량한 경우인 이정 입도 분포를 보이는 사질 퇴적물에서도 잘 재현되는지 확인하는 것이다. 본 연구 실험 결과는 2D 연흔이나 3D 연흔 층면구조가 형성되기 위해서, 분급이 불량한 퇴적물의 경우에, 분급이 좋은 퇴적물보다 더 높은 유체의 유속과 전단응력이 필요하다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 탄산염 퇴적물은 수력학적 분급작용이 활발하지 않으며, 퇴적물의 구성이 알로켐과 기질로 이루어지는 이정 입도 분포를 보이는 퇴적물로서 일반적으로 분급이 불량한 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 실험의 결과는 탄산염 퇴적물에서 층면구조 형성을 위해 쇄설성 퇴적환경의 퇴적물 보다 더 높은 유속이 필요할 수 있음을 제안하고 있다. 분급이 불량한 퇴적물 입자가 침식되어 이동기 위해 더 높은 에너지와 유속이 필요하다는 것은 분급 효과, 마찰 효과, 안정성 효과, 갑옷 효과 등이 복합적으로 작용한 결과로 설명될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 예비적 고찰로서, 이어지는 연구를 통해 이러한 현상을 과학적으로 설명하고 입도와 층면구조 형성의 상관성을 보다 정교하게 규명하고자 한다.

Quality management system is a systematic quality improvement approach for firm-wide management for the purpose of improving performance in terms of quality, productivity, organizational characteristics, customer satisfaction, and firm’s profitability. Recently, many researchers have examined the relationship between quality management system and firm’s performance. The conclusion from these studies is that effective implementation of quality management system improves firm’s performance. This paper extends the existing research on quality management system and firm’s performance by examining how the impact of quality management system on firm’s performance is moderated by organizational characteristics and customer satisfaction. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 introduces the necessity and purpose of the research. Section 2 reviews quality management system and summarizes the results of previous studies. Section 3 present the proposed research model, the hypotheses related to the relationship between quality management system and firm’s performance. Section 4 provides results from the data analysis. Section 5 presents discussions, results, further implications, and research limitations. An extensive literature research was designed to identify and retrieve empirical studies relevent to develop the hypotheses. The objectives of this study identify the factors of quality management system on business performance. The results are as follows: First, The management responsibility, resource management and product realization influenced significantly on financial performance. The management responsibility and product realization influenced significantly on non-financial performance. Second, the research showed a fact that organizational characteristics and customer satisfaction effect as a moderated between quality management system and business performance. The implications of our results are that organizational characteristics and customer satisfaction moderate the firm’s performance.

파종시기에 따른 삼백초의 생산성을 구명하여 재배법 확립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 10월 20일 파종 등 4처리를 두어 2010년부터 3년간 시험한 결과를 요약 하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출아는 10월 20일(전년) 파종에서 빨리 시작되었으며, 최종출아수도 4월 10일의 12.0개/m2에 비하여 10.7개/m2 많았다. 2. 줄기의 생육도 10월 20일 파종에서 초장과 경태가 길거나, 굵었으며, 분지와 분얼수도 많았다. 3. 엽의 생육 중 상품엽수는 10월 20일 파종에서 많았으나, 엽장, 엽폭, 비상품 엽수는 파종시기 간에 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 상품 경엽 건물수량과 근경 건물중은 10월 20일 파종에서 많아, 4월 10일 파종 대비 경엽수량 77% 증수되었고, 근경 건물중 32.5 g/m2 무거웠다.

본 연구는 국내에서 생산된 주요 동계 사료 작물인 청보리 및 호밀 사일리지를 이용하여 거세 한우의 비육 중기용으로 조제된 TMR의 소 체내 이용성을 배합사료 및 볏짚으로 구성된 관행 사료와 비교하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 소 3두를 이용하여 3 3 Latin square design 방법으로 실시되었다. 관행사료 급여구(대조구)에는 1일 두당 7kg (비육 중기용 배합 사료 5.6kg 및 볏짚 1.4kg, 건물 기준)을, 그리고 청보리 사일리지 TMR구

Substantial efforts have been made to manipulate ruminal environment in a hope to enhance ruminal fermentation efficiency for better ruminant productivity. Some of examples are methane inhibitors, antibiotics, microbial enzymes, fatty acids and/or lipid feeding, buffering agents, ionophores and probiotics. Of these efforts, the non-ionic surfactant (NIS) has been known for its stimulation to release enzymes from a range of anaerobic microbes. A series of studies were conducted 1) to evaluate NIS diluted with water and ethanol on in vitro ruminal fermentation and 2) to determine the influence of diluted NIS on digestibility of feedstuffs. In first experiment (Exp. 1), NIS was diluted with water or ethanol to measure its effects on in vitro microbial growth, ruminal enzyme activities and gas production by mixed ruminal microbial culture. The NIS was diluted with water or ethanol separately in a 1:5 ratio (w/v). Water and ethanol-diluted NIS with wheat flour were added with rice straw-based mixed ruminal microbial cultures at the rate of 2 ㎎ NIS/16 ㎖ McDougall buffer plus 4 ml ruminal fluid solution. The mixed ruminal microbial culture was run without any NIS addition as control. Addition of NIS either diluted with water or ethanol has significantly reduced the gas production in mixed ruminal microbial culture at 12 and 24 h of incubation. At 48 h post incubation, gas production was the highest with the addition of ethanol diluted NIS followed by water-diluted NIS and control. Carboxy methyl cellulase activity in rice straw-based mixed ruminal bacterial culture was significantly higher with the addition of ethanol-diluted NIS compared with the addition of water-diluted NIS and control at 24 and 72 h post incubation. In second in vitro experiment (Exp. 2), effects of addition of ethanol diluted NIS on dry matter (DM) digestibility of alfalfa hay, gas production, pH and cellular growth in mixed ruminal microbial culture were examined. Alfalfa hay based mixed ruminal microbial culture without any NIS addition was run as a control. The pH of mixed ruminal microbial culture was significantly lower than control at all post incubation sampling hours. In vitro DM digestibility of alfalfa hay was significantly higher with the addition of NIS compared with control. Gas production was significantly less with NIS addition compared with control at all post incubation sampling hours. Microbial growth in mixed ruminal microbial culture was significantly increased with the addition of NIS compared to control.

This study describes results on sexual maturation and characteristics of natural spawned eggs to develop a method for the production of stable, healthy fertilized eggs from captive-reared yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. A total of 59 yellowtail kingfish were captured off the coast of Jeju Island, after which the broodstock was cultured in indoor culture tank (100 m3) until they were 6.1–14.9 kg in body weight. As part of the rearing management for induced sex maturation, the intensity of illumination was maintained at 130 lux. The photoperiod (light/dark; L/D) was set to a 12 L/12 D from October 2013 to January 2014, and 15 L/9 D from February 2014 to June 2014. Feeds comprised mainly EP (Extruded Pellets), with squid cuttlefish added for improvement of egg quality, and was given from April to June 2014. The first spawning of yellowtail kingfish occurred in May 3, 2014, at a water temperature of 17.0°C. Spawning continued until June 12, 2014, with the water temperature set at 20.5°C. Time of spawning was 26 times at this period. The total number of eggs that spawned during the spawning period was 4,449×103. The buoyant rate of spawning eggs and fertilization rate of buoyant eggs during the spawned period were 76.1% and 100%, respectively. The diameters of the egg and oil globule were 1.388 ± 0.041 mm and 0.378 ± 0.029 mm, respectively, which was higher in early eggs than in those from late during the spawned period.