This study was conducted to analyze the effects of stand density on fire fuel (FF) changes in a Chamaecyparis obtusa forest. The study site was located in Mt. Munsu in Jeollabuk-do and consisted of a control, 30% thinning treatment (LT), and 50% thinning treatment (HT). Three-year-old seedlings were planted at a density of 3,000 trees ha-1 in 1976, and thinning was carried out in 2000. FF production was measured every 2 months by installing 3 circular litter traps 1.2 m above the ground. Litter bags containing 5 g of each leaf and branch were made and buried in the organic layer to investigate the FF decomposition rate. The decay constant was calculated after 18 months. FF accumulation was measured by collecting dry-weight organic matter from each plot using a square frame (0.09 m2) in September 2018. The FF production in LT and HT was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.001). The leaf decay constant for HT was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The FF accumulation in HT was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.01), but LT was not significantly different from the control. The results of this study showed that thinning decreased FF production.

The grassland section of the greenhouse gas inventory has limitations due to a lack of review and verification of biomass compared to organic carbon in soil while grassland is considered one of the carbon storages in terrestrial ecosystems. Considering the situation at internal and external where the calculation of greenhouse gas inventory is being upgraded to a method with higher scientific accuracy, research on standards and methods for calculating carbon accumulation of grassland biomass is required. The purpose of this study was to identify international trends in the calculation method of the grassland biomass sector that meets the Tier 2 method and to conduct a review of variables applicable to the Republic of Korea. Identify the estimation methods and access levels for grassland biomass through the National Inventory Report in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and type the main implications derived from overseas cases. And, a field survey was conducted on 28 grasslands in the Republic of Korea to analyse the applicability of major issues. Four major international issues regarding grassland biomass were identified. 1) country-specific coefficients by land use; 2) calculations on woody plants; 3) loss and recovery due to wildfire; 4) amount of change by human activities. As a result of field surveys and analysis of activity data available domestically, it was found that there was a significant difference in the amount of carbon in biomass according to use type classification and climate zone-soil type classification. Therefore, in order to create an inventory of grassland biomass at the Tier 2 level, a policy and institutional system for making activity data should develop country-specific coefficients for climate zones and soil types.

In this study, we aimed to determine the seasonal distribution and biomass of fish in Samcheok marine ranching area (MRA) of Republic of Korea using the scientific echosounder. Fish trap and gillnets were used to identify fish species in the survey area, and dB-difference method was used to estimation the spatio-temporal distribution and density of fish. The results showed that the dominant species in Samcheok marine ranching area were Chelidonichthys spinosus, Sebastes inermis, Hexagrammos otakii and Tribolodon hakonensis. The spatio-temporal distribution of fish showed that fish had a relatively higher distribution at night than during the day. In addition, the density of fish by season was highest at night in July at 34.22 g/m 2 and lowest in April at 0.42 g/m 2 .

This study was investigated in order to find composition and density of fisheries resource using bottom trawl in April, July, August, and November 2022 in the East China Sea. The average density of fisheries resource was estimated using the swept area method. As a result, 35 species were collected from the East China Sea. These included 21 fishes, six crustaceans, six cephalopods and two echinoderms. Seasonally, the average density of crustacean individuals per unit area were highest in November (692.1 inds./km 2 ), while cephalopod individuals per unit area were highest in August (39.4 inds./km 2 ). The average density of fish individuals per unit area were highest in August at 355.0 (inds./km 2 ).

본 연구는 자색 겹꽃이 피어 관상가치가 높은 겹도라지(Platycodon grandiflorum var. duplex Makino)의 수확 후 절화 품질 향상을 위하여 몇가지 전처리제 및 보존용액이 겹도라지 절화 수명에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 하였다. 2년생 겹도라지를 2012년 6월 하순에서 7월 상순에 수확한 후 전처리제 및 보존용액 종류별로 처리하여 절화 특성을 조사하였다. 3% sucrose와 살균제인 200mg • L−1 Al2(SO4)3가 혼용 첨가된 전처리 용액에서 절화 수명 연장 및 개화율 향상 효과가 가장 컸고 생체중 및 용액흡수율도 크게 증가한 반면, 200mg • L−1 GA3 와 150mg • L−1 citric acid를 전처리제에 추가로 첨가하였을 때에는 전처리 효과의 차이는 크게 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 보존용액으로 3% sucrose와 150mg • L−1 HQS을 혼용 처리하였을 때 절화 품질이 가장 양호하였으나, AgNO3이 추가로 첨가되었을 때에는 큰 차이가 없었다. NaOCl이 첨가된 용액에 전처리하였을 경우에는 보존용액의 종류와 상관없이 모든 처리구에서 절화 수명이 짧았고 개화율도 가장 낮게 조사되었는데, 본 실험에 사용된 NaOCl의 농도가 높아 약해가 발생하여 절화 품질이 떨어진 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 겹도라지 절화의 상품가치를 최대로 높일 수 있는 전처리제 및 보존용액으로 각각 3% sucrose + 200mg • L−1 Al2(SO4)3 및 3% sucrose + 150mg • L−1 HQS 을 사용하였을 때 절화 수명은 최대 22일까지 연장되었고, 90% 이상의 개화율을 보였으며, 생체중 및 용액흡수율도 가장 증가되어 절화 품질을 향상시키는 데 효과적이었다.

본 연구는 자색 겹꽃이 피어 관상가치가 높은 겹도라 지(Platycodon grandiflorum var. duplex Makino)의 절 화 재배 적정조건을 확립하기 위하여 적심시기 및 위치 가 겹도라지의 생장 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 하였다. 2년생 겹도라지에 적심시기(6월 25일, 7월 5일, 7월 15일, 7월 25일) 및 적심위치(초장 30, 40, 50cm) 별로 적심 처리하여 지상부 생육 및 개화특성, 지하부 뿌 리 생육특성을 조사하였다. 적심시기가 늦어질수록 초장, 절수, 절간장은 감소하였고, 개화기는 더 늦어지는 경향 이었다. 모든 적심 처리구에서 측지 발생은 증가하였으 며, 특히 6월 25일 적심 처리구에서 10.4개로 가장 많 았고 무적심(6.4개) 대비 62% 정도 증가하였다. 적심이 가장 빨랐던 6월 25일 처리구에서 비상품화율은 가장 낮 아 무적심 대비 35% 정도 감소한 반면, 적심시기가 가 장 늦은 7월 25일 처리구에서는 50%로 가장 높아 무적 심 대비 51% 증가하였다. 따라서 출하 가능한 상품수량 을 비교해 볼 때 6월 25일 처리구에서 무적심 대비 18% 증가되었고, 7월 25일 처리구에서는 48% 감소되었다. 초 장 30cm 및 40cm 높이에서 적심할 때 분지수 발생이 가장 활발하여 무적심 대비 각각 80%, 66% 정도 증가 하였고, 적심 위치가 높아질수록 개화기는 더 늦어졌다. 비상품화율은 초장 40cm 높이에서 적심할 때 가장 낮 아 무적심 대비 35% 감소하였고, 상품수량은 18% 증가 하였다. 모든 적심 처리구에서 도라지 뿌리 특성이 양호 하였고 생근수량 또한 3 ~ 7% 정도 증가하였다. 따라서 6월 하순경에 초장 40cm 정도에서 적심하는 경우 뿌리 부분은 식용 또는 약용으로 이용하면서 지상부는 고품질 절화용으로 생산 가능함을 확인하였다.

This studies were conducted to develop cultivation methods on three Asclepiadaceae fami-lies(Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley, C. auriculatum Royle ex Wight and Metaplexis japonica Makino) ofwhich products are conventionally used as medicinal materials by analyzing plant growth. The variationof leaf weight of Asclepiadaceae families showed culmination point at August 15, and the stem showedhighest growth on August 30. The root weight increased linearly during the growth. The days for sprout-ing was most shortened in the Cynanchum wilfordii as 18 days, and C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonicafollowed after. The seed harvesting dates was Oct. 8 in the Cynanchum wilfordii, Oct. 23 in the Metaplexisjaponica, and Nov. 1 in the C. auriculatum, respectively.

파종시기에 따른 삼백초의 생산성을 구명하여 재배법 확립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 10월 20일 파종 등 4처리를 두어 2010년부터 3년간 시험한 결과를 요약 하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출아는 10월 20일(전년) 파종에서 빨리 시작되었으며, 최종출아수도 4월 10일의 12.0개/m2에 비하여 10.7개/m2 많았다. 2. 줄기의 생육도 10월 20일 파종에서 초장과 경태가 길거나, 굵었으며, 분지와 분얼수도 많았다. 3. 엽의 생육 중 상품엽수는 10월 20일 파종에서 많았으나, 엽장, 엽폭, 비상품 엽수는 파종시기 간에 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 상품 경엽 건물수량과 근경 건물중은 10월 20일 파종에서 많아, 4월 10일 파종 대비 경엽수량 77% 증수되었고, 근경 건물중 32.5 g/m2 무거웠다.

The effects of barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.) content (10～30%) on wheat flour dough and noodle properties were investigated. As the amount of barnyard millet increased, the particle size and ash content of mixed flour increased, while lightness tended to decrease. The gelatinization characteristics of millet flour showed higher peak viscosity, holding strength, final viscosity, and setback compared with wheat flour. There was significant positive correlation between protein content and sedimentation volume, as well as between protein content and water absorption. As the amount of barnyard millet increased, hardness, springiness and cohesiveness of wet noodles tended to decrease. From the results of sensory evaluation, composite flours (addition up to 20% barnyard millet) were rated with a quality score for taste and overall acceptance which was comparable with the control flour.

The edible barnyard millets(Echinochloa spp.) which have essentially vanished in the farmhouses environment and in agricultural germplasm were evaluated with the aim of restoration as a crop. The proximate components and mineral elements of milled millet were nutritionally similar or better than brown rice, and the vitamin contents of B1 and B2 exceeded those of rice by 1.3 times and 2.3 times, respectively. β-Carotene which is absent from brown rice was detected at levels ranging from 15～31 ㎍ in millet samples. Nine essential amino acids, including histidine and arginine and eight non-essential amino acids, such as aspartic acid were detected. The sum of all amino acids was determined to be IEC518>525>510 in the range of 69～106 ㎎/g. Analysis of physiological active substances via their electron donating ability(EDA) revealed values ranging from 3.4～8.2%, with the total polyphenol component being 51.1～69.4 ㎎/g and α-glucosidase inhibition ability determined as 8.3～10.9%. In terms of agronomical characteristics and yields of barnyard millet, three millet varieties(IEC510, 518, and 525) were suitable as edible crops. IEC525 was selected as optimum variety for cultivation on the basis of nutritional ingredients, physiological active substances, and yield.

Background : Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer is one of most important medicinal (Glycyrrhizae radix) herbs in traditional oriental medication and they are also important commercial products used worldwide in sweetening and flavoring. They contain the similar compounds, such as the triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more efficient and sustainable methods for the production of G. uralensis Fischer and its medicinal constituents. This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of medium composition on in vitro propagation and plantlet regeneration from nodal explants of G. uralensis Fischer, and to establish a reliable protocol for micropropagation. Methods and Results : Young and actively growing stem segments were excised from adult plants of new cultivar ‘manju’. They were cut into a 1cm nodal segments with single node after sterilization, and cultivated in the different medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators for two weeks. For shoot multiplication, one-node stem segments, approximately 1 ㎝ in length, were taken from in vitro derived shoots and subcultured. After four weeks of culture, the efficacy of each medium on shoot proliferation and growth was determined, and these shoots were transferred onto medium with different auxin hormones for rooting. Conclusion : After seven to ten days of culture, shoots began to emerge from axillary buds. They showed a vigorous growth and elongation in multiplication medium. During culture period, in vitro cultured plantlets showed significantly different responses to the respective medium with different plant growth regulators. Our experiments confirmed that in vitro growth and multiplication of palntlets could depend on its reaction to the different medium composition, and this micropropagation techniques could be a useful system for healthy and vigorous plant production.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. It is also considered as a valuable medicinal plant in Asia including Korea, China and Japan because of its anti-anemic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-senescence effects. Unfortunately it is difficult to propagate seeds due to poor seed viability and low propagation rate. Therefore, this plant is propagated vegetatively, but its vegetative propagation increases the incidence of virus infections in commercial fields, which can induce the production loss critically. So we have tried to compare the efficacy of virus elimination from R. glutinosa by thermotherapy, chemotherapy and shoot tip culture to find an optimal micropropagation for healthy and virus-free plant production. Methods and Results : For virus elimination, thermotherapy (heat treatment at 37℃ for 4 weeks), chemotherapy (addition into medium with antiviral agent) and shoot tip culture (meristem culture) were accomplished. After treatments, RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used for detection of three viruses including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), broad bean wilt virus (BBWV). Conclusion : Efficiency of virus elimination was enhanced up to 59% in shoot tip culture, however, lowest at 5 - 10% after chemotherapy using antiviral agent (ribavirin). Most samples were verified to have multiple virus infection. From these results, we can suggest that combination treatment of shoot tip culture and thermotherapy may be more effective for the elimination of major viruses from R. glutinosa.

'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' New aromatic, black pericarp and glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, in 2012. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Shindongjin' as a grain quality source and 'Heugseonchal' as a black glutinous and aromatic source. The donor parent, 'Sindongjin' has been backcrossed one time with recurrent parent 'Heugseonchal' and selected by the pedigree breeding method, until F6 generation. As a result, a promising line, CBR11-2-4-3, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘CBR L3’ in 2009. The maturity period of this cultivar took approximately 168 days from seedling to heading. This cultivar has about 15 tillers per hill and 115 spikelet numbers per panicle. Ripening ratio is about 76.5% and 1000 grain weight is 27.2 g in brown rice. Milled rice of 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' has trait of glutinous and aromatic endosperm. It has higher anthocyanin content compared to that of black pigmented check cultivar ‘Heugseonchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 5.39 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Cheongpungheukhyangchal’ is adaptable to central plain and southern mid-mountainous area of Korea.