본 연구는 도심지 경관용으로 식재되는 초화류의 일조부족에 따른 관상성의 차이를 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 생장 특성에 따라 수직형, 부채꼴형, 반구형 식물 6종을 대상으로 7개월간의 차광처리 후 생장 특성을 조사하였다. 이 후 각 생장 유형에 따라 형태, 밀도, 색상 등의 관상 특성을 표현할 수 있는 산출식을 도출하였다. 차광처리 전, 후 식물 생육을 측정 한 후 산출식에 따라 관상가치를 평가한 결과 가우라는 자생 지 환경에서의 관상가치를 5점으로 하였을 때 50% 차광에서 0.66점 낮았고, 돌단풍은 80%에서 0.99점 부족한 관상성을 나타냈다. 다양한 환경조건에서 식물들의 생장 패턴을 유형화하는 등의 지속적인 경관식물의 가치 정량화에 대한 후속연구를 통해 도심지 녹지의 질을 높이는데 다양한 식물이 활용될 수 있게 함으로써 관상식물의 부가가치 향상을 기대할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 아파트단지 내 불량한 식생공간을 보수하거나 다양한 식생으로의 재조성하여 녹색의 질을 높이기 위한 방안으로 아파트 단지 내 조경관리 현황을 조사하고 식재지반인 토양상태를 파악하여 합리적인 계획 수립을 위한 기초 자료화 하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 아파트 준공시점을 기준으로 동일한 규격의 수목이 동시에 식재되는 것을 감안해 준공연도를 5년 단위로 구분하고 식재기간 경과에 따른 수목생장과 토양성분의 차이를 분석하였다. 전체 조사대상지 9개소에 모두 식재된 수종 중 침엽수 4종과 활엽수 4종의 생육상태를 조사하여 한 결과 침엽수 중 가이즈까향나무 소나무, 활엽수 중에서는 꽃사과나무가 5년 이상의 식재기간이 경과되었을 때 가장 생육이 좋았다가 10년 이상 되었을 때는 생장이 감소하였다. 측백나무와 단풍나무는 10년 이상 된 지역의 수목이 생육이 가장 좋아 비교적 생장을 위한 기간이 많이 요구되는 수종이었다. 수목은 식재되어 있으나 지표면이 나지가 되어있는 지점의 토양경도를 분석한 결과 준공 후 5년 이상이 되면 20㎜ 이상의 답압 된 상태가 되는 것으로 조사되었고 토양이화학성은 준공 초기부터 지속적으로 pH는 높고 유기물함량은 비옥한 토양의 1/3 정도로 추가 시비가 필요한 상태였다. 본 결과를 토대로 나지부분의 재식재시에는 식재지 주변 배수로 설계와 토심 50㎝ 정도를 객토하고 왕겨 등의 유기질재료를 혼합하는 정도의 토양 개량 계획을 추가하여 수목 하부에 지피식물을 식재하는 것만으로 토양의 답압과 토양건강성을 회복하는 방안이 될 것이라고 사료된다.

A previous studies depicting origin and sequence variability of the species using DNA barcoding region with the samples collected from Korea showed relatively low sequence variability. Thus, additional markers that reveal higher variability were necessitated to scrutinize population structure in connection with dispersal and invasive dynamics among international populations. Therefore, we sequenced two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of M. pruinosa from the two haplotypes occurring in Korea (H1 and H3). Comparison of the two mitogenomes each with 16,312 and 16,314 bp evidenced that one region located in the A+T-rich region to provide higher number of haplotypes (4 vs. 3), sequence divergence (1.636% vs. 0.636%), and variable sites (7 vs. 3) than those of DNA barcoding region from the screening test using 13 representative individuals. This variable region, in concatenation with the currently available DNA barcoding region might be useful for population genetic analysis of worldwide populations including those of Korea. †These authors contributed equally to this paper.

The aim of this study is to obtain basic data to set the direction for construct and managing auto campsites. A survey was conducted with users of an auto campsite located in Jangsu Nuri Park in October 2018, and 32 copies of the questionnaire were used in the analysis. Auto camping is typically undertaken for a night or two with family or friends/colleagues. The adequacy of fees and location are important factors in choosing the campsite, so it is desirable to build one in the suburbs of the city and offer it at a reasonable price. Proximity to tourist spots and convenience in using facilities are also factors that must be considered. People are generally engaged in activities such as taking walks, relaxing, and looking around campsites, and they want to enjoy various other amenities like attractions, experiences, entertainment, and active leisure options, which is why there must be facilities to support these behaviors. The first-time visitors of the campsite showed high satisfaction with its individual facilities, while repeat visitors showed high overall satisfaction, which indicates that satisfaction with individual elements did not lead to overall satisfaction.

Cymbidium flower is mainly grown for exportation to China and Japan, but detection of a few pests including the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphidae), necessitated post-harvest treatment for casual exportation. Thus, we irradiated electron beam to cotton aphids occurring in cymbidium to establish post-harvest method for casual exportation of the flowers. For cymbidium, six categories of product quality were examined after eight different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 and 1,000 Gy). One thousand Gy to cymbidium caused an extreme deterioration only in vase life in both colors compared to control (0 Gy). In the case of cotton aphids, adult longevity decreased from 11.23 (100 Gy) to 4.70 (400 Gy) when four different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy), with control being an average of 20.89 days. The numbers of total first instar nymph produced per adult was not significantly differed among five doses (2.21 ~ 2.74 individuals), but was substantially lower compared to control (an average of 51.46; P < 0.0001). Live F1 nymphs did not develope to adults at all five doses, except for a single nymph at 100 Gy, which was dead right after emergence. The results of probit analysis indicated that majority of adults required 3.33 ~ 7.55 days for 90% mortality at 200 Gy and higher, but at 100 Gy it required 41.56 days. Therefore, higher than 100 Gy might be required for complete control of adult cotton aphids and their F1.

The present study analyzes a case of a rural village development project to identify characteristics of rural landscape plans. The results of the analysis revealed that in the initial stage, rural landscape plans focused on renovating the livingscape, which included walls, vacant houses, and roofs. Beginning in 2010, landscape improvement projects were divided into areas such as the livingscape, and the village landscape, which included the natural landscape, ecological environment, and urban landscape, and planned to preserve the agricultural landscape and enhance under-developed landscapes. According to an analysis of the Sunchang-gun (a county in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea) area development project, the landscape improvement project was planned as a way of formation a new landscape. This indicates that the project was more focused on creating a new specialized landscape consisting of different areas, than it was on improving and maintaining the existing landscape. The livingscape, among all other components of the rural landscape, was addressed the most frequently by landscape projects, which placed emphasis on improving the landscape of the living environment, not the overall landscape of rural villages. Landscape improvement projects implemented tasks to highlight distinctive characteristics of the target area. For instance, the creation of a themed rest area or characteristic streetscape were treated with importance in all areas. However, landscape projects do not significantly contribute to shaping the overall rural landscape, as they focus on separate facilities instead of considering the overall rural landscape. Given that landscape projects constitute the only landscape-related effort in an area or village, they should be more heavily emphasized in rural village development projects.

콩, 팥, 들깨 및 매실원에서 집합페로몬 로케트트랩에 의한 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유인효과를 조사하였다. 콩포장에서 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무노린재의 집합페로몬(aggregation pheromone; AP)를 각각 및 조합하여 로케트트랩에 주입하여 콩포장 내 10, 5 및 0m(콩포장 가장자리) 지점과 콩포장 바깥 5m(휴반) 지점에 설치한 결과 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유인수는 콩포장 바깥 5m(휴반)에서 가장 높았으며, 다른 설치지점간에는 차이가 없었다. 이러한 경향은 썩덩나무노린재의 유인수도 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무 노린재의 AP를 각각 및 조합하여 로케트트랩에 주입하여 팥포장내 5m, 팥포장의 가장자리, 들깨포장내 5m, 팥과 들깨포장의 경계, 팥포장밖 5m 지점에 설치하여 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무노린재의 유인수를 조사한 결과 이들 노린재류의 유인수는 팥 포장밖 5m 지점에서 가장 높았다. 한편, 매실원에서 집합페로몬 로케트트랩의 설치지점 에 따른 노린재류의 유인수는 톱다리개미허리노린재는 가장자리에서 가장 많았고, 다음은 과원내>과원밖 5m>과원밖 10m>과원밖 15m>과원밖 20m 순으로 나타났으며, 썩덩나무노린재는 가장자리에서 가장 많았고, 다음은 과원밖 5m>과원밖 10m>과원밖 15m>과원밖 5m 및 과원내의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 보아 농작물 재배포장에서 집합페로몬에 의한 노린재류의 유인효과는 로케트트랩의 설치지점과 밀접하게 관련이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

콩명나방(Maruca vitrata)은 열대ꞏ아열대성 해충으로 콩의 주요 해충으로 알려져 있으나 국내에서는 팥에서 피해가 큰 해충이다. 콩명나방의 유충에 콩과작물인 콩(대두, 소청자, 풍산나물콩), 팥(홍언), 동부(장채)와 인공사료를 각각 먹이로 제공하여 콩명나방의 발육상을 조사하였다. 조사결과 인공사료를 먹이로 제공한 콩명나방 유충의 용화율과 우화율이 가장 높았고 다음으로 팥과 풍산나물콩을 먹이로 제공했을 때 용화율과 우화율이 높았다. 장채의 경우 유충이 한 마리도 용화하지 못했다. 콩명나방 유충이 용화까지 걸리는 기간은 인공사료를 먹이로 제공했을 때 가장 짧았고 다음으로 팥과 풍산나물콩을 먹이로 제공했을 때 짧았다. 용의 무게 또한 인공사료를 먹이로 제공했을 때 가장 높았고 다음으로 팥과 풍산나물콩을 먹이로 제공했을 때 높았다. 실험결과 팥 이외에 콩과작물에서도 유충이 성충까지 우화할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Maruca vitrata is one of the destructive pests of tropical legumes. Radiofrequency dependent development and adult performances of M. vitrata were examined at five radiofrequencies of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, and 30 kHz on artificial diet. The results showed that radiofrequency have significant effects on the life variables of M. vitrata. Radiofrequency exposures on pod borer impacted on life-variables of M. vitrata and negative effects were also transmitted to the successive generations. The adults of M. vitrata were emerged with shorter longevity in case of radio-frequency treatment than untreated. Decreasing the radiofrequency level further reduced the longevity of adults. The shortest adult longevity was recorded for 5 kHz. Radiofrequency treatments have also affected on the adult performance such as weight of adult. The outcomes of this study are discussed in terms of an alternative to chemical treatments.

This study analyzed the use suitability with regard to resource characteristics of provincial parks to provide basic data for park management, and has yielded the following results. Organized by resource, the use suitability is highest for landscape/scenery, weather/climate, smell/sound/colors, and topography/ geology. By season, weather/climate is important in the spring, and landscape/scenery is important in the summer and autumn in determining the use suitability. Aside from the temporary phenomena of the weather/climate, the resource that most influences the use suitability of provincial parks is landscape/scenery for spring, summer, and autumn. Specifically, on a park basis, Mt. Moak’s most important resource for park use suitability is the weather/climate; other parks’ most important resource is landscape/scenery. Mt. Moak and Mt. Seonun Provincial Parks have high use suitabilities in the spring; Mt. Daedun and Mt. Mai Provincial Parks have high use suitabilities in the spring and summer. Organizing parks on a seasonal basis, there are differences depending on the resource type; moreover, there are differences in use suitability between parks depending on the season. Through evaluating the use suitability of parks, it is possible to identify resource characteristics of parks and to predict the seasonal use frequency of parks in park management, which can be used as the basic data for determining the intensity of management. As such, this study can aid visitors in determining which park suits their use purposes, and for managers in determining the priority by which the parks should be managed.

금속유기구조체(metal-organic framework)는 유기물와 무기물로 구성된 나노다공성 결정물질로서 일정한 세공 구 조를 가지고 있다. 합성시 유기 리간드의 다양한 선택이 가능함으로 인해 다양한 세공 사이즈와 물리적/화학적 성질들을 나 타내는 금속유기구조체가 가능하다. 이러한 특성들로 인해 다공성 금속유기구조체는 새로운 기체분리용 막 재료로 각광받고 있다. 그러나 고품질의 다결정 금속유기구조체막을 재조하는 것은 상당히 어려운 일인데, 이것은 지지체 표면에 금속유기구 조체 결정을 자라게 하는 것이 쉽지 않기 때문이다. 지난 이십여 년 동안 마이크로 전자파를 이용한 물질 합성에 대한 연구 가 상당히 진행되었는데 특히 마이크로 전자파를 이용하면 전통적인 합성법에 비해 금속유기구조체 분리막을 제조하는 과정 에서의 어려움들을 극복할 수 있다. 마이크로 전자파를 이용한 다결정 분리막 제조 공정은 단시간 합성, 복잡한 구조체 합성 및 나노 결정체 합성 등의 장점이 있다. 본 총설에서는 금속유기구조체 분리막 제조 및 기체 분리에 관한 최근 연구성과들을 살펴보고 특히 마이크로 전자파를 이용한 분리막 제조 공정을 중심으로 정리한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of users of the Seomjin River cycling road, which is surrounded by gorgeous natural landscape. Further, we aim to understand the correlation between the importance and performance of various factors rated by users to obtain baseline data that can help to increase the usage of the bike path. We conduct a survey by performing one-on-one interviews at three locations, all of which have a certification center that verifies the completion of the bike path. The bike path attracts visitors from all over the country. First-time visitors and travel plans involving stays of at least one night account for a relatively high percentage of users. The primary purpose of the visit was more related to mental health issues rather than physical health issues. The most attractive feature of the Seomjin River is the beautiful landscape. However, the participation rate from clubs is low, and the visit rate to nearby tourist attractions is also low for scheduling reasons. Important factors that are considered using the bike path are accessibility, safety, bike path condition, amenity, and convenience, while the connectivity has a relatively low importance. We confirm that the convenience of the bike path is as important as providing a safe and amenity while surrounded by gorgeous landscape. The amenity and safety are rated highly for performance and while accessibility and convenience have low rating. The analysis of the detail evaluation items showed that the performance was high for surrounding gorgeous landscape, and non-crowded setting and performance was lowest for inadequate bike repair facilities. A comparison of the importance and performance showed that the performance lower than the importance, and had statistical significance. Accessibility, which is an external environmental factor, had the largest difference. On the other hand, for the detail evaluation items, the degree of crowding, surrounding landscape, and experience opportunities did not have statistical significance, but had a higher performance. This confirmed that they were factors that had the highest satisfaction for the Seomjin River cycling road. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) results indicated that the items requiring consistent maintenance were surrounding landscape, bike path signs, safety from pedestrians and vehicles, and convenient accessibility. Items that required specific improvement were convenient transportation for returning home, pavement material, and the degree of damage. On the other hand, items that were more effective in terms of their ability to maintain the current conditions were experiences of nearby rural villages, accessibility to nearby tourist attractions, local tourist attractions, and bike repair facilities. The bike repair facilities option had a considerably low performance compared to the importance. For items that were rated with low importance but high performance, it was more effective to allocate the effort for corresponding sections to other items. However, for the degree of crowding, which belonged to this particular category, it was actually more efficient to place on attracting users in order to increase the usage of the bike path.

A garden festival is characterized by its nature as a garden exhibition event. The Seoul Garden Festival was held to expand garden culture, increasing citizens’ quality of life, and also to achieve urban regeneration through discovery and development of features of various gardens in Seoul. Mother’s Garden of Memory is based on the motif of the gardens tended by mothers in the past, and inspires recollection of related memories and stories. Gardens tended by mothers in the past can be encountered today in everyday life as practical living gardens. Facilities and suitable space sizes for a living garden were selected based on previous research results. The exhibition garden was designed to include a fruit tree hill, medicinal plant/herb garden, and butterfly garden in its planting space; a vegetable garden in its multi-purpose space and production space; a pond in its waterscape space; and a seating wall in its resting space. Additionally, the garden’s plants consisted primarily of species that were suitable for the characteristics of each space, could be tended practically, and could be accessed easily. Finally, a garden management plan was established to provide a model for living gardens, ensuring that these gardens could be continuously sustained.

This research seeks ways to convert the landscape resources of rural village forest into a tourist resource. The study area was restricted to rural village forests in the city of Namwon; we selected 10 village forests using the evaluation indicators of size, landscape, accessibility, connectivity, historicity, and enhancement possibility. We selected five historic/cultural type groves among the preselected village groves as final target areas for planning and then carried out an analysis of their current status and conditions, which has been included in this research. For Naein village forests, themes concerning the winds of Inpoong-ri and the poongchinadae form of feng shui were used. For Haengjeong village forest, preferentially considered ecological of carpinus laxiflora but that introduced the Dokkaebi, which concerns village forest legends. In the Sagok village forest, the beauty of old pine trees and the champan (vice minister) forest were symbolized; in the Jeonchon village forest, the Battle of Hwangsan was symbolized by connecting it to a location in the neighboring village, the Hwangsan Battle Monument site. The themes of Walgil village forest included the historical culture of the village forest, such as Cheonikseong (a person’s name), a famed doctor who practiced good deeds, stonepiles (stacking of stones), and the pine resin delivery of the Japanese colonial era (the Japanese collected resin from the pines). The tourism resources of village forests is expected to provide residents with a amenity space for relaxation and leisure activities and visitors with a space to experience history and culture.

CD63, a member of tetraspanin membrane protein family, plays pivotal role in cell growth, motility, signal transduction, host-pathogen interactions and cancer. In this work, the cDNA encoding CD63 homologue (TmCD63) was cloned from larvae of coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame of 705 bp, encoding putative protein of 235 amino acid residues. In silico analysis shows that the protein has four putative transmembrane domains and one large extracellular loop. The characteristic ‘Cys-Cys-Gly’ motif and ‘Cys188’ residues are highly conserved in the large extracellular loop. Phylogenetic analysis of TmCD63 revealed that they belong to the insect cluster with 50-56% identity. Analysis of spatial expression patterns demonstrated that TmCD63 mRNA is mainly expressed in gut and Malphigian tubules of larvae and the testis of the adult. Developmental expression patterns of CD63 mRNA showed that TmCD63 transcripts are detected in late larval, pupal and adult stages. Interestingly, TmCD63 transcript was upregulated the maximum 4.5 fold in response to DAP-type peptidoglycan during the first 6 h, although other immune elicitors also made significant increase in the transcript level at later time-points. These results suggest that CD63 might contribute to T. molitor immune response against various microbial pathogens.

The bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has played an important role as one of the alternative pollinators since the outbreak of honeybee collapse disorder. Recently, pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria and mites, which affect the life span and fecundity of their host, have been discovered in B. terristris. In order to detect the microsporidian pathogen, Nosema Spp. in the field populations of B. terristris, we collected adults and isolated their genomic DNA for diagnostic PCR. The PCR primers specific for Nosema Spp. were newly designed and applied to gene amplification for cloning. Only small subunit ribosomal RNA(SSU rRNA) gene of N. ceranae was successfully amplified and sequenced among examined genes, which indicates that N. ceranae mainly infects the examined field population of B. terristris. To detect of SSU rRNA gene, two regions of SSU rRNA gene were selected by primary PCR analysis and further analyzed in quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that SSU rRNA of N. ceranae was detected at concentrations as low as 0.85 ng/μl genomic DNA. This result suggests that the detection via qRT-PCR can be applied for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of N. ceranae infection in the field population as well as risk assessment of B. terristris.