Miniature inverted- repeat transposable elements are expected to play vital role in evolution of genes and genome of major eukaryotic organisms. However, there have been little reports on MITEs in B. rapa, a polyploidy model genome. We identified 13 novel MITE families in B. rapa genome by computational approach. Out of 13 MITEs families three, eight and two were classified under stowaway-like, tourist-like and hAT super families based on their unique structural characteristics. We characterized the members of 13 MITE families from the available 256 Mbp from whole genome draft sequences of B. rapa. We found ech MITE has high copiy number ranges from 14 to 977 which are distributed randomly along all the chromosomes. We also found more than 40% of the MITE members were associated with genes and gene rich regions. Furthermore, the polymorphism due to insertion and non-insertion of MITEs analysis suggest that MITEs are active in the genome. As, such the newly identified MITEs will provide a foundation for the further analysis of roles of MITEs in gene and genome evolution.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins comprise a large superfamily and play as key in the physiology and development of plants but it is highly likely that more functions for members of this interesting family are still in dark. Thus systematic analysis for this family will be helpful to design effective experimental plans for functional analysis of each of ABC family in rice. To do this, we performed phylogenomic analysis of integrating anatomy and stress meta-profiling data based on a large collection of rice affymetrix array data which provide useful clues to study functions of ABC transporter family in rice in term of anatomy and stress response. Then, we processed Significance analysis for Microarray to identify ABC transporters involved in water stress such as drought and salt. Subsequently, we identified 23 genes showing significant upregulation or downregulation by both drought and salt. Finally, we developed the interaction network mediated by six of them and then integrated diverse data such as co-expression patterns, putative functions and sub-cellular localization to the network and the network was further refined based on coexpression patterns in response to drought and salt stresses. Our analysis will provide molecular basis to study diverse biological phenomena mediated by ABC family in rice, a major model crop plant.

Reverse breeding is a new plant breeding strategy based on crossover suppression during meiosis. This brings forth unprecedented possibilities like the almost instantaneous generation of homozygous parents for a chosen heterozygote. As a proof of concept, an Arabidopsis (Columbia-Landsberg) heterozygote was created that carried a RNAi:DMC1 construct stopping crossover formation. Gametes of this heterozygote were grown directly into doubled haploid offspring. These offspring show different combinations of (non-recombinant) Columbia and Landsberg chromosomes. Among these doubled haploids we retrieved the original Columbia parent and a complete set of chromosome substitution lines. From among these we could easily select two so called “complementing DHs” from which the Col-Ler hybrid could be re-created. Essentially, breeders can now bring single choice uncharacterized heterozygotes into a hybrid breeding program by creating parental lines for them. Reverse breeding superficially resembles apomixis (clonal reproduction through seeds) since both allow the preservation of heterozygous genotypes. Reverse breeding, however, has very different uses because it generates homozygous breeding lines. It thus allows for the improvement of the starting heterozygote because new traits can be introgressed into its newly produced parental lines. Reverse breeding is thought to be suitable for crops with smaller chromosome numbers (x ≤ 12). It will be discussed how reverse breeding could be developed for such crops, and it will be shown how reverse breeding presents very interesting new possibilities studying epistasis and heterosis through chromosome substitution lines. Further experiments with reverse breeding lines allow testing of a variety of intriguing breeding questions like to what extent a (heterozygous) genome actually determines a plants phenotype.

This study aims to present about current status of logistics in Mongolia. As a landlocked country have limited the role of a maritime transportation is a very poor country. However, Mongolia is a rich country in mineral resources in the world and became a center of increasing international trade. Therefore, Mongolia wants to develop logistics as other developed countries using a strategic location. Mongolia uses international port for transit China and Russia by railway. First, this paper focuses on discussing the current situation of logistics. Second it points out some issues currently facing by the governmental policy to promote. Finally, this paper presents some recommendations for developing logistics in Mongolia. The geographical remoteness of Mongolia which results in high cost of transport causes problems for trade relations with the rest of the world to grow.

The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and the Department of Astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin are developing a near infrared wide-band high resolution spectrograph, immersion grating infrared spectrometer (IGRINS). The compact white-pupil design of the instrument optics uses seven cryogenic mirrors, including three aspherical off-axis collimators and four flat fold mirrors. In this study, we introduce the optomechanical mount designs of three off-axis collimating mirrors and one flat slit-viewer fold mirror. Two of the off-axis collimators are serving as H and K-band pupil transfer mirrors, and are designed as system alignment compensators in combination with the H2RG focal plane array detectors in each channel. For this reason, the mount designs include tip-tilt and parallel translation adjustment mechanisms to properly perform the precision alignment function. This means that the off-axis mirrors’ optomechanical mount designs are among the most sensitive tasks in all IGRINS system hardware. The other flat fold mirror is designed within its very limitedly allowed work space. This slit-viewer fold mirror is mounted with its own version of the six-point kinematic optics mount. The design work consists of a computer-aided 3D modeling and finite element analysis (FEA) technique to optimize the structural stability and the thermal behavior of the mount models. From the structural and thermal FEA studies, we conclude that the four IGRINS mirror mounts are well designed to meet all optical stability tolerances and system thermal requirements.

This paper reports the progress of a search for exoplanets with S-type orbits in short-period binary star systems. The se\-lected targets have stellar orbital periods of just a few days. These systems are eclipsing binaries so that exoplanet transits, if planets exist, will be highly likely. We report the results for seven binary star systems.

A field experiment was conducted to examine the fruit quality characters in second generation (F2) hybrid cultivar and to compare the fruit characters with original F1 hybrid cultivar of minipaprika (yellow and orange type) at the Research Farm, Hwacheon in July, 2010. Fruit characters varied within F2 population of each minipaprika type. In minipaprika yellow, fruit weight varied from 12.2 g to 50.8 g (average 28.5 g) and fruit length/width varied from 1.4 to 2.8 (average, 2.0). Pericarp thickness ranged from 1.8 mm to 4.1 mm (average, 2.9 mm). Total soluble solid (TSS) varied from 6.2˚Brix to 13.5˚Brix with an average of 8.7˚Brix. Fruit volume varied from 10.3 cc to 46.7 cc with an average of 24.4 cc. In minipaprika orange type, fruit weight ranged from 19.7 g to 42.4 g (average, 29.0 g) and fruit length/width varied from 1.5 to 2.6 (average, 2.0). Pericarp thickness varied from 2.1 mm to 4.1 mm with an average of 3.0 mm. TSS varied from 5.0˚Brix to 12.2˚Brix (average, 7.9˚Brix) and average fruit volume was 24.6 cc ranging from 10.7 cc to 35.0 cc. The average fruit quality characters in F2 population in both yellow and orange minipaprika did not differ from their F1 hybrid parent and F2 seed can be an additional way to supply high yielding hybrid cultivars at lower cost to the minipaprika growers.

We developed an efficient protocol for transformation of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) root cultures by using cotyledon leaf explants that were infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. We found that four different strains of A. rhizogenes differed in their ability to transform P. grandiflorum hairy root cultures. We also found correct antibiotics concentration for selection after transformation by Agrobacterium. Our results demonstrate that use of suitable strain of A. rhizogenes and correct level of antibiotics for the hairy root culture, and may allow to study and apply of valuable metabolites like phenolic compounds from P. grandiflorum hairy root culture.

Allium sativum, belongs to a member of the onion family (Alliaceae) are economically important vegetables because of the culinary value and medicinal purpose. Using PCR strategy with degenerated primers targeted to conserved regions of orthologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) sequences available, full-length PAL and C4H from A. sativum. The amino acid sequence of these genes is highly conserved, particularly AsPAL and AsC4H has greater than 70% amino acid identity to other plants. AsPAL and AgC4H were most highly expressed in roots of A. sativum, whereas lowest level of transcript was detected in flower. Phenolic compounds most highly produced in flowers of A. sativum. The presented sequences and expression an alysis of PAL and C4H will provide possible material to enhance the understading of phenolic compounds synthesis in A. sativum.

family in the Brassica genome sequences by computational approach. The MITE family showed a total of 264bp length including 36bp terminal inverted repeats and remained 2bp (TA) targets it eduplication by its insertion. By searching the genome database of Brassica species, 516, 227, and 15 members were identified from 470Mbp of Brassica oleraceae, 154Mbp of B.rapa and 15Mbp of B.napus, respectively, indicating that there are approximately 692, 760, 1235 copies in B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes,respectively. A total of 225 relatively intact MITE members, 146,68, and 11 members, which showed >80% sequence similarity and sequence coverage were identified and retrieved for MITE analysis from B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes, respectively. Out of 225 MITE family members 159 having full structure of MITE and 66 having the truncated end either in right TIR or left TIR. Insertion polymorphism due to insertion or non-insertion of MITEs showed high level of polymorphism among accessions intra and inter species of Brassica. The new MITE would provide abetter tool for study molecular breeding in Brassica species and also helpful to understand their contribution in evolution and diversification of the highly duplicated Brassica genome.

Corn (Zea Mays L.), the third cereal crop in the world, is not known well in Mongolia. The corn research program was started in 2004 with collaboration of International Corn Foundation (ICF), International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) of KNU, Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS), Mongolian University of Agriculture (MUA) and Mongolia International University (MIU) in Ulaanbaatar. Since that time approximately 2000 genotypes were planted. Within 6 years of research we have succeeded in forming Mongolian corn population (MCP). In 2009, some promising segregating parental line crosses and inbreds were selected at Plant Science and Agriculture Research Training Institute (PSARTI) in Darkhan, 250 km toward the North from the capital city, and in greenhouse of Kunwi, Korea for further breeding. To develop corn hybrids we selected lines based on yield potential, cold tolerance and early maturity. Early plantings in the mid of May as well as tolerance to cold would permit longer growing cycle for higher yield. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed highly significance within lines, which means we can easily select cold tolerance and early maturing lines and breeding materials for further breeding program. Due to lack of plant proteins and Vitamin A deficiency, health of Mongolians has been affected. We consider corn can be a solution to reducing pasture and soil erosion. Breeding and cultivation of locally adapted stress tolerant stable corn hybrids may boost livestock industry and improve people’s health for Mongolians.

Perilla is a genus as a member of the mint family Lamiaceae which is known to contain lots of volatile metabolite. Perilla has been called as ‘deulkae’ indicating ‘wild sesame’ that means it has been maintained in Korea with long history. It has been very friendly used as edible oil and as fresh leaf vegetable. Perilla oil is valued for its medicinal benefit because it contains best amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially for the alpha-linolenic acid, known to omega-3 fatty acid, among all of the plant oils. It also include many beneficial phytochemicals. However, little study is conducted on their genetics. Here, we announce construction of well normalized and full length enriched-perilla cDNA library from a whole plant of one cultivar ‘Youngho-deulkae’ and their sequence characterization to provide useful resources for genetics, breeding and metabolite engineering. By sequencing of 5,760 cDNA clones, we 5,438 high quality EST sequences. Sequence trimming and assembly resulted 3,995 unigenes which consists 1,004 contigs and 2,991 singletones. Unigenes that showed little homology at the DNA sequence level with known genes in other plants even though they showed similarity at the protein domain level based on BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX. This study may provide good resources for initiation of further genomics, comparative genomics, functional genomics such as metabolic engineering and molecular breeding.

본 연구는 나리의 종간잡종 육성체계를 확립하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 OA hybrid 중 자발적으로 생식세포 염색체가 배수화된 계통을 이용하여 후대 획득과 후대검정에 필요한 실험을 수행하여 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 2n 화분을 생산하는 OA hybrid의 경우 화분의 채취시기에 따른 생존율과 발아율은 10월에 비해 6월이, 생존율은 n성 화분이, 발아율은 2n성 화분이 높았다. 2n 화분을 생산하는 2배체 OA hybrid와 2배체

Mongolia is known as the livestock country for 800 years from the period of Chinggis Khaan Empire. The livestock has been raised without corn, a high quality feed. Hence, the meat of Mongolia has not been exported. In 2004, International Corn Foundation (ICF) and KNU in Korea initiated corn breeding program for Mongolia with Mongolian Academy of Science and Agricultural University of Mongolia. Since that time approximately 2000 genotypes were planted in Agricultural Research Station in Darkhan, Mongolia. Within 4years of research we have succeeded in forming Mongolian corn population (MCP), which can be used to breed locally adapted varieties in different zones. MCP characterizes early maturity, cold and drought tolerances. In 2008, 160 S1 were planted and 16 lines were selected. For further inbreeding and population improvement we planted all 16 lines in KNU vinyl house at Kunwi in late September. F1 crosses and advanced S3 lines will be tested in 2009 first time for hybrid development in Mongolia.