본 연구는 지역별로 수집한 유채 균핵병 균주에 대해 등록 된 3종의 약제를 사용하여 저항성 검정을 실시하였고, 저항성 발생 가능성이 있는 약제의 작용 기작과 관련한 유전자를 분석하여 변이 유무를 확인하였다. 1. Carbendazim-diethofencarb 약제배지의 경우, 0.1 ppm 농도에서 균사 생장 억제율은 13.3~41.9% 범위로 나타났으며, 1 ppm 이상의 농도에서는 모든 균주에서 96.1% 억제율을 보여 균주의 저항성이 확인되지 않았다. 2. Fludioxonil 약제배지는 0.1 ppm 농도에서 균사의 생장이 94.2% 이상 억제되었으며, 1 ppm 농도에서부터 100%의 억제 율을 보여 가장 약제 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타나 수집한 모든 균주에서 약제의 감수성을 확인하였다. 3. Boscalid 약제배지는 앞선 2종의 약제에 비해 균주의 균사 생장 억제가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 특히 10 ppm 농도에서 무안 수집 균주는 93.9%, 나주 수집 균주는 79.3%로 지역 간 차이가 있었으며, 1000 ppm의 높은 약제 농도에서도 균사의 생장을 100%까지 억제하지 못해 약제에 대한 균주의 저항성 발생 가능성을 추측하였다. 4. 3종의 시험 약제 농도별 균핵병 균주의 균사 생장을 50% 억제하는 농도(EC50)를 분석한 결과, Fludioxonil, Carbendazim-diethofencarb, Boscalid 약제순이었으며, 그 값은 각각 0.06, 0.16, 0.43 ppm으로 나타났다. 5. 또한, 3종의 시험 약제 농도별 발생한 균주의 균핵 형성 능력은 1 ppm 농도에서 Carbendazim-diethofencarb는 5.6개, Fludioxonil은 0개로 나타난 반면, Boscalid는 최대 11.3개의 균핵이 형성되어 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 6. Boscalid 약제에 대한 균주의 저항성을 확인하기 위해 해당 약제의 작용 기작인 SDHI와 관련된 유전자 SdhB를 염기 서열 분석하였다. 염기서열 분석 결과 무안 및 부산에서 수집 한 균주의 경우 SdhB 표준 염기서열과 일치하여 감수성이었으나, 나주, 당진, 제주, 영암에서 수집한 균주는 32번째 염기 가 C→T로 치환되어 GCA(Alanine)→GTA(Valine) 점 돌연변이를 확인하였다.

This study was to identify the effect of the satisfaction of certification, the educational use of the company offering certificate, the system of confirmation of the same model and the demographic aspect on the companies to see if compulsory certification(KC certificate) has negative effects on company management. First, the satisfaction of certification could reflect positive influences on company management. Second, there is no statistical significance in the education from the company offering certificate as a result of analyzing relationships but education is required and has an effect on improving quality according to the result of frequency analysis. Last, the system to declare by identifying the same model has a difference in significance in sales account, the development of products and warranty service for products.

This study analyzed that the infant carrier standard affects the satisfaction of certification. Baby Carrier Safety requirements in the Republic of Korea is enforceable by court duty certification. Therefore, a test was conducted to compare with the safety requirements of the United States and Europe and the survey was conducted to know how much manufacturers and importers are satisfied with the certification. According to the test result, there is a difference between domestic and foreign safety requirements about flame retardancy. As a result of the survey, The satisfaction of the certification is proportionate to the one of product standard.

Internal engine is the main power source of vehicle and is the main source of air pollution. To satisfy this getting rigorous emission regulation, it must be solved simultaneously the dilemma of reducing emission gas and increasing heat efficiency. Diesel engine is preferred compare with gasoline engine in aspect of energy consumption but it must be solved reducing the containing of NOx, CO and HC. In this study: 1. Looking for alternative of performance improvement of Exhaust Gas Recirculation(EGR) which is emission gas reduction system. 2. Reducing malfunction of controlling emission gas. 3. Made possible precision control.

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is an important pest in rice paddies. Because BPH cannot survive under low temperature conditions (<12℃), its outbreak in temperature areas depends on migration from overwintering areas of BPH. Geospatial distribution of BPH overwinterng area would be changed under future climate. The objective of the present study was to assess potential areas for BPH overwintering in Asia under current and future climate conditions. To reduce model uncertainty, we explored an ensemble modeling approach using five species distribution models (SDMs) and climate data from five general circulation models (GCMs). For future projections, outputs from an SDM with five sets of GCM data were averaged into a single map. Then, five maps from individual SDMs were summarized to assess the potential overwintering areas of BPH. Overall, the BPH overwintering areas expanded northward under future climate conditions. The degree of expansion in overwintering areas differed by region. For example, the uppermost boundary of BPH overwintering areas shifted north about 150 Km in southern China by 2050s. In Japan, small areas in the southern Kyushu were projected as potential areas of BPH overwintering. These results indicated that migration of BPH into East Asia including northern China, Korea, as well as Japan would occur early in the growing season, which could result in considerable damages in rice production.

This paper study is to identify the effect of quality certification incentives regulations to a firm. The pur purpose of this study is to propose the right way of improvement and policy by conduct research for quality certification incentives regulations, which applied by public procurement service for office furniture. For more accuracy, this study analyze the result of questionnaire, visiting, telephone survey conducted by office furniture manufacturer those are registered in MAS (Multiple Award Schedule System)

The number of domestic smartphone users exceeded 30 million people, and the time in the future everyone will use a smartphone that will come with ago. Past purchase decisions, related research and product from the competition between the past case and the relevant literature for the smartphone market smartphone type to derive a purchase decision factors in the decision to purchase any difference between the factors. Literature and practices through performance, switching costs, product loyalty, design, brand, after-sales service, the price more than 7 variables were analyzed. One hundred people surveyed, respectively, did not obtain the response of a variety of ages and occupations , age of the sample used in the analysis of this study, and is concentrated as a student at the university of smartphones used to facilitate users analysis was done. We expect smartphone companies and related companies to be able to give guidelines for effective technology management.

De facto standards can be divided into the U.S. group standards' and 'forum and the consortium standard. mainly applies to high-tech industry forums, and a consortium standard of the industry given the nature of the standard are frequently revised, the country Due to the introduction of standard time. Economic loss to consider when in reality, the introduction of national standards of the United States is limited to the desirable standard, and the fact the actual award of standards, national standards, or if you want to introduce standard, each of depending on the type of attitude and strategy for standards by category, based on the characteristics of each body strategy and are needed. Through this study on utilization of de facto standards for national standards, it is researched that major de facto standards bodies status and domestic industrial fields which need utilization of de facto standards for national standards. Through overseas Case, effective usage of de facto standards will be obtained.

This study presented a model of enterprise that operates an integrated system, and studied about an integrated element of ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 standard. In addition to this, it grasped what the obstacle elements are in use of an integrated system, and analyzed the effect in use of an integrated system through the survey on 58 enterprises that operate an integrated system, From the result of this study, we have known that the obstacle elements in operation of an integrated system are in lack of understanding of process, in lack of execution ability of system, in unfamiliarity of system and lack of willingness of the executives.

This study aimed at working out a practical plan in order that National Quality Award may be helpful to develop enterprises. In line with this aim, this study investigated the cases of foreign countries that evaluate the quality managements of enterprises on the basis of the standard model, and the aftereffect of winning the award, and its influence on management performance. Investigation was focused on the companies that won Quality National Award as a result of quality innovation activities and met with good results since then and finally won Korea Quality Grand Prix 3 years after winning the award, and questionnaire was performed to the directors of the competent authorities. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail, and its questions were made with a help from the advisers of National Quality Award. Questions were mostly focused on four parts, the general states of enterprises, the operation system of National Quality Award, the after effect of winning the award, and management performance shown after winning the award.

The 'Excellent Quality Competitive Enterprises' selection system began with the government's selection and announcement of 'Top 100 Excellent Quality Competitive Enterprises' in 1997 in accordance with Article 6 of the Quality Management and Safety Control of Industrial Products Act and Article 5 (Selection of excellent quality management enterprises, etc.) of the Act's Enforcement Decree. The content of the research and analysis results is summarized as follows: 1. The participation and confidence of enterprises in the differentiation of the assessment system for the excellent quality competitive enterprises selection system is high: from the initial year to the present, 10% of enterprises have participated in the system for over 10 years and since 2000 participating enterprises have been on a steady rise. 2. The distribution of participating enterprises is not limited to any specific region but is spread nationwide, while the participation scale and business types also are being evenly distributed. 3. From the perspective of management performance, as compared with the average of domestic manufacturing businesses or that of U.S. manufacturing businesses, an analysis found that among management results, the excellent quality competitive enterprises achieved far higher sales growth and operating profit rate on sales, however their own capital ratio and debt to equity ratio appeared to be slightly higher.

In order to know the degenerating state of postnatal cleft lip tissue, total 23 cases of lip biopsy obtained from cleft lip surgery were collected and examined pathologically. The cleft lip tissues characteristically disclosed epithelial hyperplasia (13/23), stromal myxoid degeneration (20/23), salivary gland degeneration (1/23), muscular degeneration (11/23), and sebaceous gland hyperplasia (15/23), melanocytic infiltration (5/23). The epithelial hyperplasia was marked with hyperkeratosis and basal hyperplasia, which was usually coincident with the myxoid degeneration of underlying connective tissue. The myxoid degeneration was diffuse in the deep connective tissue with chronic inflammatoryreaction, and followed by extensive muscular degeneration. The sebaceous gland hyperplasia was usually predominant in the skin area of the cleft lip. In this study the lip biopsy from 30years old patient still showed remarkable retrogressive degeneration of lip tissue. Therefore, it is considered that the postnatal cleft lip tissue is continuously degenerative, and its retrogressive change gradually affects the deterioration of perioral muscular structures, consequently resulted in the failure of lip functions as well as further bizarre malformation of oro-facial shape during the postnatal period. These data also indicate that the biopsy of postnatal cleft lip should be recommended to know its variable degenerating status and to perform the proper rehabilitation surgery of cleft lip.

Hedera helix 11계통, Hedera rhombea 3계통, Fatshedera lizei 1계통, 그리고 Fatsia japonica 1계 통을 수집하였다. RAPD primer 10개를 이용하여 수 집된 3속의 재료들의 유전적 다양성을 측정하였다. 3 속을 재료로 사용하여 밴드간 96.9%의 높은 다형성을 보였다. 총 97개의 RAPD 밴드를 이진화하여 UPGMA 방법을 이용하여 계통도를 작성하였다. Hedera helix 계통들은 모두 1개의 그룹에 속하였으며 8계통의 유전 적 거리는 극도로 적었으며 나머지 3계통 역시 유전적 으로 가까웠다. 하지만 형태적으로는 높은 다형성을 보 였다. 따라서 수집된 유전자원을 이용한 돌연변이체 개 발이 가능성이 있는 방법으로 제시되었다. Fatsia japonica는 유전적으로 관계성이 적어 다른 종들과 평 균 0.63의 유전적 거리를 보였다. Hedera helix와 Fatsia japonica 속간 교배를 통하여 개발된 Fatshedera lizei는 Hedera rhombea 계통들과 함께 계통도에서 위치하였다.

본 연구는 공정육묘시 삽목용토, 셀크기 및 시비체 계가 국화묘의 생장과 정식 후 생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 하추국 정운을 공시하여, 상토 는 TKS1, 훈탄, 훈탄+코코피트, 산흙(관행)과 플러그 트레이 크기를 72구, 128구, 200구로 하여 유묘의 생 육을 조사하였다. 양액농도 처리는 EC 0.9, EC 1.8, EC 2.6dS·m-1, 관행(요소 0.3%)로 하여 삽목 후 10 일부터 1, 3, 5회로 엽면살포 하였다. 상토의 종류에 있어서 묘소질은 훈탄+코코피트(1:1, v/v) 상토에서 가 장 양호하게 나타났으며, 이 후의 생육에 있어서도 가 장 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 그러나 시판용 상토인 TKS1에서는 초기 생육은 다소 도장되는 경향이었다. 어린 묘와 수확 전 식물체의 생육은 72구 플러그 트레이에서 가장 양호하였으며, 그 이하의 크기(128과 200구) 트레이에서는 초장 및 생체중이 감소하는 경향 이었으나, 정상묘의 생산에는 문제없었다. 삽목에 의한 국화 플러그묘 생산에 있어 양액농도와 처리횟수가 많 을수록 초장 등 생장이 늘어났으나, 0.9dS·m-1는 생장 이 너무 더디었고, 2.6dS·m-1는 과번무 등 농도장해를 보여, EC 1.8dS·m-1와 5회 처리가 가장 양호한 것으 로 나타났다.

탈취온도가 옥수수기름의 냉각시험 및 발연점에 미치는 영향을 측정해 보았다. 탈취온도가 상승할수록 투입되는 탈납유 대비 탈취유의 냉각시험 결과는 현저히 하락하였으며, 260℃ 이상에서는 그 정도가 극심하여 이는 포화도 증가 및 SU_2, S_2U, S_3형 triglycerides 함량 증가와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 추측되었다. 한편, 발연점은 탈취온도 240℃에서 가장 높은 242℃를 나타내었고, 탈취온도 245∼270℃의 범위에서는 235∼238℃로 하락하였으며, 이러한 현상은 시료유의 산값과 반비례하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 일반 이화학적 특성, 지방산 조성 등과 함께 냉각시험 및 발연점에서도 고온탈취는 악영향을 미치는 것으로 판명되었다.

옥수수 글루텐을 식물성 효소인 파파인으로 가수분해하여 글루덴 펩타이드를 생산하였다. 생산된 글루텐 펩타이드류는 인이온 존재 하에서 인이온과 칼슘이온과의 침전형성을 방지하여 칼슘의 용해성을 증진시켰다. 칼슘이온의 용해도는 8.3㎎의 펩타이드 존재시 대조구에 비해 5.2배 증대되었다. 산성 아미노산의 함량이 매우 높은 이들 펩타이드류를 Delta pak 칼럼을 이용하여 분획하였으며 이들 분획가운데 3번째 분획이 가장 높은 칼슘 용해성을 보였다.