According to the so-called 'NP/DP parameter,' languages with articles may project both DP and NP in the nominal domain, while those without can have at most NP with the DP layer missing (Fukui (1988), Chierchia (1998), Bosković (2008), inter alia). Recently, extending this line of reasoning to the clausal domain, Bosković (2010) argues that article-less languages, such as Hindi, Japanese, Korean and Turkish, do not have TP in the clausal architecture. This paper aims to closely examine whether Bosković's claim, referred to as 'TP parameter,' is tenable. We show that careful reconsideration of TP parameter is required since it undergenerates: i.e., there are a number of empirical data in Korean, an article-less language, which it wouldn't be easy to explain unless TP is postulated. The data revealing problems for the parameter include (i) the dependency of licensing negation upon TP in key-ha-la imperatives; (ii) the availability of sentential negation and a verbal predicate in a resulting clause in resultatives; and (iii) the asymmetry between clausal ellipsis and replacement of the pro-form kulehkey.

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of fungicides on control of brown leaf blight, growth characteristics, and dry root yield in the cultivation of Alisma plantago after early maturing rice cropping. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth and flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major fungicides were mancozeb Wp, 75%, chlorothalonil Wp, 75%, dithianon Wp, 43%, difenoconazole Wp, 10%, benomyl Wp, 50%, and propineb Wp, 70%. Dry root of yield were increased largely with chlorothalonil Wp, 75%(33 g/20), fungicide than the other fungicides and control. All fungicides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand all fungicides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

Four introduced forage rape (Brassica napus) cultivars, 'Akela', 'Ramon', 'Sparta', and 'Velox' and a leading rapeseed cultivar, 'Hallayuchae' were grown at nitrogen (N) rates of 0, 100, 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/ha to (i) select forage rape cultivars adapted best to Cheju area, and (ii) determine the optimum N rate for the best cultivars. Days from seeding to flowering across the cultivars increased 190 to 195 days as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg/ha. Average days to flowering of six cultivars ranged from 182 to 198 days. Plant height increased as N rate increased up to 300 kg/ha and then decreased with a further increase in N rate and ranged from 159 to 174 cm among the cultivars. The optimum N rate for the greatest dry matter yield of five cultivars ranged from 222 to 258 kg/ha. Sparta showed the greatest dry matter yield (35.79 Mg/ha), followed by Akela, Hallayuchae, Velox, and Ramon. As N rate increased, crude protein content linearly increased but crude fiber content declined curvilinearly. Akela and Sparta had higher protein content than the other cultivars did. The forage cultivars had lower crude fiber content than the oilseed cultivar Hallayuchae did. Our results demonstrated that Sparta was best adapted to Cheju area and the optimum N rate for Sparta was about 220kg/ha.