We study galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping in the Virgo cluster to examine whether we can identify any discernible trend in their star formation activity. We first use 48 galaxies undergoing different stages of stripping based on Hi morphology, Hi deficiency, and relative extent to the stellar disk, from the VIVA survey. We then employ a new scheme for galaxy classification which combines Hi mass fractions and locations in projected phase space, resulting in a new sample of 365 galaxies. We utilize a variety of star formation tracers, which include g - r, WISE [3.4]-[12] colors, and starburstiness that are defined by stellar mass and star formation rates to compare the star formation activity of galaxies at different stripping stages. We find no clear evidence for enhancement in the integrated star formation activity of galaxies undergoing early to active stripping. We are instead able to capture the overall quenching of star formation activity with increasing degree of ram pressure stripping, in agreement with previous studies. Our results suggest that if there is any ram pressure stripping induced enhancement, it is at best locally modest, and galaxies undergoing enhancement make up a small fraction of the total sample. Our results also indicate that it is possible to trace galaxies at different stages of stripping with the combination of Hi gas content and location in projected phase space, which can be extended to other galaxy clusters that lack high-resolution Hi imaging.

As the number of North Korean refugees increases in South Korean, their acculturation to life in their host country is coming to be an important social issue. This study explores some clothing-related barriers experienced by North Korean refugees and their moderating effects on acculturation to South Korea. Data were collected using a self-administered survey of 163 female and 37 male North Korean refugees in South Korea aged 20 to 69 years. Descriptive analyses, t-tests, ANOVA, Duncan tests, and moderated multiple regression were conducted using SPSS 20.0 and Process Macro v.3.3. The results show that the North Korean refugees who participated in the study had experienced clothing-related barriers regarding fashion terminology and shopping rituals in South Korea. In particular, those in their 60s perceived more clothing-related barriers than those in their 20s and 30s. Next, the clothing-related barriers experienced by North Korean refugees have a negative moderating influence on the relationship between self-esteem and acculturation in South Korea. This study provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between fashion and the acculturation of North Korean refugees to South Korea. The results of the study can be also helpful of government policy makers, practitioners, and academics to develop education programs for North Korean refugees.

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were treated by electroless plating of CuO to improve their removal performance for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The properties of these samples(CuO@ACFs) were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), BET and N2O chemisorption to determine the area and dispersion of metallic CuO. The removal efficiency for benzene was investigated by gas chromatography (GC). The breakthrough time of CuO@ACFs increased by approximately 120% compared to that of untreated ACFs at benzene of 100 ppm. CuO@ACFs removed 100% of the benzene in 20 h, indicating this material can be used as a removal technology for VOCs.

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily enzymes in mammals and plays a major role in metabolizing endogenous hormones in the liver. In recent days, CYP1A2 expression has been found in not only the liver but also other tissues including the pancreas and lung. However, little information is available regarding the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovary, in spite of the facts that the ovarian follicle growth and atresia are tightly associated with controls of endocrine hormonal networks. Therefore, the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovaries of prepubertal and pubertal rats was investigated to assess its expression pattern and puberty-related alteration. It was demonstrated that the expression level of CYP1A2 was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the pubertal ovaries than prepubertal counterparts. At the ovarian follicle level in both groups, whereas CYP1A2 expression was less detectable in the primordial, primary and secondary follicles, the strongly positive expression of CYP1A2 was localized in the granulosa cell layers in the antral and pre-ovulatory follicles. However, the ratio of CYP1A2-positive ovarian follicle was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the ovary of pubertal group (73.1 ± 3.1%) than prepubertal one (41.0 ± 10.5%). During the Immunofluorescence, expression of CYP1A2 was mainly localized in Fas-positive follicles, indicating the atretic follicles. In conclusion, these results suggested that CYP1A2 expression was mainly localized at the atretic follicular cells and affected by the onset of puberty. Further study is still necessary but we hypothesize that CYP1A2 expresses in the atretic follicles to metabolize residue of the reproductive hormones. These findings may have important implications for the fields of reproductive biology of animals.

Direct injection of genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos has been widely used to generate genetically engineered pigs. The approach allows us to produce pigs carrying targeted modifications at high efficiency without having to apply somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the targeted modifications during embryogenesis often result in mosaicism, which causes issues in phenotyping founder animals and establishing a group of pigs carrying intended modifications. This study was aimed to establish a genomic PCR and sequencing system of a single blastomere in the four-cell embryos to detect potential mosaicism. We performed genomic PCR in four individual blastomeres from four-cell embryos. We successfully amplified target genomic region from single blastomeres of 4-cell stage embryo by PCR. Sanger sequencing of the PCR amplicons obtained from the blastomeres suggested that PCR-based genotyping of single blastomere was a feasible method to determine mutation type generated by genome editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9 in early stage embryos. In conclusion, we successfully genotyped single blastomeres in a single 4-cell stage embryo to detect potential mosaicism in porcine embryos. Our approach offers a simple platform that can be used to screen the prevalence of mosaicism from designed CRISPR/Cas9 systems.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2018년 분홍색계 소 형 호접란 ‘Tiny Bell’을 육성하였다. 2010년 진분홍색 다화 성 소형 품종 Phalaenopsis ‘D07PN16’와 연분홍색 소형종 P. ‘D03PN22’를 모본과 부본으로 교배하였다. 2014년 생육이 우 수하고 화색, 화형, 꽃대수 등 개화 특성이 우수한 ‘10531-53’ 개체를 선발하여 기내 화경배양을 통해 증식하였다. 2014년부 터 2018년까지 1차, 2차특성검정을 통해 품종의 안정성과 균 일성을 확인한 후 ‘Tiny Bell’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 밝은 보라빛 분홍색(RHS, PVGN80A)을 띄며, 가장자리에 백색무늬 를 가지는 것이 특징이다. 평피기 형태의 꽃은 길이와 폭이 각각 3.89, 4.01cm이며, 총상화서로 분지가 발생한다. 1개의 꽃대에 19.7개의 소화가 착생하여 꽃 수가 많이 달리는 다화 성이며, 꽃대 길이는 28.48cm정도이다. ‘Tiny Bell’은 생육시 잎이 수평으로 자라며 길이와 폭은 각각 13.1cm, 5.3cm였다. 신품종인 ‘Tiny Bell’은 소형 분화용으로 이용 가능할 것이다.

Investors aim to maximize the return rate for their own investment, utilizing various information as possible as they can access. However those investors, especially individual investors, have limitations of interpretation of the domain-specific information or even the acquisition of the information itself. Thus, individual investors tend to make decision affectively and frequently, which may cause a loss in returns. This study aims to analyze analysts’ target price and to suggest the strategy that could maximize individual’s return rate. Most previous literature revealed that the optimistic bias exists in the analysts’ target price and it is also confirmed in this study. In this context, this study suggests the upper limit of target rate of returns and the optimal value named ‘alpha(α)’ which performs the adjustment of proposed target rate to maximize excess earning returns eventually. To achieve this goal, this study developed an optimization problem using linear programming. Specifically, when the analysts’ proposed target rate exceeds 30%, it could be adjusted to the extent of 59% of its own target rate. As apply this strategy, the investors could achieve 1.2% of excess earning rate on average. The result of this study has significance in that the individual investors could utilize analysts’ target price practically.

Since a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology was first reported in China in December 2019, the number of confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) worldwide has been increasing, and nearly two million patients are expected to have died by February 2021. Globally, COVID-19 is being considered a primary pulmonary disease, but it is more than a lung infection. This is because patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 present with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms involving many organs, ranging from fever, inflammation, myocardial injury, shock, and the development of coronary artery aneurysm. SARS-CoV-2 shows unique characteristics in its transmission, mortality, and stability in different environmental conditions. During COVID-19 pandemic, about 10 drugs have been clinically tried with none proven to be effective. With no prospect for effective drugs in the near future, there are currently possibilities of success with vaccines and convalescent plasma. Along with the prospect of vaccines and other therapeutic drugs, special precautions (isolation, testing, treating, and tracing) are strictly recommended until we return to normal situations. In this review we comprehensively analyzed the clinical presentations, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19, and tried to assess the clinical effects of some drugs as part of the ongoing efforts to understand COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigated the residue of tulathromycin (TLM) on the lung tissue of pigs intramuscularly injected with 2.5 mg/kg body weight as a single dose. Nine healthy cross swine were intramuscularly injected with the drug. Three treated animals were arbitrarily selected to be sacrificed at 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment. TLM residue concentrations in lung tissue were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The drug was extracted from lung samples using acetonitrile followed by clean-up with n-hexane. The analyte was separated on a Hypersil GOLDTM liquid chromatography column using 0.1% formic acid in deionized distilled water and acetonitrile. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve was 0.9981, and the limits of detection and quantification were 10 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries at three spiking levels ranged between 95.0-98.2%, and relative standard deviations were less than 3.95%. In TLM-treated group, the concentration of TLM on 7, 10 and 14 days post-treatment was 627.3, 496.9, 259.1 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method is sensitive and reliable for detection of TLM in porcine lung tissues. In addition, it can detect below the maximum residue limits in animal-derived food products destined for human consumption.

가상 현실은 현재 미래 지향적인 IT 콘텐츠 분야이며 엔터테인먼트 분야뿐만 아니라 교육, 건축 및 의료 분야까지 꾸준히 확장되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 Unity3D 엔진을 사용하여 심리 치료 콘텐츠의 프로토 타입을 개발하여 심리 치료 콘텐츠로써 가상 현실의 가능성을 실험하고 분석하였다. 심리 치료 시스템과 연결될 수 있는 가상 현실 요소를 분석 한 후 효과적인 치료 요인을 도출하였다. 가상 현실은 다른 콘텐츠에 비해 몰입감과 현 존감이 매우 강한 콘텐츠이다. 현재 엔터테인먼트 산업은 가상 현실 분야에서 가장 발전 된 분야이지만 머지않아 가상 현실이 심리 치료 분야에서 주 콘텐츠가 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 심리 치료와 관련된 VR 콘텐츠를 연구하고 심리 치료에 효과적인 VR 요소를 추출한 후 Unity3D 엔진을 사용하여 무대 공포증을 치료할 수 있는 가상 현실 콘텐츠의 프로토 타입을 개발하였다. Unity3d 엔진은 VR 콘텐츠 제작에 효과적이고 최적화된 프로 그램이다. 실험 대상 환자와 충분한 피드백 후 환자에 최적화된 시나리오로 프로토타입이 개발되었다. 무대 공포증을 단계적으로 치료할 수 있는 심리 치료 콘텐츠 테스트 결과 일반 상담형, 자료 감상형 치료보다 치료 효과에 대한 만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 향후 개발된 환자 맞춤형 VR 심리 치료 콘텐츠 개발 연구를 위한 예비 연구로써, 심리 치료 콘텐츠로써의 VR의 가능성을 증명하는데 기여할 것이다.

디지털 게임은 인터넷과 정보통신기술의 발달로 인하여 점점 더 다양해지고 복잡해지고 있다. 기존의 게임분류를 넘어서 플레이어 관점 디지털게임의 특성을 반영한 새로운 게임 분류가 필요하다. 현재의 게임 분류들은 게임공급자의 입장에서 장르를 구분하는 일반적인 분류들이다. 본 연구에서는 디지털 게임 플레이어들이 게임을 할 때 활용하는 개인 마음속의 구성개념(personal construct)들을 분석하여 새롭게 나타나고 있는 디지털 게임들의 속성들을 찾아냈다. 개인 마음속의 구성개념들을 찾아내기 위하여 레퍼토리 그리드 인터뷰들을 수행하였다. 레퍼토리그리드방법은 사람들이 마음속에 가지고 있는 구성개념들을 찾아내기 위한 연역적인 연구 방법론이다. 이 방법론을 통하여 22명의 플레 이어들로부터 1,669개의 진술문들을 수집했다. 전문가 포커스 그룹을 통해서 진술문들에서 29개의 특성차원들을 찾아내었고 이를 12개의 카테고리, 그리고 게임 상태, 플레이어 구조, 물리적 환경, 그리고 게임 플로우의 4가지 메타 카테고리로 분류할 수 있었다. 기 존의 게임 분류들과 비교하여 볼 때 29개의 차원중에서 13개는 이전에 없던 새로운 특성 차원이었다. 결과적으로 새롭게 나타나는 디지털게임의 속성들은 기존의 게임들의 속성들과는 다른 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 도출한 차원들과 카테고리들은 앞으로 디지털 게임을 개발 디자인하고 평가하는데 있어서 가이드라인으로 활용할 수 있다.