Weed control ís the most ímportant íssue ín organíc farmíng systems that límít crop growth and theír yíeld. Fíeld experíments were conducted ín organíc soybean (Glycine max Merrí/l) to evaluate the weed suppressíon effects of salt and seawater treatment. Weed populatíon and fresh weíght were monítored after 6 weeks of saft and seawater treatments. The most ímportant weeds were Dígítaría sanguínalís, Portulaca oleracea, Tradescantía reflexa and Chenopodíum album var. centrorubrum, but also 6 other specíes were observed ín soybean arable fíeld. Soybean crops under seawater or theír solíds applicatíon were well grown. The results treated wíth salts and seawater índícate decreases by 13.4-30.8% ín weed densíty and by 18.0-43.2% ín theír fresh weíght and soíl hardness íncreases of up to 2.1-fold. Salt and seawater províded good addítíonal weed control, but they were caused a seríous problem ín deteríoratíon of soíl physícal propertíes.

Four seed vetch (Vicia tetrasperma), a biennial native leguminous plant, was used for a cover crop with different quantity of sowed seeds. Weed suppression and yield were evaluated for the red pepper cultivation in the following year of the vetch seeding. Seeding of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 kg 10 a suppressed weed occurrences until late in the growing season of the red pepper. Consequently, red pepper in the cover cropping system with seeding of 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 kg 10 a- I had a similar yield to the conventional red pepper. The ideal seed rate in four seed vetch was 3.0 and 4.5 kg 10 a ’ in terms of reducing weed occurrence as well as increasing growth and yield in red pepper.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil covering materials such as rice bran, rice hull and saw dust on garlic growth through a field experiment in wintertime. Rice bran was the smallest in term of particle size, but it recorded the highest level of bulk density. The missing plant rate after winter season was relatively high, 59.3%, and that of soil covering materials stood at the low level of 10%. Other growth factors recorded the highest level during application of rice bran. In terms of chemical properties of soil-covering materials, rice bran recorded the highest level of 1.84, 2.34 and 0.16% in the content of N, P, and K, respectively. The subsoil temperature was higher by application of rice bran as compared to that of other materials which stood at the lowest temperature (-90 C).

When paprika is cultivated during summer season, thrips starts to occur in the early growing season and reaches its peak in late June. In the treatment using Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris, natural enemies to thrips, thrips density was 87.6/trap and 51.31trap on June 23. After Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris were treated twice on June 24 and July 23, the number decreased considerably. On August 23, it was 36.9/trap and 40.3/trap and from the mid August to early September thrips density remained low. Effect of Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris on suppression of thrips density was 35.7% and 44.6% on July 22, however, the number went up to 88.8% and 80.5% on September 3.

Investigation on oriental melon was carried out for 30 minutes starting at 7 PM every day from March 21 to May 24 to find out the effect of light emitting diode on seedling quality, grafting, growth and flowering of oriental melon. According to the result of the investigation, plant height was longer in Blue, Infrared, Red+Blue and Red treatment and leaf number was higher in Blue, Red+Blue and Infrared treatment than those of control. No big difference was identified between control and Yellow, Green, Ultraviolet treatments. Grafting rate was high in Green, Red+Blue and Green treatment. The number of flower evef}' week in control was nine, the number was almost 1 higher in White and Ultraviolet A treatments, but it was 1 to 4 lower in the rest of treatments. The number of female flowers of control was 10, however, it was 21 in Infrared treatment, 17 in White, 15 in Ultraviolet, 13 in Red+lnfrared, 12 in Blue and Red+Blue, 11 in Yellow and 8 in Green.

The performance of grass filter strips (GFS) in abating P04-P concentrations from the forage cropland was tested in an experiment on the 10% slope in Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA) from October 2007 to September 2009. Forage croplands with rye-corn double cropping system applied with chemical fertilizer and livestock manure (LM) were compared in a natural condition. The plots were hydrologically isolated Main plots consisted of the length of GFS, such as Om, 5m, 10m and 15m. Sub plots consisted of the type of LM, such as chemical fertilizer (CF), composted cattle manure (CCM) and composted swine manure (CSM). Concentrations of P04-P in surface runoff water were reduced as the length of GFS increased. Especially, GFS with 10m and 15m reduced PO4-P concentrations significantly compared to that with Om and 5m (p<0.05). The results from this study suggest that GFS improved the removal and trapping PO4-P from forage croplands.

In organic farming agriculture, integration of cover crop into cropping system is recommended to improve the soil quality, prevent soil erosion, and control weeds. The aim of this study was to control weeds in soybean fields by integration of cover crops such as hairy vetch and rye. Due 10 cover crop mulching, weeds occurrence and growth were radically decreased. One month later after transplanting, weed growth inhibition rate of hairy vetch and rye treatment were 98% and 89% respectively, while crimson clover treatment were 50%. These effects last long over two month. The soybean yield of hairy vetch treatment was best. Therefore using hairy vetch as cover crop was highly recommended in organic soybean field.

Vinegar has been considered as a potential organic herbicide, but more knowledge is needed about acetic acid concentration, application volume and use of adjutants on weed control. In this study, we determíned optímum acetic acid concentration and spraying time on several weed species. Vinegar is more effective in broadleaf weeds than grasses. Vinegar is also effective in controlling younger weeds such as 3rd weeks to 4th weeks after emergency. For example, 3rd weeks after emergency weeds were easily controlled at 2-3% of vinegar solution. But 4th weeks after emergency weeds were controlled at 4-5% of vinegar. Therefore vínegar concentration was recommended about 5%, and application time was when the weeds were young - within 31eaf stage.

The development of humanized culture system of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold promise for therapeutic applications. However, conventional culture system contain animal-derived components such as fetal bovine serum and mouse embryonic fibroblasts that bear a risk of transmitting non-human pathogens and incorporation of non-human immunogenic molecules to hESCs. In this study, we developed an efficient xeno-free hESCs culture system using humanized materials, the CELLstartTM, human foreskin feeder and xeno-free medium containing knockOutTM SR XenoFree (XF-medium) without animal-derived material. The hESCs were gradually adapted to the XF-medium; 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. Two karyotypically normal hESC lines, SNUhES4 and H1, were used for the experiments of xeno-free culture condition. The attachment rates at xeno-free culture system were 52.6±12.4%, 67.0±16.6%, 59.0±13.9%, 28.3±2.9% in SNUhES4, 79.3±5.4%, 53.8±20.9%, 69.4 ±6.4%, 59.8±12.6% in H1 and the spontaneous differentiation rates were 42.2±12.7%, 31.4±2.9%, 40.8±14.5%, 55.2±35.5% in SNUhES4, 35.6±8.5%, 36.4±13.5%, 48.4±7.8%, 80.1±6.0% in H1 in the first four passage. Although the attachment rates were low and the spontaneous differentiation rates were high compared to that of conventional system in the early passages using this humanized culture condition, hESCs in this culture condition were found to maintain hESC characterizations; morphology, expression of cell surface markers and stable karyotype. Our results indicate that simplified compositions of humanized culture system can be applicable to the further optimization for a xeno-free culture of hESCs without the loss of pluripotency and contamination from xenogenic sources.

Controllable transgenic expression systems in transgenic animal model are valuable to the development of therapeutic approaches in human medical fields. The aim of this study was to 1) produce a transgenic cloned dog using inducible tetracycline vector system, and 2) investigate whether the transgenic cloned dog could be induced the transgene expression using doxycycline (Doxy). Canine fetal fibroblasts were infected with retroviral vectors designed to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene under the control of tetracycline-inducible promoter. For somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), nucleus of an in vivo matured oocyte was removed and an eGFP expressed cell cultured with 1 ㎍/㎖ of Doxy was injected. After electrical fusion and chemical activation, the reconstructed embryos were transferred to a recipient and pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography. Experiment I evaluated the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of infected cells while the cells were cultured in the presence of 1 ㎍/㎖ of Doxy for 5 days, and then in the absence of Doxy for 7 days using fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Experiment II was designed to produce an eGFP controllable transgenic cloned dog via SCNT. For verification of transgenic dog, experiment III was performed Southern Blot analysis and observation in vivo regulation of eGFP expression in the cloned dog treated with 100 ㎎/㎏ of Doxy every 2 days for 2 weeks under ultraviolet light. In experiment IV, western blot was used to detect eGFP increase and decrease in skin tissues of transgenic dog under the presence or absence of Doxy. In the results of experiment I, the MFI for infected cells was rapidly increased to approximately 42.3 times after 3 day-treatment compared to pre-treatment and quickly decreased 3 days after ceasing the treatment. In experiment II, a total of 203 embryos were transferred to nine recipients and three pregnant delivered three pups (Tet-on eGFP 0, Tet-on eGFP 1, and Tet-on eGFP 2) by C-sec and Tet-on eGFP 2 among them is still alive. All cloned pups were genetically identical to the donor cell. Tet-on eGFP 2 showed an apparent in vivo eGFP expression on her body after Doxy administration in experiment III. The result of Sothern blotting showed that the transgene insertion was detected from the three cloned dogs and all organs of Tet-on eGFP 1. Experiment IV indicated that a robust eGFP expression in skin tissue of Tet-on eGFP 2 rapidly increased after Doxy treatment and gradually decreased to basal level on 9 weeks after ceasing the treatment. In conclusion, we report here for the first time an inducible transgenic system in canine species and it can stably induce the transgene expression at intended time. This study has demonstrated the capacity to generate transgenic model dog which could regulate the transgene and it would contribute to human medical research fields.

Direct seeding is increasingly being practiced by rice farmers under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. The trend is the outcome of a scarcity of labour required for transplanting, simplicity and additional benefits associated with direct seeding. Flooding slows seed germination, imposes fatalities and delays seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. This study describes responses of contrasting rice genotypes subjected to flooding or low oxygen stress during germination and discusses of tolernace shown by certain cultivars. In expt, two tolerant('Khao Hlan On', 'Khaiyan') and two intolerant('IR 42', 'IR 64') genotypes were used for growth and survival measurements. To compare effects of priming, pre-germination and germination on anaerobic tolerant and intolerant lines. Length of the longest shoot was measured in seedlings grown under either a control or in flooded soil, and plant survival was calculated based on the number of seedlings that emerged from floodwater. All measurements were 21 d after sowing. Tolerant and intolerant genotypes had the same seeding survival under normal soil conditions. But survival of intolerant genotypes were lower than tolerant genotypes. Growth of tolerant genotypes were faster than intolerant genotypes. Among the treatment, treatment 3 was greater. Because treatment 3 emerged first from water. Among the after days 1, 3, 5, survival was highest in after day 1. The other side, To late seeding over time, survival decreased.

"Early Valley", is an early maturing potato cultivar with high yield potential. "Early Valley" is a clonal selection resulting from the cross between 'Suncrisp' and 'A87109-10'. It has medium plant height and light green foliage. "Early Valley" has medium flowering habit and white flowers. Tubers are smooth, yellow skin, light yellow flesh, round tuber shape, medium eye depth, and medium dormancy and good keeping quality. It has stable yield under wide range of climatic conditions. "Early Valley" is resistance to late blight, but moderately susceptible to common scab and hollow heart. This cultivar is also resistant to potato rotting at harvesting during the raining season. "Early Valley" has high level of antioxidant activity (about three times higher) and vitamin C (higher by 40%) than the 'Superior'. This cultivar has high level of tuber uniformity and capable of yielding 36.56 t/ha which is 17.07% higher than the control potato cultivar 'Superior' under optimum agronomical practices.

The cloning of canids was succeeded in 2005, several years after the birth of Dolly the sheep and also after the cloning of numerous other laboratory and farm animal species. The delay of successful somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)was due to the unique reproductive characteristics of the female dogin comparison to other domestic mammals, such as ovulation of immature canine oocyte and a requirement of 25 days for the completion of meiosis within the oviduct (Holst & Phemister, 1971). When the technology for the recovery of in vivo matured oocyte was established, the application of cloning also became possible and cloned dog offspring were obtained. This report summarizes the progress of technical procedures that are required for cloning canids and the application of this technique. The first cloned dog, Snuppy, was achieved using an in vivo-matured oocyte which was enucleated and transferred with an adult skin cell of male Afghan hound. After establishment of a criterion of well-matured oocyte for the improvement of SCNT efficiency, we obtained three cloned female Afghan hound and a toy poodle cloned from 14 year-old aged Poodle using SCNT through this factor. To date, cloned dogs appeared to be normal and those that have reached puberty have been confirmed to be fertile. Through application of canine SCNT technique, first, we demonstrated that SNCT is useful for conserving the breed of endangered animal from extinction through cloning of endangered gray wolves using inter-species SCNT and keeping the pure pedigree through the cloning of Sapsaree, a Korean natural monument. Secondly, we showed possibility of human disease model cloned dog and transgenic cloned dog production through cloning of red fluorescent protein expressing dog. Finally, SCNT can be used for the propagation of valuable genotypes for making elite seed stock and pet dog. In summary, dog cloning is a reproducible technique that offers the opportunity to preserve valuable genetics and a potential step towards the production of gene targeted transgenic cloned dogs for the study of human diseases.

2003년에 이상적으로 많이 발생하여 벼에 심각한 피해를 가져온 혹명나방의 재배방법별, 엽록소 함량별 피해실태를 조사하여 피해에 따른 수량반응, 미질변화 등을 구명하고자 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 혹명나방의 피해가 심할수록 벼의 등숙비율, 천립중의 감소와 복백립 등 미숙립의 증가에 따른 완전미 비율이 감소되어 완전미 수량이 피해가 심한 곳에서 36% 감소되었다. 2. 혹명나방의 피해가 심할수록 쌀의 외관상 품위가 떨어질 뿐만 아니라 단백질함량이 높아져 식미치는 감소되어 미질이 급격히 저하되었다. 3. 질소질 비료의 시용량이 증가할수록 혹명나방에 의한 피해는 증가하였으며, 특히 주남벼의 경우 질소량이 증가할수록 피해가 급증하였다. 4. 질소 시비량이 추천 시비량인 11 kg/10a를 초과시 피해엽율이 60% 이상으로 급증하였고, 60% 이상 피해를 입은 엽의 비율도 25%이상으로 늘어나 수량 감수 요인으로 작용하였다.