We test an evolution of a giant void using an N-body simulation. We find the void expansion is faster than the rest part of the universe and the shape of an isolated aspherical void becomes more spherical as it evolves.

거대한 평판형 격자구조물올 연속체 평판으로 모델링하기 위한 보다 용이한 기법올 에너지동둥 개 념에 근기 하여 제시하였다. 단위 격 자가 갖 는 탄성변형에너지와 운동에너지를 구 할때 기폰의 유한요소 행렬을 이용하였다. 연속체 평 판의 퉁 가불성치 는 연속체평판과 격자평판에 해당하는 축소된 강성 및 질 량행 렬들 올 직 접 비 교 하여 구하였다- 본 연구에서 제안된 모 델링기법이 기존의 잘 알려진 기볍들에 옷지 않는 좋 은 결 과를 보여주고 있음을 예제해석을 통해 확인하였다.

제 2 계 2 차모벤 프 밴언 점자합 포불체 근 사법의 역파정의 연산을 구하여 신뢰성설계에 적 용할 수 있 도 록 하였으며 ， 파괴 점을 二，'-하기 위한 신뢰성조낀 1선의 연산과정 을 수정하여 한계상태함수가 비선형인 경우 에도 문- 제마다 식 을 새로 수립하는 번 거로웅을 피하도록 하였다. SOSM j RC 조합방법을 이용하면 견 파적인 파괴확률은 목표파괴확률 에 부합하며 넓은 범위의 하중비 에 대해 시 의 일정 한 부분안 전 계수릎 얻 올 수 있다.

자연상태(自然狀態)에서 발현(發現)된 병반(病斑)을 이용(利用), 도열병균(稻熱病菌)의 포자형성량(胞子形成量)과 이탈량(離脫量)을 년(年)에 조사(調査)하였다. 절취(切取)한 병반(病斑)의 포자형성량(胞子形成量)과 자연상태하(自然狀態下)에서의 포자이탈량(胞子離脫量)은 병반발현후(病斑發現後) 일(日) 사이에 최고치(最高値)에 달(達)했으며 그 수(數)는 각각(各各) 16,200개(個)와 15,900개(個)였다. 자연상태하(自然狀態下)에서의 포자이탈(胞子離脫)은 30일간(日間) 지속(持續)되었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate affective factors that distinguish the high spoken English use group from the low spoken English use group among Korean EFL middle school students. This study focuses on the variables of communication strategy, willingness to communicate, self-concept, motivation, and anxiety. A questionnaire on communication strategy, willingness to communicate, self-concept, motivation, anxiety, and the use of spoken English was designed and administered to 112 students of eighth grade in a province. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) the middle school students’ levels of extrinsic motivation and speaking anxiety were high, while the levels of self-concept, intrinsic motivation, and the use of spoken English were low, (2) the highest positive relationship was found between willingness to communicate (WTC) and the use of spoken English, while the highest negative relationship was observed between speaking anxiety and the use of spoken English, (3) willingness to communicate (WTC), academic self-concept, and communication anxiety were statistically significant factors that distinguished the high spoken English use group from the low spoken English use group. Based on the findings, some suggestions were made in regard to helping students improve their use of spoken English.

본 연구는 예비유아교사의 다문화 신념, 다문화 수용성과 다문화 교수불안의 관계와 영향력을 분석해 봄으로써 예비유아교사 양성과정에서 필요한 다문화교육의 방향제시 및 다문화교수불안을 감소시킬 수 있는 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대구, 경북과 부산, 울산에 소재한 대학 유아교육과에 재학중인 교육 실습을 다녀온 예비유아교사 233명을 대상으로 다문화 신념, 다문화 수용성, 다문화 교수불안에 대한 일반적 경향과 각 변인간의 상관, 관련변인이 다문화교수불안에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 연구결과 첫째, 예비유아교사는 다문화 교수를 실시할 때나 실시하기 전에도 불안을 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 예비유아교사의 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성이 높을수록 다문화 교수불안이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다문화 교수불안에 대한 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성의 영향력이 유의미한 것으로 나타나 교사양성기관에서 다문화교육에 관한 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성을 기를 수 있는 교육을 통해 다문화 교수불안을 감소시키기 위한 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

The global trends of shorter delivery times and the safety of important payload in production networks are leading to higher synchronization efforts between production and delivery processes. By now, research activities in intelligent shipment are expanding quickly in the case of possibilities and importance of usage, which means payload that can identify, monitor or locate itself. In this study, it is proposed that new generation system for continuously monitoring payloads during delivery; real-time monitoring of truck loading states; a new improved algorithm for intelligent monitoring of delivery processing; the possibility of a detailed analysis of the truck loading states in real-time and payload safety; and more efficient truck tracking.

The attitude information of spacecraft can be obtained by the sensors attached to it using a star tracker, three-axis magnetometer, three-axis gyroscope, and a global positioning signal receiver. By using these sensors, the spacecraft can be maneuvered by actuators that generate torques. In particular, electromagnetic-torque bars can be used for attitude control and as a momentum-canceling instrument. The spacecraft momentum can be created by the current through the electrical circuits and coils. Thus, the current around the electromagnetic-torque bars is a critical factor for precisely controlling the spacecraft. In connection with these concerns, a solar-cell array can be considered to prevent generation of a magnetic dipole moment because the solar-cell array can introduce a large amount of current through the electrical wires. The maximum value of a magnetic dipole moment that cannot affect precise control is 0.25 A·m², which takes into account the current that flows through the reaction-wheel assembly and the magnetic-torque current. In this study, we designed a 300-W solar cell array and presented an optimal wire-routing method to minimize the magnetic dipole moment for space applications. We verified our proposed method by simulation.

The objective of the current study is to investigate and evaluate the annual and seasonal rainfall trends and patterns of the Punjab province, Pakistan during the 1981-2015. The spatial patterns and temporal trends were identified through the Modified Mann Kendall test. Finding revealed that 13 weather stations of Punjab province have shown the statistically significant decreasing trend of annual and summer monsoon rainfall during the study period. From further investigation, the rainfall during the summer monsoon period (JJAS) found to be increased by 12.45%, similarly the rainfall during the whole of year be also increased by 18.75%. The significant decreasing trends observed with the higher percentage change in annual and monsoon rainfall for the stations of Sialkot and Lahore in the northern and central Punjab. The empirical evidences suggested that northern Punjab gets more moisture as compared the Southern and Western Punjab. This study suggests intensive empirical research in the future to evolve further spatio-temporal trends in the rainfall pattern of Punjab.

Spacecraft requires sufficient power in orbit to perform its mission. So as to comply with system requirements, the sufficient power should be made by a solar cell array by photovoltaic power conversion. A life time of space program depends on its mission considering parts reliability and parts grade. Based on the mission life time, power equipment might be designed to meet specifications. In outer space, solar cell array might generate the dc power by photovoltaic conversion effects and GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells are used in this study. Space programs that require more than five years should select parts for high reliability applications. Therefore, reliability analysis for high reliability applications should be performed to check its fulfilment of the requirements. This program should also require more five years for its mission and we performed its analysis using parts count method (PCM) for its reliability. Finally, we performed reliability analysis and obtained quantitative figures found out 99.9%. In this study, we presented the reliability analysis of the 300 W GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cell array.

In this paper we present analysis of current density when the Cluster spacecraft pass the nightside auroral region at about 4-5 RE from the center of Earth. The analysis is made when the inter-spacecraft separation is within 200 km, which allows all four spacecraft to be situated inside the same current sheet. On 22 February 2002, two field-aligned current (FAC) events were observed in both the southern and the northern hemispheres. The FACs were calculated with magnetic field data obtained by the four spacecraft using the Curlometer method. The scales of the FACs along the spacecraft trajectory and the magnitudes were hundreds of kilometers and tens of nA/m2, respectively, and both events were mapped to the auroral region in the ionosphere. We also examined reliability of the results with some parameters, and found that our results are adequately comparable with other studies. Nevertheless, some limitations that decrease the accuracy of current estimation exist.

This paper newly discusses the anaphoric pro-clause construction from Korean in which the relative clause is replaced by the pro-form kulen, and attempts to account for its morphological and syntactic properties under the head-intial hypothesis for Korean. I propose that the copy of the raised relative clause is resumed as pro-form. I then argue that the head-initial approach offers simpler, superior derivations of various examples of this construction including right-dislocated ones than the head-final approach. In particular, the results of the discussions show why the head-final bi-clausal approach fails to deal with right-dislocation facts.

본 연구에서는 미급수지역의 주요 수원인 지하수의 수위 변동 상황을 기반으로 한 미급수지역 가뭄 예보 기법 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 지역화된 표준지하수지수(SGI)와 표준강수지수들(SPIs)의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 관측 지하수위로부터 산정된 SGI의 자기회귀 특성 및 지속기간별 SPI와 SGI의 상관관계를 동시에 고려할 수 있는 NARX (nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model) 인공신경망 모형을 이용하여 지역별 예측모형을 구축하였다. 학습기간 동안 관측 SGI와 모델 출력 SGI의 상관계수는 0.7 이상인 곳이 전체 167개 지역별 모형 중 146개(87%)로 상관성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 적용기간에 대해서는 평균제곱근오차와 상관계수로 모형을 평가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 기상청에서 제공하는 59 개 관측소별 강수량 전망 값으로부터 산정된 지속기간별 SPI와 관측된 지하수위를 이용한 지역별 SGI 전망이 가능하도록 하였으며, 미급수지역의 가뭄 예‧경보를 위한 기초자료로 활용이 가능토록 하였다.

본 연구에서는 미급수지역의 주요 수원인 지하수위 현황을 이용한 가뭄 모니터링 기법을 개발하기 위해 256개의 국가지하수관측망 관측 자료를 이용하여 관측소별, 월별 수위분포를 핵밀도함수로 추정하였다. 추정된 누적분포함수를 이용하여 월별 지하수위의 분위수를 구하고, 분위수를 정규화 하여 표준지하수지수(SGI)를 산정하였다. 관측소별로 산정된 SGI는 티센망을 이용하여 167개 시군별 SGI로 변환하였다. SGI의 범위에 따른 가뭄등급을 설정하여 시군별 지하수 가뭄 정도를 모니터링 할 수 있는 기법을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 계측이 이루어지지 않는 미급수지역의 지하수 가뭄상황을 국가지하수관측망을 활용해 간접적으로 판단할 수 있도록 하였다.

The nutritional properties of mackerel are strongly influenced by different cooking methods that can change its nutritional contents. In this study, we investigated the effects of two types of cooking method (i.e. baking and frying) on water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, niacin, and folic acid), fat-soluble vitamins (A and E), cholesterol, β-carotene, and minerals (K, P, Mg, Se, and Zn) and on the proximate composition of mackerel. Compared to the baked fish, contents of vitamins A and B1 and cholesterol were reduced by 56.52%, 59.93%, and 33.40% (p<0.05), respectively, in the fried fish. On the other hand, vitamin E and folic acid contents in the fried fish were significantly higher than those in the baked fish (p<0.05). Furthermore, niacin was detected only in the baked fish and β-carotene was found in neither the baked fish nor the fried fish. There was also no significant difference in moisture content between baked and fried fish samples. The fat, carbohydrate, and crude ash contents in fried fish were higher than those in baked fish; however, protein content in fried fish was about 3.73% lower than that in baked fish. Since different cooking methods have different effects on the nutrients of mackerel, nutritional value of mackerel could be enhanced by selecting the suitable cooking method.

Purpose - Based on preceding studies, this thesis focuses on the finding of the definition and category of mobile tourism application and deriving out its characteristics. And after looking for how they make influences on continuous intention to use, we make empirical study with TAM model. Research design, data, and methodology - There are many Chinese tourist who visit Korea with user's constant intention to use of tourism application. This study is to find out the definition and category of mobile tourism application through research of preceding study and to fomulate the research model and hypothesis that how tourism application attributes (convenience, interaction, accessibility, local basis, security) affect constant intention to use of mobile tourism application. In order to verify a hypothesis, we conducted a survey for Chinese users of tourism application. In empirical study, we analyzed a structure model for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, validity analysis through IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 and IBM SPSS AMOS 21.0 Results - Among tourism applications, convenience, interaction, accessibility and local basis have positive effects on both perceived usefulness and perceived easiness respectively. But security does not. Also perceived easiness has a positive effect on perceived usefulness. Finally, perceived usefulness and perceived easiness have positive effect on constant intent to use. Conclusions - Tourism application enterprises should put emphasis on design such as menu or function in order to simplify the operation of new services for new customers. Therefore, comfortable user interface and development of useful function can improve tourism application. Consequently, it leads to the promotion of tourism application. Also, when users perceive tourism application as a useful media which is easy, comfortable and useful content, the degree of constant intention to use becomes increased. It is important to provide plentiful and useful contents for customers and to develop user interface such as easy operation because these factors have positive effects on constant demand and use of tourism application.