We show how the rotation emission from isolated interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) can explain the so-called anomalous microwave emission (AME). AME has been discovered in the last decade as microwave interstellar emission (10 to 70 GHz) that is in excess compared to the classical emission processes: thermal dust, free-free and synchrotron. The PAHs are the interstellar planar nano-carbons responsible for the near infrared emission bands in the 3 to 15 micron range. Theoretical studies show that under the physical conditions of the interstellar medium (radiation and density) the PAHs adopt supra-thermal rotation velocities, and consequently they are responsible for emission in the microwave range. The first results from the PLANCK mission unexpectedly showed that the AME is not only emitted by specific galactic interstellar clouds, but it is present throughout the galactic plane, and is particularly strong in the cold molecular gas. The comparison of theory and observations shows that the measured emission is fully consistent with rotation emission from interstellar PAHs. We draw the main lines of our PLANCK-AKARI collaborative program which intends to progress on this question by direct comparison of the near infrared (AKARI) and microwave (PLANCK) emissions of the galactic plane.

We present the results of Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting of far-infrared galaxies detected in the AKARI Deep Field-South (ADF-S) Survey and discuss their physical properties. Additionally, we perform a comparison between photometric redshifts estimated using only optical and both optical and infrared data. We conclude that our sample consists mostly of nearby galaxies rich in dust and young stars. We observe an improvement in the estimation of photometric redshifts when the IR data are included, comparing to a standard approach based mainly on the optical to UV photometry.

Teratocytes are originated from embryonic serosal membrane of some endoparasitoid wasps. Cotesia plutellae eggs release teratocytes in parasitoid host hemocoel at hatch in about 150 cells per egg. Teratocytes of C. plutellae were cultured in an insect culture medium for at least 14 days. Teratocytes cultured in vitro showed no increase in cell numbers but increased in cell size. Similarly,teratocytes in parasitized larvae did not increase cell numbers, but increased their cell size. Microinjection of invitro cultured teratocytes in to third instar larvae of nonparasitized Plutella xylostella showed a dose-dependently inhibitory effect on development and larval-pupal metamorphosis. In addition, teratocytes prolonged the immature developmental period and reduced the pupation rate, in which young aged host larvae were more sensitive to teratocytes treatment than old larvae. These results suggest that teratocytes play a crucial role in successful parasitization of C.plutellae by altering host developmental program.

Cell transplantation therapy using adult stem cells has recently been identified as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). But, recovery after traumatic SCI is very limited. As dogs are physiologically much more similar to human compared with other traditional mammalian models in disease presentation and clinical responses, a number of researches demonstrated canis familiaris is a suitable model for human diseases. This study investigated the effect of transplantation of canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cMSC) and neural-induced cMSC (nMSC) to understand how these cells improve neurological function in canine SCI model. The differentiation of cMSC into neural precursor cells was induced in dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium supplemented with N2-supplement, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and butylated hydroxyanisole. SCI was induced between T1 and T2 by surgical hemi-section in adult dogs, and then assigned to two groups according to the applied cell types (cMSC vs nMSC). Pelleted cMSC or nMSC were transplanted directly into the injured site after SCI, respectively. Analysis of motor function after transplantation was evaluated by modified Olby score. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological and immunohistichemical analysis were also performed. Functional recovery in group of cMSC was increasing gradually after transplantation and was higher than nMSC. In MRI, we could not confirm any difference between the cMSC and nMSC experimental groups. Immunohistochemically, beta3-tubuline and nestin were observed in injury site of two experimental groups with the expression level close to non-injured groups. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could promote neuronal reconstruction and repair motor function in SCI. These showed mesenchymal stem cells could be a great candidate as a therapeutic tools in degeneration disease, and dogs could be used to explore human regenerative medicine as a promising animal model. This research was supported by iPET (Grants 110056032CG000), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.

The present research was carried out to evaluate the possibility of female offspring production using artificial insemination buffer (AIB) before artificial insemination (AI). To do it, we carried out the optimization of AIB, making of AIB gun and analysis of affecting AI rate after AIB treatment. AIB made with the base of Tris‐buffer supplemented with L‐arginine and several materials that could be reduced the motility of male sperm compared with female one. This mean that female sperm could be increased the possibility of fertilization with ovum compared with male one. AIB must be deposited into 2nd to 4th cervix by the guide of AIB gun. After 15 min of AIB insertion, frozen semen was deposited into same place after. Total 352 cattle were inseminated with AIB insemination and was not significant difference between AIB and traditional AI rate (56.8 vs. 55.7%). However, AIB AI rate was significantly differs among 12 different farms. The parturition number of cows did not effect on AIB AI rate among 1st to 7th parturition number of cows. The proportion of AIB AI success rates in hanwoo cows was significantly higher than in dairy cows (61.0% vs. 48.7%), but the average AI success rate was not different between AIB and conventional AI (56.8% vs. 55.7%). The female offspring production rate in 2nd to 4th cervix deposition place was significantly higher than in uterus body (77.7% vs. 59.6%, p<0.05). The injection volume of AIB in 5 and 10 ml was significantly higher than in 2 ml (77.7, 78.7 vs. 51.8%, p<0.05), but not different between 5 and 10 ml ABI volume. The best exposure time of AIB in the cervix was 10 and 15 min rather than that of 5 min (79.2%, 77.2% vs. 63.2%, p< 0.05), and so AIB have to expose at least 10 min to get higher female offspring. In conclusion, AIB could be used in AI industry to produce female offspring and also AIB AI can be increased the AI success rate compared with traditional AI rate.

Acteoside (verbascoside) is a typical phenylethanoid glycoside, extracted from various plants. It has various biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-hypertension. Specially, it was powerful anti-oxidants either by direct scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, or by acting as chain-breaking peroxyl radical scavengers. We examined the role of acteoside in IVM medium on the morphological progress of meiosis, developmental competence, and ROS in porcine oocytes. And we investigated effect of acteoside on the oocytes condition represented by cytoplasmic maturation by homogeneous distribution and formation of cytoplasmic organelles and regulation of apoptosis-related genes. The selected COCs were cultured in TCM-199 with various concentration of acteoside: 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 μM. After 22 h of maturation with hormones, the oocytes were washed twice in a fresh maturation medium before being cultured in hormone-free medium for additional 22 h. The oocytes maturation rates of supplemented with acteoside were no significantly different compared with control group (71.13, 75.96, 72.95 and 73.68%, respectively). Level of ROS was significantly decreased in acteoside treated group. Furthermore, the parthenogenetic blastocyst rate was significantly improved in 10 μM acteoside treated group compared with control group (40.03 vs. 22.95%). During IVM, 10 μM acteoside treated oocytes showed that the mitochondria and lipid droplet were smaller and homogeneous distribution in cytoplasm compare with non-treated control oocytes. And reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) witarthenogenetic blstocysts revealed that acteoside increased the anti-apoptoticgenes, otherwise reibued pro-apoptotic genes. In conclusion, our results represents that addition of acteoside to the IVM medium has a beneficial effect in physiology of porcine oocytes such as viability and activation, providing a improved method for porcine oocytes in vitro.

This paper proposes using learning outcomes as means to measure knowledge transfer. It is based on a study to assess the effectiveness of knowledge transfer using the knowledge management concept of externalization by means of weblog access. In the knowledge era, knowledge transfer from the instructor to learners is important since the goal of educational system is the learners gaining the knowledge through the process of knowledge transfer from the instructor. To address the assumption, the study was conducted both quantitatively and qualitatively and collected data from the respondents. For quantitative analysis, the author surveyed measuring different variables targeting 326 undergraduate students randomly sampled, and the multiple choice test using 5- point Likert scale. The reliability analysis was analyzed. For qualitative analysis, the author collected data from 60 students’ weblog. Studies have shown that knowledge transfer can be problematic, and an effective transfer of knowledge can be difficult. The difficulty arises when the transferred knowledge becomes ambiguous, disrupted (hence incomplete), and distributed all over (making it difficult to link them together. Five hypotheses were formulated to examine the relationship between key characteristics of knowledge and learning outcome, in addition to content analysis on the externalized knowledge in the form of learners’ weblogs. The findings revealed some significant results involving the key characteristics of knowledge. The implication from this study can contribute much to the instructors and learners in knowing what knowledge that the instructor can transfer to learners and what knowledge is gained by learners as learning outcomes. In addition, the learning outcomes can tell the instructor to search for the right methodologies for improving the knowledge transfer to learners.

Gryon japonicum (Ashmead), an egg parasitoid of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) is an economically important pest of various crops. As a conservational biological control, non-viable refrigerated eggs of R. clavatus were released to enhance parasitism by the parasitoid in soybean field. Since fenitrothion is an insecticide broadly used against R. clavatus, we investigated the effect of fenitrothion on the parasitization of refrigerated host eggs by G. japonicum. The acute toxicity of fenitrothion was compared with seven pesticides by topical application, exposure to residue, and oral ingestion. Fenitrothion, spinosad, cyfluthrin, carbosulfan and thiamithoxam caused 100% mortality within 24 hours by topical application. Fenitrothion was also highly toxic to G. japonicum when ingested orally. In sublethal effects of fenitrothion on G. japonicum in refrigerated and fresh host eggs, adult emergence of G. japonicum decreased by 12% and 34%, respectively, compared to control when the fenitrothion was applied on 8th day after parasitization. Parasitism on refrigerated eggs after a day of fenitrothion spray was higher as compared to the fresh eggs. However, parasitism on both refrigerated and fresh eggs significantly reduced when the parasitoids were provided with the fenitrothion sprayed eggs after an hour. In conclusion, there is no negative effect of fenitrothion on the parasitization by G. japonicum.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of type of the sugar supplemented to the extender on the vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates of frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa. The ejaculated semen was diluted with TRIS-citric acid extender containing 200mM TRIS, 73mM citric acid, 6% (v/v) glycerol, 20% (v/v) egg yolk, 1% (v/v) antibiotics (streptomycin/penicillin), 44 mM sugar, which was either glucose, fructose or glucose-fructose combination, and distilled water to make the final volume of 100ml. Extended semen samples were cooled at for an hour, packaged in 0.25ml straws, equilibrated for 10 minutes in liquid nitrogen vapor, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed by placing straws into water for 120 seconds. After thawing, vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates of frozen-thawed semen were compared according to type of sugar. No significant differences were observed between glucose and fructose groups. In addition, combination of the 2 sugars also did not show any significant differences in the vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates. In conclusion, glucose and fructose were equally efficient as sugar supplements for freezing extender.

Antimicrobial peptides represent an essential alternative first line of defense. Naturally occurring molecules associated with the innate immune system in disease-bearing vectors such as mosquito, tick could be the target for searching more potent and effective agents to combat against the pathogens resistant to conventionally used antibiotics. Recently, we explored expression of a defensinlike peptide, longicin from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Longicin and one of its synthetic partial analog (P4) displayed antimicrobial/fungicidal/parasiticidal activity and, therefore, proposed to be a chemotherapeutic compounds against tick-borne disease organisms. Structural characterization of antimicrobial peptides is very important to understand the peptide activity. In addition, harmful side effects such as lysis of red blood cells or cytotoxicity towards mammalian host cells commonly associated with antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutic agent should also be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed some structural features using bioinformatics tool, CD Spectroscopy, and also determined cytolytic activity of P4 peptide. According to the chemicophysical characteristics, the P4 is suggested to be a cationic peptide with hydrophobic and amphipathic character. The predicted secondary structure indicated the existence of β-sheet which was also observed in modelled tertiary structure. CD spectroscopy results also revealed the existence of a β-sheet and changes of helical content in the presence of membrane-mimic condition. These structural observations on P4 suggest that the antimicrobial activity could be due to the well developed β-sheet. In addition, sequence homology search showed that antimicrobial molecule identified in other ticks and in organisms have the P4 analogous domain at their C-terminal, which indicates P4 as a conserved antimicrobial domain. The peptide P4 also showed less cytolytic activity against various cell lines or erythrocytes of various species. The data presented here strongly suggests that the peptide P4 could be developed as future therapeutic agent against tick-borne microorganisms.

The life cycle of ticks is characterized by alternate off-host and on-host conditions. The life span is estimated at several years and most ixodid ticks spend more than 95% of their life off the host. They seem to have a unique strategy to endure the off-host state for a long period. By electron microscopy, isolation membrane-, autophagosome- and autolysosome-like structures were found in the midgut epithelial cells of unfed ticks. Therefore, we focused on autophagy which is well-conserved from yeast to higher eukaryotes and induced by starvation. We have identified homologues of autophagy-related (ATG) genes (ATG3, ATG4 and ATG8) from cDNA libraries of the 3-host tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Each expression profile of H. longicornis ATG (HlATG) genes and HlAtg proteins at the stages of nymph and adult were examined by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Moreover, autophagy is known to be induced by inactivation of target of rapamycin (TOR), a phosphatidylinositol kinase. To examine the effect of TOR function on the expression of HlAtg protein(s), rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the signal transduction mediated by TOR, was injected to unfed adults. It was revealed that the expression of HlAtg protein(s) was enhanced in response to the rapamycin. This result indicates that tick have the nutrient-sensitive TOR signaling pathway which regulate autophagy.

아가, 청자, 대원의 세 가지 콩 품종이 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발육과 생식이 미치는 영향을 실내에서 비교하였고, 또한 이 세 가지 품종 간에 야외 발생소장을 비교하였다. 실내 실험에서 약충의 발육기간은 아가, 청자, 대원콩에서 각각 평균 14.5, 14.0, 14.6일이였고, 약충의 사망률은 각각 40.0, 51.3, 55.7%였다. 발육기간에서는 통계적 차이가 없었지만, 사망률에서는 아가콩에서 유의하게 다른 두 품종보다 낮았다. 성충의 생식능력으로 7일 동안 암컷이 산란한 알의 총 개수의 평균은 각각 67.8, 68.0, 67.7개였으며 통계적 차이는 없었다. 야외조사는 안동시 풍산면 소재 친환경 인증 포장에서 아가, 청자, 대원을 각각 3반복의 라틴방각법으로 배치하여 재배하였다. 7월 13일부터 10일 간격으로 8회 동안 알, 약충, 성충의 수를 각 처리구에서 임의로 30주를 조사하였다. 조사기간 전체 동안 발생 수는 알의 개수가 아가, 청자, 대원콩에서 각각 평균 18.3, 23.0, 23.7개, 약충은 각각 평균 8.0, 11.3, 17.3마리, 성충은 각각 평균 7.3, 21.3, 15.7마리가 조사되었다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 알과 약충에서는 통계적인 차이가 없었지만, 성충은 아가에서 가장 적게 발생하였다. 이상의 결과로 새로운 품종인 아가콩은 다른 두 품종에 비해 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유충 생존율을 높였지만 성충의 발생은 다른 두 품종에 비해 적음을 알 수 있었다.